# How to fit, into a cubesat, 29 trackable high drag subsatellites with well-defined aerodynamic profiles

Johnathan McDowell's recent tweet says:

The @AerospaceCorp Aerocube-10a cubesat carries 29 small passive high-drag subsatellites used to probe the density of the upper atmosphere. 3 have been ejected so far and the 2nd one reentered today. Aerocube-10a and 10b remain close to their deployment orbits.

In order to probe atmospheric density (I'm assuming passively, not with telemetry and sensors) these will have to have a reasonably large drag and a well-defined and stable aerodynamic profile, and also be easily tracked for orbit measurements. They will also have to be initially small enough so that 29 of them can fit into a cubesat, which we now know can be no larger than 27U.

How are all these requirements simultaneously satisfied?

• @CamilleGoudeseune Thank you for the help, that's much better. – uhoh Aug 10 '20 at 2:10
• What is Aerocube-10b's relationship to Aerocube-10a? – Wayne Conrad Aug 10 '20 at 20:49
• @WayneConrad I don't know, I've just quoted JM's tweet since he's a well-recognized authority on these kinds of things. If it's not clear from a quick search then perhaps it's ripe for asking a s a new question! – uhoh Aug 10 '20 at 22:49

There is an outline of the design here:

Each probe weighs 16 grams and consist of three 98 mm diameter aluminum sheets at 90 degrees to each other, effectively forming a sphere. The intent is to be lightweight and have a constant cross section, independent of orientation to the velocity direction so that atmospheric drag can be measured in-situ. RF modeling predicts that the atmospheric probes will have a radar cross section equal to 1U CubeSats, which have been tracked on-orbit many times.

The designers describe them as:

...a set of 28 individually releasable atmospheric probes. These lightweight circular probes, similar in size to CDs, spring open into spherical objects. Due to the probes’ large surface areas being exposed to the atmosphere, they lose altitude quickly and burn up in a matter of weeks.

The second link has a helpful picture - they look like the X/Y/Z planes crossing the a sphere, and it makes sense that this would mean a constant circular aerodynamic cross-section regardless of how it tumbles around. This shape also makes them a corner reflector, which means that they will be easily trackable by radar.

How do 28 of these fit?

The cubesat carrying these is only 1.5 U. If they were real spheres each with a volume of $$\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3$$ with a close packed volume fraction of $$\frac{\pi}{3 \sqrt{2}}$$ they would need 18.6 U.

However, the probes are stored flat and then pop open when deployed. This explains how they can all fit in - 98mm diameter would fit nicely inside a standard cubesat of 1.5U size. Each of the three sheets is probably less than 0.5mm thick, judging by the weight, so there is plenty of space for 29 of them to be stored one alongside another and still leave room for the rest of the workings of the satellite.

• The X Y Z planes also form nice corner-cube reflectors, so the reflected tracking signal will be independent of the orientation as well. (Corner cubes have been used in maritime radar systems for decades, of course, for the same basic reason). – alephzero Aug 10 '20 at 1:26
• @alephzero yes indeed! These are beautiful little devices :-) That should be part of the answer, or a second answer! – uhoh Aug 10 '20 at 2:08
• @alephzero added, thanks! I had forgotten quite how corner-cubes work, but you're quite right that this should make them neatly trackable. I guess this offsets the fact that they're a little smaller than a standard 1U cube. – Andrew Aug 10 '20 at 15:23