# Pulse wave

(Redirected from Pulse train)
The shape of the pulse wave is defined by its duty cycle d, which is the ratio between the pulse duration (τ) and the period (T)
Duty cycles

A pulse wave or pulse train is a type of non-sinusoidal waveform that includes square waves (duty cycle of 50%) and similarly periodic but asymmetrical waves (duty cycles other than 50%). It is a term used in synthesizer programming, and is a typical waveform available on many synthesizers. The exact shape of the wave is determined by the duty cycle or pulse width of the oscillator output. In many synthesizers, the duty cycle can be modulated (pulse-width modulation) for a more dynamic timbre.[1] The pulse wave is also known as the rectangular wave, the periodic version of the rectangular function.

The average level of a rectangular wave is also given by the duty cycle, therefore by varying the on and off periods and then averaging these said periods, it is possible to represent any value between the two limiting levels. This is the basis of pulse-width modulation.

## Frequency-domain representation

The Fourier series expansion for a rectangular pulse wave with period ${\displaystyle T}$, amplitude ${\displaystyle A}$ and pulse length ${\displaystyle \tau }$ is[2]

${\displaystyle x(t)=A{\frac {\tau }{T}}+{\frac {2A}{\pi }}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {1}{n}}\sin \left(\pi n{\frac {\tau }{T}}\right)\cos \left(2\pi nft\right)\right)}$
where ${\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{T}}}$.

Equivalently, if duty cycle ${\displaystyle d={\frac {\tau }{T}}}$ is used, and ${\displaystyle \omega =2\pi f}$:

${\displaystyle x(t)=Ad+{\frac {2A}{\pi }}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {1}{n}}\sin \left(\pi nd\right)\cos \left(n\omega t\right)\right)}$

Note that, for symmetry, the starting time (${\displaystyle t=0}$) in this expansion is halfway through the first pulse.

Alternatively, ${\displaystyle x(t)}$ can be written using the Sinc function, using the definition ${\displaystyle \operatorname {sinc} x={\frac {\sin \pi x}{\pi x}}}$, as

${\displaystyle x(t)=A{\frac {\tau }{T}}\left(1+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(\operatorname {sinc} \left(n{\frac {\tau }{T}}\right)\cos \left(2\pi nft\right)\right)\right)}$
or with ${\displaystyle d={\frac {\tau }{T}}}$ as
${\displaystyle x(t)=Ad\left(1+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(\operatorname {sinc} \left(nd\right)\cos \left(2\pi nft\right)\right)\right)}$

## Generation

A pulse wave can be created by subtracting a sawtooth wave from a phase-shifted version of itself. If the sawtooth waves are bandlimited, the resulting pulse wave is bandlimited, too. A single ramp wave (sawtooth or triangle) applied to an input of a comparator produces a pulse wave that is not bandlimited. A voltage applied to the other input of the comparator determines the pulse width.

Fourier series of a 33.3% pulse wave, first fifty harmonics (summation in red)

## Applications

The harmonic spectrum of a pulse wave is determined by the duty cycle.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Acoustically, the rectangular wave has been described variously as having a narrow[11]/thin,[1][4][5][12][13] nasal[1][4][5][11]/buzzy[13]/biting,[12] clear,[3] resonant,[3] rich,[4][13] round[4][13] and bright[13] sound. Pulse waves are used in many Steve Winwood songs, such as "While You See a Chance".[11]

In digital electronics, a digital signal is a pulse train (a pulse amplitude modulated signal), a sequence of fixed-width square wave electrical pulses or light pulses, each occupying one of two discrete levels of amplitude.[14][15] These electronic pulse trains are typically generated by metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices due to their rapid on–off electronic switching behavior, in contrast to BJT transistors which slowly generate signals more closely resembling sine waves.[16]

## References

1. ^ a b c Reid, Gordon (February 2000). "Synth Secrets: Modulation", SoundOnSound.com. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
2. ^ Smith, Steven W. The Scientist & Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing ISBN 978-0966017632
3. ^ a b c Holmes, Thom (2015). Electronic and Experimental Music, p.230. Routledge. ISBN 9781317410232.
4. Souvignier, Todd (2003). Loops and Grooves, p.12. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9780634048135.
5. ^ a b c Cann, Simon (2011). How to Make a Noise, [unpaginated]. BookBaby. ISBN 9780955495540.
6. ^ Pejrolo, Andrea and Metcalfe, Scott B. (2017). Creating Sounds from Scratch, p.56. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199921881.
7. ^ Snoman, Rick (2013). Dance Music Manual, p.11. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136115745.
8. ^ Skiadas, Christos H. and Skiadas, Charilaos; eds. (2017). Handbook of Applications of Chaos Theory, [unpaginated]. CRC Press. ISBN 9781315356549.
9. ^ "Electronic Music Interactive: 14. Square and Rectangle Waves", UOregon.edu.
10. ^ Hartmann, William M. (2004). Signals, Sound, and Sensation, p.109. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781563962837.
11. ^ a b c Kovarsky, Jerry (Jan 15, 2015). "Synth Soloing in the Style of Steve Winwood". KeyboardMag.com. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
12. ^ a b Aikin, Jim (2004). Power Tools for Synthesizer Programming, p.55-56. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9781617745089.
13. Hurtig, Brent (1988). Synthesizer Basics, p.23. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9780881887143.
14. ^ B. SOMANATHAN NAIR (2002). Digital electronics and logic design. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 289. ISBN 9788120319561. Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.
15. ^ Joseph Migga Kizza (2005). Computer Network Security. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387204734.
16. ^ "Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs". Electronic Design. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2019.