# Physics Commons™

Articles 1 - 30 of 796

## Full-Text Articles in Physics

Measurement Of Single- And Double-Spin Asymmetries In Deep Inelastic Pion Electroproduction With A Longitudinally Polarized Target, H. Avakian, Gerard P. Gilfoyle, Et. Al. Dec 2010

#### Measurement Of Single- And Double-Spin Asymmetries In Deep Inelastic Pion Electroproduction With A Longitudinally Polarized Target, H. Avakian, Gerard P. Gilfoyle, Et. Al.

##### Physics Faculty Publications

We report the first measurement of the transverse momentum dependence of double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive production of pions in deep-inelastic scattering off the longitudinally polarized proton. Data have been obtained using a polarized electron beam of 5.7 GeV with the CLAS detector at the Jefferson Lab (JLab). Modulations of single spin asymmetries over the azimuthal angle between lepton scattering and hadron production planes φ have been measured over a wide kinematic range in Bjorken x and virtual photon squared four-momentum Q2. A significant nonzero sin2φ single spin asymmetry was observed for the first time indicating strong spin-orbit ...

ϒ(1s)→Γf'2(1525); F'2(1525)->K0sk0s Decays, Raymond Mountain, Marina Artuso, T. Skwarnicki, S. Stone Dec 2010

#### ϒ(1s)→Γf'2(1525); F'2(1525)->K0sk0s Decays, Raymond Mountain, Marina Artuso, T. Skwarnicki, S. Stone

##### Physics

We report on a study of exclusive radiative decays of the Upsilon(1S) resonance into a final state consisting of a photon and two K0s candidates. We find evidence for a signal for Upsilon(1S)->gamma f_2'(1525); f_2'(1525)->K0sK0s, at a rate (4.0+/-1.3+/-0.6)x10^{-5}, consistent with previous observations of Upsilon(1S)->gamma f_2'(1525); f_2'(1525)->K+K-, and isospin. Combining this branching fraction with existing branching fraction measurements of Upsilon(1S)->gamma f_2'(1525) and J/psi->gamma f_2'(1525), we obtain the ratio of branching fractions: B(Upsilon(1S)->gamma ...

Dec 2010

#### Measurements Of The Electric Form Factor Of The Neutron Up To Q(2)=3.4 Gev2 Using The Reaction (3)(He)Over-Right-Arrowe((E)Over-Right-Arrow, E ' N)Pp, S. Riordan, Timothy Holmstrom

##### Chemistry and Physics Faculty Publications

The electric form factor of the neutron was determined from studies of the reaction 3He⃗(e⃗,en)pp in quasielastic kinematics in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. Longitudinally polarized electrons were scattered off a polarized target in which the nuclear polarization was oriented perpendicular to the momentum transfer. The scattered electrons were detected in a magnetic spectrometer in coincidence with neutrons that were registered in a large-solid-angle detector. More than doubling the Q2 range over which it is known, we find GEn=0.0236±0.0017(stat)±0.0026(syst), 0.0208±0.0024±0 ...

Upsilon(1s)->Gamma+F2'(1525); F2'(1525)->K0sk0s Decays, Raymond Mountain, Marina Artuso, S. Blusk, T. Skwarnicki Dec 2010

#### Upsilon(1s)->Gamma+F2'(1525); F2'(1525)->K0sk0s Decays, Raymond Mountain, Marina Artuso, S. Blusk, T. Skwarnicki

##### Physics

We report on a study of exclusive radiative decays of the Upsilon(1S) resonance into a final state consisting of a photon and two K0s candidates. We find evidence for a signal for Upsilon(1S)->gamma f_2'(1525); f_2'(1525)->K0sK0s, at a rate (4.0+/-1.3+/-0.6)x10^{-5}, consistent with previous observations of Upsilon(1S)->gamma f_2'(1525); f_2'(1525)->K+K-, and isospin. Combining this branching fraction with existing branching fraction measurements of Upsilon(1S)->gamma f_2'(1525) and J/psi->gamma f_2'(1525), we obtain the ratio of branching fractions: B(Upsilon(1S)->gamma ...

#### Next-To-Next-To-Leading Soft-Gluon Corrections For The Top Quark Cross Section And Transverse Momentum Distribution, Nikolaos Kidonakis

##### Faculty Publications

I present results for top quark production in hadronic collisions at LHC and Tevatron energies. The soft-gluon corrections to the differential cross section are resummed at next-to-next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy via the two-loop soft anomalous dimension matrices. Approximate next-to-next-to-leading-order differential and total cross sections are calculated. Detailed theoretical predictions are shown for the t (t) over bar cross section and the top quark p(T) distribution at the Tevatron and the LHC.

Measurement Of Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetries For J/Psi Production In Polarized P Plus P Collisions At Root S=200 Gev, Andrew Adare, Alan Dion, John C. Hill, Todd Kempel, John G. Lajoie, Alexandre Lebedev, Craig Ogilvie, H. Pei, Marzia Rosati, Alexey Yu. Semenov, C. L. Silva, Carla Vale, Feng Wei, Et Al., Phenix Collaboration Dec 2010

#### Measurement Of Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetries For J/Psi Production In Polarized P Plus P Collisions At Root S=200 Gev, Andrew Adare, Alan Dion, John C. Hill, Todd Kempel, John G. Lajoie, Alexandre Lebedev, Craig Ogilvie, H. Pei, Marzia Rosati, Alexey Yu. Semenov, C. L. Silva, Carla Vale, Feng Wei, Et Al., Phenix Collaboration

##### Physics and Astronomy Publications

We report the first measurement of transverse single-spin asymmetries in J/psi production from transversely polarized p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV with data taken by the PHENIX experiment in 2006 and 2008. The measurement was performed over the rapidity ranges 1.2 < vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.2 and vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.35 for transverse momenta up to 6 GeV/c. J/psi production at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is dominated by processes involving initial-state gluons, and transverse single-spin asymmetries of the J/psi can provide access to gluon dynamics within the nucleon. Such asymmetries may also shed light on the long-standing question in QCD of the J/psi production mechanism. Asymmetries were obtained as a function of J/psi transverse momentum and Feynman-x, with a value of -0.086 +/- 0.026(stat) +/- 0.003(syst) in the forward region. This result suggests possible nonzero trigluon correlation functions in transversely polarized protons and, if well defined in this reaction, a nonzero gluon Sivers distribution function.

Comparative Study Of Field Enhancement Between Isolated And Coupled Metal Nanoparticles: An Analytical Approach, Greg Sun, Jacob B. Khurgin Dec 2010

#### Comparative Study Of Field Enhancement Between Isolated And Coupled Metal Nanoparticles: An Analytical Approach, Greg Sun, Jacob B. Khurgin

##### Physics Faculty Publications

We present an analytical model that takes into account the coupling between the surface plasmon modes in complex metal nanostructures. We apply this model to evaluate the field enhancement in the gap of two coupled Au metal spheres embedded in GaN dielectric and compare the result with that obtained by the single sphere. The results show additional improvement can be obtained in the gap depending on the width of the gap. This approach offers a clear physical insight for the enhancement and a straightforward method for optimization.

Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystal Semiconductors For Water-Solution Processable Organic Electronics, V. G. Nazarenko, O. P. Boiko, M. I. Anisimov, A. K. Kadashchuk, Yuriy A. Nastishin, A. B. Golovin, Oleg Lavrentovich Dec 2010

#### Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystal Semiconductors For Water-Solution Processable Organic Electronics, V. G. Nazarenko, O. P. Boiko, M. I. Anisimov, A. K. Kadashchuk, Yuriy A. Nastishin, A. B. Golovin, Oleg Lavrentovich

##### Chemical Physics Publications

We propose lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) as a distinct class of materials for organic electronics. In water, the chromonic molecules stack on top of each other into elongated aggregates that form orientationally ordered phases. The aligned aggregated structure is preserved when the material is deposited onto a substrate and dried. The dried LCLC films show a strongly anisotropic electric conductivity of semiconductor type. The field-effect carrier mobility measured along the molecular aggregates in unoptimized films of LCLC V20 is 0.03 cm(2) V-1 s(-1). Easy processibility, low cost, and high mobility demonstrate the potential of LCLCs for ...

D-Dimensional Bose Gases And The Lambert W Function, Sree Ram Valluri, J Tanguay, M Gil, D J. Jeffrey Dec 2010

#### D-Dimensional Bose Gases And The Lambert W Function, Sree Ram Valluri, J Tanguay, M Gil, D J. Jeffrey

##### Physics and Astronomy Publications

The applications of the Lambert W function (also known as the W function) to D-dimensional Bose gases are presented. We introduce two sets of families of logarithmic transcendental equations that occur frequently in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics and present their solution in terms of the W function. The low temperature T behavior of free ideal Bose gases is considered in three and four dimensions. It is shown that near condensation in four dimensions, the chemical potential μ and pressure P can be expressed in terms of T through the W function. The low T behavior of one- and two-dimensional ideal ...

Does Entropic Gravity Bound The Masses Of The Photon And Graviton?, Jonas R. Mureika, R. B. Mann Dec 2010

#### Does Entropic Gravity Bound The Masses Of The Photon And Graviton?, Jonas R. Mureika, R. B. Mann

##### Physics Faculty Works

If the information transfer between test particle and holographic screen in entropic gravity respects both the uncertainty principle and causality, a lower limit on the number of bits in the universe relative to its mass may be derived. Furthermore, these limits indicate particles that putatively travel at the speed of light -- the photon and/or graviton -- have a non-zero mass m≥10−68 kg. This result is found to be in excellent agreement with current experimental mass bounds on the graviton and photon, suggesting that entropic gravity may be the result of a (recent) softly-broken local symmetry. Stronger bounds emerge ...

Detecting Electron Motion In Atoms And Molecules, Hua-Chieh Shao, Anthony F. Starace Dec 2010

#### Detecting Electron Motion In Atoms And Molecules, Hua-Chieh Shao, Anthony F. Starace

##### Anthony F. Starace Publications

The detection of spatial and temporal electronic motion by scattering of subfemtosecond pulses of 10 keV electrons from coherent superpositions of electronic states of both H and T+2 is investigated. For the H atom, we predict changes in the diffraction images that reflect the time-dependent effective radius of the electronic charge density. For an aligned T+2 molecule, the diffraction image changes reflect the time-dependent localization or delocalization of the electronic charge density.

Unl Physicists Model Potential 4-D Imaging Technique, Tom Simons, Hua-Chieh Shao, Anthony F. Starace Dec 2010

#### Unl Physicists Model Potential 4-D Imaging Technique, Tom Simons, Hua-Chieh Shao, Anthony F. Starace

##### Anthony F. Starace Publications

A long-standing goal of science is to be able to understand how matter behaves at the atomic and subatomic level. How electrons rearrange when atoms or molecules come together is the essence of chemistry, and the ability to manipulate those rearrangements is the goal of the emerging sphere of nanotechnology. A fuller understanding could lead to enormous scientific and technological breakthroughs. Unfortunately, significant problems confront scientists and engineers in attacking the question. Not only are atoms and molecules very small, requiring highly specialized equipment to "see" them, everything at the atomic level happens very, very fast. For example, an electron ...

Crystalline Order On Catenoidal Capillary Bridges, Mark Bowick, Zhenwei Yao Dec 2010

#### Crystalline Order On Catenoidal Capillary Bridges, Mark Bowick, Zhenwei Yao

##### Physics

We study the defect structure of crystalline particle arrays on negative Gaussian curvature capillary bridges with vanishing mean curvature (catenoids). The threshold aspect ratio for the appearance of isolated disclinations is found and the optimal positions for dislocations determined. We also discuss the transition from isolated disclinations to scars as particle number and aspect ratio are varied.

Crystalline Order On Catenoidal Capillary Bridges, Mark Bowick, Zhenwei Yao Dec 2010

#### Crystalline Order On Catenoidal Capillary Bridges, Mark Bowick, Zhenwei Yao

##### Physics

We study the defect structure of crystalline particle arrays on negative Gaussian curvature capillary bridges with vanishing mean curvature (catenoids). The threshold aspect ratio for the appearance of isolated disclinations is found and the optimal positions for dislocations determined. We also discuss the transition from isolated disclinations to scars as particle number and aspect ratio are varied.

Metastable Anions Of Dinitrobenzene: Resonances For Electron Attachment And Kinetic Energy Release, A. Mauracher, S. Denifl, A. Edtbauer, M. Hager, M. Probst, Olof E. Echt, T. D. Maerk, P. Scheier, T. A. Field, K. Graupner Dec 2010

#### Metastable Anions Of Dinitrobenzene: Resonances For Electron Attachment And Kinetic Energy Release, A. Mauracher, S. Denifl, A. Edtbauer, M. Hager, M. Probst, Olof E. Echt, T. D. Maerk, P. Scheier, T. A. Field, K. Graupner

##### Physics Scholarship

Attachment of free, low-energy electrons to dinitrobenzene (DNB) in the gas phase leads to DNB as well as several fragment anions. DNB, (DNB-H), (DNB-NO), (DNB-2NO), and (DNB-NO(2)) are found to undergo metastable (unimolecular) dissociation. A rich pattern of resonances in the yield of these metastable reactions versus electron energy is observed; some resonances are highly isomer-specific. Most metastable reactions are accompanied by large average kinetic energy releases (KER) that range from 0.5 to 1.32 eV, typical of complex rearrangement reactions, but (1,3-DNB-H)(-) features a resonance with a KER of only 0.06 eV for loss of ...

Movies Of Electrons In Atoms, Michael Schirber, Hua-Chieh Shao, Anthony F. Starace Dec 2010

#### Movies Of Electrons In Atoms, Michael Schirber, Hua-Chieh Shao, Anthony F. Starace

##### Anthony F. Starace Publications

Physicists have long been able to snap atomic-scale pictures by shining a beam of electrons at a target, but filming the electronic structure of an atom as it changes in time is the next goal. A rapid "strobing" of electron pulses less than a millionth of a billionth of a second long should do the trick, according to a theoretical analysis in the 24 December Physical Review Letters. The authors demonstrate with computer simulations that ultrafast electron pulses could track the "breathing" state of an excited atom or the hopping of electrons between atoms in a molecule. Such movies open ...

Dec 2010

#### Parity Violation In The N + 3he → 3h + P Reaction: Resonance Approach, Vladimir Gudkov

##### Faculty Publications

The method based on microscopic theory of nuclear reactions has been applied for the analysis of parityviolatingeffects in few-body systems. Different parity-violating and parity-conserving asymmetries and theirdependence on neutron energy have been estimated for the n + 3He → 3H + p reaction. The estimated effectsare in a good agreement with available exact calculations.

Chaos And Universality In Two-Dimensional Ising Spin Glasses, Alan Middleton, Creighton K. Thomas, David A. Huse Dec 2010

#### Chaos And Universality In Two-Dimensional Ising Spin Glasses, Alan Middleton, Creighton K. Thomas, David A. Huse

##### Physics

Recently extended precise numerical methods and droplet scaling arguments allow for a coherent picture of the glassy states of two-dimensional Ising spin glasses to be assembled. The length scale at which entropy becomes important and produces "chaos", the extreme sensitivity of the state to temperature, is found to depend on the type of randomness. For the $\pm J$ model this length scale dominates the low-temperature specific heat. Although there is a type of universality, some critical exponents do depend on the distribution of disorder.

Respecting Tutorial Instructors’ Beliefs And Experiences: A Case Study Of A Physics Teaching Assistant, Renee Michelle Goertzen, Rachel E. Scherr, Andrew Elby Dec 2010

#### Respecting Tutorial Instructors’ Beliefs And Experiences: A Case Study Of A Physics Teaching Assistant, Renee Michelle Goertzen, Rachel E. Scherr, Andrew Elby

##### Department of Physics

Effective physics instruction benefits from respecting the physics ideas that introductory students bring into the classroom. We argue that it is similarly beneficial to respect the teaching ideas that novice physics instructors bring to their classrooms. We present a case study of a tutorial teaching assistant TA, Alan. When we first examined Alan’s teaching, we focused our attention on the mismatch between his actions and those advocated by the TA instructors. Further study showed us that Alan cared about helping his students and that his teaching was well integrated with his beliefs about how students learn physics and how ...

Conjugated Quantum Dots Inhibit The Amyloid Β (1–42) Fibrillation Process, Garima Thakur, Miodrag Micic, Yuehai Yang, Wenzhi Li, Dania Movia, Silvia Giordani, Hongzhou Zhou, Roger M. Levlanc Dec 2010

#### Conjugated Quantum Dots Inhibit The Amyloid Β (1–42) Fibrillation Process, Garima Thakur, Miodrag Micic, Yuehai Yang, Wenzhi Li, Dania Movia, Silvia Giordani, Hongzhou Zhou, Roger M. Levlanc

##### Department of Physics

Nanoparticles have enormous potential in diagnostic and therapeutic studies. We have demonstrated that the amyloid beta mixed with and conjugated to dihydrolipoic acid- (DHLA) capped CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) of size approximately 2.5 nm can be used to reduce the fibrillation process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used as tools for analysis of fibrillation. There is a significant change in morphology of fibrils when amyloid β (1–42) (Aβ (1–42)) is mixed or conjugated to the QDs. The length and the width of the fibrils vary under modified conditions. Thioflavin T (ThT ...

Pauli Spin Blockade And Lifetime-Enhanced Transport In A Si/Sige Double Quantum Dot, C. B. Simmons, Teck Seng Koh, Nakul Shaji, Madhu Thalakulam, L. J. Klein, Hua Qin, H. Luo, D. E. Savage, M. G. Lagally, A. J. Rimberg Dec 2010

#### Pauli Spin Blockade And Lifetime-Enhanced Transport In A Si/Sige Double Quantum Dot, C. B. Simmons, Teck Seng Koh, Nakul Shaji, Madhu Thalakulam, L. J. Klein, Hua Qin, H. Luo, D. E. Savage, M. G. Lagally, A. J. Rimberg

##### Open Dartmouth: Faculty Open Access Scholarship

We analyze electron-transport data through a Si/SiGe double quantum dot in terms of spin blockade and lifetime-enhanced transport (LET), which is transport through excited states that is enabled by long spin-relaxation times. We present a series of low-bias voltage measurements showing the sudden appearance of a strong tail of current that we argue is an unambiguous signature of LET appearing when the bias voltage becomes greater than the singlet-triplet splitting for the (2,0) electron state. We present eight independent data sets, four in the forward-bias (spin-blockade) regime and four in the reverse-bias (lifetime-enhanced transport) regime and show that ...

Do Cosmological Perturbations Have Zero Mean?, Christian Armendariz-Picon Dec 2010

#### Do Cosmological Perturbations Have Zero Mean?, Christian Armendariz-Picon

##### Physics

A central assumption in our analysis of cosmic structure is that cosmological perturbations have zero ensemble mean. This property is one of the consequences of statistically homogeneity, the invariance of correlation functions under spatial translations. In this article we explore whether cosmological perturbations indeed have zero mean, and thus test one aspect of statistical homogeneity. We carry out a classical test of the zero mean hypothesis against a class of alternatives in which perturbations have non-vanishing means, but homogeneous and isotropic covariances. Apart from Gaussianity, our test does not make any additional assumptions about the nature of the perturbations and ...

Uncertainty Associated With Modeling The Global Ionosphere, Janelle V. Jenniges, Ariel O. Acebal, Larry Gardner, Robert W. Schunk, Lie Zhu Dec 2010

#### Uncertainty Associated With Modeling The Global Ionosphere, Janelle V. Jenniges, Ariel O. Acebal, Larry Gardner, Robert W. Schunk, Lie Zhu

##### Physics Student Research

A study has been conducted of the effect that different physical assumptions have on global models of the electron density distribution. The study was conducted with the Ionosphere Forecast Model (IFM) and the Ionosphere Plasmasphere Model (IPM) developed by Utah State University. Both physics-based, time-dependent, global models use the same empirical models for the neutral atmosphere (MSIS) and neutral wind (Horizontal Wind Model, HWM), but the altitude range, thermal structure, number of ion species, and magnetic 2ield are different. The IFM covers the altitude range from 90-1400 km, calculates the densities for four ions (NO+, O2+, N2+, O+), has a ...

Nanoparticle Doped Photopolymer With Reduced Shrinkage For Holographic Recording, Mohesh Moothanchery, Svetlana Mintova, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal Dec 2010

#### Nanoparticle Doped Photopolymer With Reduced Shrinkage For Holographic Recording, Mohesh Moothanchery, Svetlana Mintova, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal

##### Conference Papers

We demonstrate holographic recording with Si-MFI zeolite doped acrylamide based photopolymerfilm. The influence of silicate nanoparticles on photopolymer shrinkage has been studied and compared withshrinkage in undoped photopolymer layers The shrinkage of the material (1.03%) is significantly lower forrecording in Si-MFI zeolite nanoparticle doped samples than for undoped layers (1.77%).

In Situ Observation Of Antisite Defect Formation During Crystal Growth, Matthew J. Kramer, Mikhail I. Mendelev, Ralph E. Napolitano Dec 2010

#### In Situ Observation Of Antisite Defect Formation During Crystal Growth, Matthew J. Kramer, Mikhail I. Mendelev, Ralph E. Napolitano

##### Materials Science and Engineering Publications

In situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) coupled with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to quantify antisite defect trapping during crystallization. Rietveld refinement of the XRD data revealed a marked lattice distortion which involves an a axis expansion and a c axis contraction of the stable C11b phase. The observed lattice response is proportional in magnitude to the growth rate, suggesting that the behavior is associated with the kinetic trapping of lattice defects. MD simulations demonstrate that this lattice response is due to incorporation of 1% to 2% antisite defects during growth.

Global Dimension Of Ci: Compete Or Collaborate, Arden L. Bement Jr. Dec 2010

#### Global Dimension Of Ci: Compete Or Collaborate, Arden L. Bement Jr.

##### PPRI Digital Library

No abstract provided.

Multifield Galileons And Higher Codimension Branes, Kurt Hinterbichler, Mark Trodden, Daniel Wesley Dec 2010

#### Multifield Galileons And Higher Codimension Branes, Kurt Hinterbichler, Mark Trodden, Daniel Wesley

##### Department of Physics Papers

In the decoupling limit, the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati model reduces to the theory of a scalar field π, with interactions including a specific cubic self-interaction—the Galileon term. This term, and its quartic and quintic generalizations, can be thought of as arising from a probe 3-brane in a five-dimensional bulk with Lovelock terms on the brane and in the bulk.We study multifield generalizations of the Galileon and extend this probe-brane view to higher codimensions. We derive an extremely restrictive theory of multiple Galileon fields, interacting through a quartic term controlled by a single coupling, and trace its origin to the induced ...

Information-Preserving Structures: A General Framework For Quantum Zero-Error Information, Robin Blume-Kohout, Hui Khoon Ng, David Poulin, Lorenza Viola Dec 2010

#### Information-Preserving Structures: A General Framework For Quantum Zero-Error Information, Robin Blume-Kohout, Hui Khoon Ng, David Poulin, Lorenza Viola

##### Open Dartmouth: Faculty Open Access Scholarship

Quantum systems carry information. Quantum theory supports at least two distinct kinds of information (classical and quantum), and a variety of different ways to encode and preserve information in physical systems. A system’s ability to carry information is constrained and defined by the noise in its dynamics. This paper introduces an operational framework, using information-preserving structures, to classify all the kinds of information that can be perfectly (i.e., with zero error) preserved by quantum dynamics. We prove that every perfectly preserved code has the same structure as a matrix algebra, and that preserved information can always be corrected ...

Observation Of The Presuperfluid Regime In A Two-Dimensional Bose Gas, S. Tung, G. Lamporesi, D. Lobser, L. Xia, Eric A. Cornell Dec 2010

#### Observation Of The Presuperfluid Regime In A Two-Dimensional Bose Gas, S. Tung, G. Lamporesi, D. Lobser, L. Xia, Eric A. Cornell

##### Physics Faculty Contributions

In complementary images of coordinate-space and momentum-space density in a trapped 2D Bose gas, we observe the emergence of presuperfluid behavior. As phase-space density ρ increases toward degenerate values, we observe a gradual divergence of the compressibility κ from the value predicted by a bare-atom model, κba. κ/κba grows to 1.7 before ρ reaches the value for which we observe the sudden emergence of a spike at p=0 in momentum space. Momentum-space images are acquired by means of a 2D focusing technique. Our data represent the first observation of non-mean-field physics in the presuperfluid but degenerate 2D ...

What Brown Saw And You Can Too, Philip Pearle, Brian Collett, Kenneth Bart, David Bilderback, Dara Newman, D. Scott Samuels Dec 2010

#### What Brown Saw And You Can Too, Philip Pearle, Brian Collett, Kenneth Bart, David Bilderback, Dara Newman, D. Scott Samuels

##### Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

A discussion of Robert Brown’s original observations of particles ejected by pollen of the plant Clarkia pulchella undergoing what is now called Brownian motion is given. We consider the nature of those particles and how he misinterpreted the Airy disk of the smallest particles to be universal organic building blocks. Relevant qualitative and quantitative investigations with a modern microscope and with a “homemade” single lens microscope similar to Brown’s are presented.