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## Saturday, 9 August 2014

### CHAPTER 7 - Worked Out Examples

 Example: 7
Find the sum $S$ given by
 $S = {1^2} \cdot {C_1} + {2^2} \cdot {C_2} + {3^2} \cdot {C_3} + \ldots + {n^2} \cdot {C_n}$
 Solution: 7
We have to plan an approach wherein we are able to generate ${r^2}$ with ${C_r}$. We can generate one $r$ with every ${C_r}$, as we did earlier, and which is now repeated here:
 ${(1 + x)^n} = {C_0} + {C_1}x + {C_2}{x^2} + \ldots + {C_n}{x^n}$
Differentiating both sides with respect to $x$, we have
 $n{(1 + x)^{n - 1}} = {C_1} + 2{C_2}x + 3{C_3}{x^2} + \ldots + n{C_n}{x^{n - 1}}$
Now we have reached the stage where we have an $r$ with every ${C_r}$. We need to think how to get the other $r$. If we differentiate once again, we’ll have $r(r - 1)$ with every ${C_r}$ instead of ${r^2}$ (understand this point carefully). To ‘make-up’ for the power that falls one short of the required value, we simply multiply by $x$ on both sides of the relation above to obtain:
 $nx{(1 + x)^{n - 1}} = {C_1}x + 2{C_2}{x^2} + 3{C_3}{x^3} + \ldots + n{C_n}{x^n}$
It should be evident now that the next step is differentiation:
 $n(n - 1)x{(1 + x)^{n - 2}} + n{(1 + x)^{n - 1}} = {C_1} + {2^2} \cdot {C_2}x + {3^2}$ $\cdot {C_3}{x^2} +\ldots + {n^2} \cdot {C_n}{x^{n - 1}}$
Now we simply substitute $x = 1$ to obtain
 $n(n - 1) \cdot {2^{n - 2}} + n \cdot {2^{n - 1}} = {C_1} + {2^2} \cdot {C_2} + {3^2} \cdot {C_3} +\ldots + {n^2} \cdot {C_n}$
The required sum $S$ is thus
 $S\;\; = \;n(n - 1) \cdot {2^{n - 2}} + n \cdot {2^{n - 1}}$ $= n \cdot {2^{n - 2}}\left\{ {(n - 1) + 2} \right\}$ $= n(n + 1) \cdot {2^{n - 2}}$
 Example: 8
Evaluate the following sums:
 (a) ${S_1} = \dfrac{{{C_0}}}{1} + \dfrac{{{C_2}}}{3} + \dfrac{{{C_4}}}{5} +\ldots$ (b) ${S_2} = \dfrac{{{C_1}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{C_3}}}{4} + \dfrac{{{C_5}}}{6} +\ldots$
 Solution: 8-(a)
The first sum contains only the even-numbered binomial coefficients, while the second contains only odd-numbered ones. Recall that we have already evaluated the sum $S$ given by
 $S = {C_0} + \dfrac{{{C_1}}}{2} + \dfrac{{{C_2}}}{3} + \ldots + \dfrac{{{C_n}}}{{n + 1}} = \dfrac{{{2^{n + 1}} - 1}}{{n + 1}}$
Note that $S$ is the sum of ${S_1}$ and ${S_2}$, i.e.,
 ${S_1} + {S_2} = \dfrac{{{2^{n + 1}} - 1}}{{n + 1}}$
Thus, if we determine ${S_1}$ , ${S_2}$ is automatically determined, and vice-versa. Let us try to determine ${S_1}$ first.
Consider again the general expansion
 ${(1 + x)^n} = {C_0} + {C_1}x + {C_2}{x^2} +\ldots + {C_n}{x^n}$
Integrating with respect to $x$, we have (we have not yet decided the limits)
 $\left. {\dfrac{{{{(1 + x)}^{n + 1}}}}{{n + 1}}} \right|_a^b = \left. {{C_0}x} \right|_a^b + \left. {{C_1}\dfrac{{{x^2}}}{2}} \right|_a^b + \left. {{C_2}\dfrac{{{x^3}}}{3}} \right|_a^b +\ldots + \left. {{C_n}\dfrac{{{x^{n + 1}}}}{{n + 1}}} \right|_a^b$
Since we are trying to determine ${S_1}$ which contains only the even-numbered terms, we have to choose the limits of integration such that the odd-numbered terms vanish. This is easily achievable by setting $a = - 1$ and $b = 1$ (understand this carefully). Thus, we have
 $\dfrac{{{2^{n + 1}}}}{{n + 1}} = 2\left( {{C_0} + \dfrac{{{C_2}}}{3} + \dfrac{{{C_4}}}{5} + \ldots } \right)$
which implies that
 ${S_1} = \dfrac{{{2^n}}}{{n + 1}}$
 Solution: 8-(b)
${S_2}$ is now simply given by
 ${S_2}\;\; = S - {S_1}$ $= \dfrac{{{2^{n + 1}} - 1}}{{n + 1}} - \dfrac{{{2^n}}}{{n + 1}}$ $= \dfrac{{{2^n} - 1}}{{n + 1}}$