c05 Chapter Contents
c05 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual

# NAG Library Function Documentnag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc)

## 1  Purpose

nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) is a comprehensive reverse communication function that finds a solution of a system of nonlinear equations by a modification of the Powell hybrid method. You must provide the Jacobian.

## 2  Specification

 #include #include
 void nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (Integer *irevcm, Integer n, double x[], double fvec[], double fjac[], double xtol, Nag_ScaleType scale_mode, double diag[], double factor, double r[], double qtf[], Integer iwsav[], double rwsav[], NagError *fail)

## 3  Description

The system of equations is defined as:
 $fi x1,x2,…,xn = 0 , i= 1, 2, …, n .$
nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) is based on the MINPACK routine HYBRJ (see Moré et al. (1980)). It chooses the correction at each step as a convex combination of the Newton and scaled gradient directions. The Jacobian is updated by the rank-1 method of Broyden. For more details see Powell (1970).

## 4  References

Moré J J, Garbow B S and Hillstrom K E (1980) User guide for MINPACK-1 Technical Report ANL-80-74 Argonne National Laboratory
Powell M J D (1970) A hybrid method for nonlinear algebraic equations Numerical Methods for Nonlinear Algebraic Equations (ed P Rabinowitz) Gordon and Breach

## 5  Arguments

Note: this function uses reverse communication. Its use involves an initial entry, intermediate exits and re-entries, and a final exit, as indicated by the argument irevcm. Between intermediate exits and re-entries, all arguments other than fvec and fjac must remain unchanged.
1:     irevcmInteger *Input/Output
On initial entry: must have the value $0$.
On intermediate exit: specifies what action you must take before re-entering nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) with irevcm unchanged. The value of irevcm should be interpreted as follows:
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=1$
Indicates the start of a new iteration. No action is required by you, but x and fvec are available for printing.
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=2$
Indicates that before re-entry to nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc), fvec must contain the function values ${f}_{i}\left(x\right)$.
${\mathbf{irevcm}}=3$
Indicates that before re-entry to nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc), ${\mathbf{fjac}}\left[\left(\mathit{j}-1\right)×{\mathbf{n}}+\mathit{i}-1\right]$ must contain the value of $\frac{\partial {f}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial {x}_{\mathit{j}}}$ at the point $x$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
On final exit: ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=0$, and the algorithm has terminated.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=0$, $1$, $2$ or $3$.
2:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of equations.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}>0$.
3:     x[n]doubleInput/Output
On initial entry: an initial guess at the solution vector.
On intermediate exit: contains the current point.
On final exit: the final estimate of the solution vector.
4:     fvec[n]doubleInput/Output
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate re-entry: if ${\mathbf{irevcm}}\ne 2$, fvec must not be changed.
If ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=2$, fvec must be set to the values of the functions computed at the current point x.
On final exit: the function values at the final point, x.
5:     fjac[${\mathbf{n}}×{\mathbf{n}}$]doubleInput/Output
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate re-entry: if ${\mathbf{irevcm}}\ne 3$, fjac must not be changed.
If ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=3$, ${\mathbf{fjac}}\left[\left(\mathit{j}-1\right)×{\mathbf{n}}+\mathit{i}-1\right]$ must contain the value of $\frac{\partial {f}_{\mathit{i}}}{\partial {x}_{\mathit{j}}}$ at the point $x$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$ and $\mathit{j}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
On final exit: the orthogonal matrix $Q$ produced by the $QR$ factorization of the final approximate Jacobian, stored by columns.
6:     xtoldoubleInput
On initial entry: the accuracy in x to which the solution is required.
Suggested value: $\sqrt{\epsilon }$, where $\epsilon$ is the machine precision returned by nag_machine_precision (X02AJC).
Constraint: ${\mathbf{xtol}}\ge 0.0$.
7:     scale_modeNag_ScaleTypeInput
On initial entry: indicates whether or not you have provided scaling factors in diag.
If ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_ScaleProvided}$ the scaling must have been supplied in diag.
Otherwise, if ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_NoScaleProvided}$, the variables will be scaled internally.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_NoScaleProvided}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_ScaleProvided}$.
8:     diag[n]doubleInput/Output
On initial entry: if ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_ScaleProvided}$, diag must contain multiplicative scale factors for the variables.
If ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_NoScaleProvided}$, diag need not be set.
Constraint: if ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_ScaleProvided}$, ${\mathbf{diag}}\left[\mathit{i}-1\right]>0.0$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
On intermediate exit: diag must not be changed.
On final exit: the scale factors actually used (computed internally if ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_NoScaleProvided}$).
9:     factordoubleInput
On initial entry: a quantity to be used in determining the initial step bound. In most cases, factor should lie between $0.1$ and $100.0$. (The step bound is ${\mathbf{factor}}×{‖{\mathbf{diag}}×{\mathbf{x}}‖}_{2}$ if this is nonzero; otherwise the bound is factor.)
Suggested value: ${\mathbf{factor}}=100.0$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{factor}}>0.0$.
10:   r[${\mathbf{n}}×\left({\mathbf{n}}+1\right)/2$]doubleInput/Output
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate exit: must not be changed.
On final exit: the upper triangular matrix $R$ produced by the $QR$ factorization of the final approximate Jacobian, stored row-wise.
11:   qtf[n]doubleInput/Output
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate exit: must not be changed.
On final exit: the vector ${Q}^{\mathrm{T}}f$.
12:   iwsav[$17$]IntegerCommunication Array
13:   rwsav[$4×{\mathbf{n}}+10$]doubleCommunication Array
The arrays iwsav and rwsav MUST NOT be altered between calls to nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc).
14:   failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

On entry, argument $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_DIAG_ELEMENTS
On entry, ${\mathbf{scale_mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_ScaleProvided}$ and diag contained a non-positive element.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{irevcm}}=0$, $1$, $2$ or $3$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}>0$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_NO_IMPROVEMENT
The iteration is not making good progress, as measured by the improvement from the last $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ iterations. This failure exit may indicate that the system does not have a zero, or that the solution is very close to the origin (see Section 7). Otherwise, rerunning nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) from a different starting point may avoid the region of difficulty.
The iteration is not making good progress, as measured by the improvement from the last $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ Jacobian evaluations. This failure exit may indicate that the system does not have a zero, or that the solution is very close to the origin (see Section 7). Otherwise, rerunning nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) from a different starting point may avoid the region of difficulty.
NE_REAL
On entry, ${\mathbf{factor}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{factor}}>0.0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{xtol}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{xtol}}\ge 0.0$.
NE_TOO_SMALL
No further improvement in the solution is possible. xtol is too small: ${\mathbf{xtol}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.

## 7  Accuracy

If $\stackrel{^}{x}$ is the true solution and $D$ denotes the diagonal matrix whose entries are defined by the array diag, then nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) tries to ensure that
 $D x-x^ 2 ≤ xtol × D x^ 2 .$
If this condition is satisfied with ${\mathbf{xtol}}={10}^{-k}$, then the larger components of $Dx$ have $k$ significant decimal digits. There is a danger that the smaller components of $Dx$ may have large relative errors, but the fast rate of convergence of nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) usually obviates this possibility.
If xtol is less than machine precision and the above test is satisfied with the machine precision in place of xtol, then the function exits with NE_TOO_SMALL.
Note:  this convergence test is based purely on relative error, and may not indicate convergence if the solution is very close to the origin.
The convergence test assumes that the functions and the Jacobian are coded consistently and that the functions are reasonably well behaved. If these conditions are not satisfied, then nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) may incorrectly indicate convergence. The coding of the Jacobian can be checked using nag_check_derivs (c05zdc). If the Jacobian is coded correctly, then the validity of the answer can be checked by rerunning nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) with a lower value for xtol.

The time required by nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) to solve a given problem depends on $n$, the behaviour of the functions, the accuracy requested and the starting point. The number of arithmetic operations executed by nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) is approximately $11.5×{n}^{2}$ to process each evaluation of the functions and approximately $1.3×{n}^{3}$ to process each evaluation of the Jacobian. The timing of nag_zero_nonlin_eqns_deriv_rcomm (c05rdc) is strongly influenced by the time spent evaluating the functions.
Ideally the problem should be scaled so that, at the solution, the function values are of comparable magnitude.

## 9  Example

This example determines the values ${x}_{1},\dots ,{x}_{9}$ which satisfy the tridiagonal equations:
 $3-2x1x1-2x2 = -1, -xi-1+3-2xixi-2xi+1 = -1, i=2,3,…,8 -x8+3-2x9x9 = -1.$

### 9.1  Program Text

Program Text (c05rdce.c)

None.

### 9.3  Program Results

Program Results (c05rdce.r)