Industrial Utility Efficiency

# EMS Systems for Energy Demand Control and Response

With the economy still challenging and competitive pressures continuing to rise, reducing expenses is imperative for food processing and other manufacturing businesses. Yet many underestimate or neglect a key source of savings: the electricity bill.

You may be wise to watching the demand meter or shifting heavy loads to off-peak hours, but those are not your only options. With advanced energy management technology, you can automate control of energy from refrigeration compressors, pumps, and other equipment so that your facility runs at optimal efficiency, you pay the lowest possible rates, and you can participate in incentive programs that pay you for unused kilowatts.

Even the most energy-intensive plants can cut energy costs without compromising production or quality. The key is to take full advantage of the load-shedding strategies that an advanced energy management system enables: demand control, demand response, dynamic pricing optimization, and energy efficiency.

### Energy cost reduction strategies in brief

Demand control: Demand control (DC) is a strategy that allows food processors and other manufacturers to use energy more efficiently by managing peaks and valleys of energy demand. An advanced energy management system (EMS) allows you to do this safely by strategically directing demand reductions through a collection of selected compressor and other loads to achieve the desired kW reduction while maintaining productivity. Actions the system might take include:

• Slow down or cycle fans and blowers (or raise the temperature setpoint in a cooled area) to reduce kilowatt load from exhaust fans, refrigeration compressors, and condensers, for example.
• Apply slight changes in suction pressure to reduce the load from refrigeration compressor motors
• Curtail nitrogen system compressor motors
• Reduce wastewater treatment loads to minimize consumption by blowers, agitators, and pumps
• Shut down battery chargers
• Delay the start of vacuum tubes or grinders

The savings can be significant: peak-time energy use can account for as much as 40 percent of an industrial user’s electricity bill; avoiding these spikes can reduce the overall bill by as much as 15 percent.

##### Full facility monitoring and control is available from this panel, or via any network-connected computer with appropriate permissions.

Food processors often wonder how it’s possible to do this without losing production capacity. The answer is that an advanced EMS can adjust loads quickly and precisely throughout the facility (not just on, say, refrigeration equipment), so you get maximum savings with minimum disruption. An advanced system can prioritize loads sequentially, by group, or by other factors, and it can synchronize load shedding to achieve both savings and productivity targets. This level of control and precision is impossible for most facilities to achieve manually or with disparate automation systems.

For example, at Mission Produce in Oxnard, California, Powerit’s Spara system rapidly tracks dynamic operating conditions and adjusts power loads, sometimes for just minutes. The system controls evaporator and condenser fans via variable frequency drives (VFDs), five refrigeration compressors in two locations, and battery chargers. Since system implementation, the company has reduced its peak-load energy use and monthly energy bills by about one-third. The company has set rules in the system to protect production—the EMS never takes curtailment actions beyond the levels specified.

Demand response: This is a demand reduction strategy being implemented by utilities and power system operators across the country. Demand response (DR) programs let you earn money by curtailing your electricity use on demand. For example, on an unusually hot summer day a utility might notify demand response participants that it needs them to curtail their usage by an amount specified in their participation contract.

##### SparaView is connected to the aggregator’s Auto DR server and SCE’s demand response automation server. Four Star’s Spara EMS implementation is configured to automatically pre-cool grape storage rooms before the DR event, and Spara has the process knowledge to protect products during the event.

There are two types of DR programs: In standby/reliability programs, you commit to specific load reductions when the grid is under stress. These infrequent events often last two to four hours. Prices are usually \$30,000 to \$60,000 per MW. In reserves/market-based programs, you agree to cut usage based on a set price. Events are more frequent than standby/reliability events and usually last one hour or less. Prices are typically about \\$40,000 per MW.

Automated demand response (Auto-DR) programs tend to be the most lucrative programs. Advanced technology is essential for participation, however: new and upcoming programs require automated communications between user and supplier systems, along with quicker, more significant responses. In these programs, a business’s system and the utility or grid operator’s system “talk” with each other using the OpenADR (automated demand response) standard. A Smart DRAS (demand response automation server) client provides a dynamic connection. For example, with Powerit’s Spara EMS, the supplier’s system notifies the user’s system of a demand response event, and Spara takes action according to energy usage rules set for that facility. Users can also set multiple electricity pricing levels where they want to respond with predefined actions.

Even with non-automated DR programs, though, many food processors find participation impossible without an advanced EMS. Mission Produce tried it, but found that manually shutting down system components took too long to be effective and the staff lacked the ability to fine-tune the entire system for ramp-up. It’s now able to earn incentive payments through Southern California Edison’s program.

Dynamic pricing optimization: Many utilities employ dynamic pricing strategies, such as real-time pricing (RTP), that involve rate changes based on the market price of electricity, weather events, or other conditions. These changes can happen with anywhere from just minutes’ to 24 hours’ notice, and in worst-case examples, power costs have jumped during an RTP spike to more than 100 times the normal rate. An advanced EMS lets you respond automatically to ongoing price fluctuations by shifting consumption to lower rate periods or reducing consumption during costly super-peak times.

Energy efficiency: Energy efficiency—not only using less energy, but also using energy at the least costly times—is often a byproduct of implementing demand control, demand response, and dynamic pricing programs. These initiatives typically reveal best-practice opportunities for eliminating waste and optimizing use.

Measures might include:

• Floating head pressure control that leverages variable speed controls on fan motors, minimizing refrigeration compressor and condenser system motor loads by matching operations to particular cooling processes and ambient wet-bulb temperatures
• Automated staging and sequencing of air compressor combinations so that compressors in use are fully loaded before additional capacity kicks in
• Precisely and dynamically aligning air handling fan speeds and airflow with real-time temperature requirements
• Matching evaporator defrosting cycles to actual needs instead of operating on inefficient schedule-based routines

### Produce Processor Cuts Energy Costs Using DR, Other Energy Management Strategies

Only a small fraction of food processing businesses takes advantage of these prime saving opportunities, but the few that do demonstrate the potential. For example, Four Star Fruit of Delano, California, uses Powerit Solutions’ Spara EMS to implement demand control, Auto-DR, and energy efficiency measures that combined save the company 16% annually on its electricity bill.

Four Star uses a very large amount of electricity during three critical months of the year, and its business is growing. In the 36 months preceding the implementation of its energy management system, the business grew in the double digits while its power consumption doubled. The company wanted to better control its energy use, in light of a predicted rise in power prices over the next several years, and to improve its “green” credentials.

Facilities like Four Star’s offer good potential for both DR and DC strategies: the facility can precool and flywheel cool in anticipation of a DR event, or use temperature buffers to ride out a DC event. In this case:

• The combination of precooling rooms and long-term storage rooms provides loads that can be balanced against one another.
• Precooling rooms can be loaded with produce all day, and then precooled in the evening.
• Long-term storage rooms can be flywheeled, cooling them in advance so that their refrigeration can be powered down when precooling needs occur.

The type of facility (precooling combined with long-term storage) made the company a good candidate for an Auto-DR program. Four Star’s EMS integrates with demand response automated servers (DRAS) operated by its utility, (Southern California Edison) and demand response aggregator (EnerNoc). The company participated in both DR events called by the last season, achieving a load reduction near to their test demonstration reduction of 700kW.

### System assessment: a key first step

So how do you determine whether your facility can realize these types of savings? A thorough assessment of your production systems is a key first step. Here’s the process my company follows when conducting assessments:

Define the savings opportunities. We do this by analyzing electric bills and historical kW interval data and evaluating opportunities to participate in demand response or other incentives programs.

Create a data picture of the facility. We collect detailed data about the facility’s main processes, largest electrical loads, and the facility in general.

Perform a site audit. The audit covers the entire facility and all processes, from receiving raw materials to final product shipping. Because the largest electrical loads provide the best ROI for automation investment, those loads are analyzed in detail. We look at current standard operating procedures, typical run time, time of use, and loads, and evaluate those areas for inefficiencies.

Savings can come from multiple initiatives. In general, if a load has a process buffer (the output of the load is stored until a maximum point is reached, then the load is turned off until the minimum point is reached), cost savings opportunities exist. The load can be turned off or slowed down when energy costs are high, for example. By studying the entire process and identifying these buffers within batch or continuous processes, we typically find opportunities for energy cost reductions via demand control, demand response, energy efficiency, or all three.

Finalize the evaluation. Based on the results of data collection and the site audit, the initial savings estimate is revised to correct any mistaken assumptions and reflect actual savings potential.

### Advanced energy management at work: a real-world example

Here’s an example of a typical demand control operation at a food processing facility that’s controlling energy demand using Powerit’s Spara EMS:

1. The EMS’s real-time algorithm predicts that the facility’s current energy use will exceed its setpoint by x kW. The facility needs to shed loads.
2. The system determines which refrigeration compressors are enabled for reduction at this moment. These loads are available for curtailment.
3. The EMS stages curtailment actions based on the preferred order that’s been set in the system. Compressor A and Compressor B have a priority of 1 and 2. Compressor A has x kW safely available for reduction, so the system powers it down accordingly. It then powers Compressor B down x kW to get the remaining reduction needed.
4. Each compressor can operate at reduced power for only so long without disrupting operations, and that time has been set in the system. The EMS monitors the reduction time and sees that Compressor A has hit that point. It releases Compressor A and further reduces Compressor B to get the rest of reduction needed. Note: Time as a constraint is a simple example of a rule that can be integrated into the system’s decision-making process. Rules can also be fairly complicated and logic based (if pump speed is X and tank level is Y then the agitator can be curtailed to speed Z) or triggered by schedules or production factors.
5. Now you’ve hit your goal. All loads are released according the procedure set by the facility.

What happened here? The facility’s processes were interrupted, but they weren’t disrupted. The changes were defined in advance as acceptable power reductions in return for energy savings.

Food processors can significantly reduce previously uncontrollable energy costs. By being able to aggressively manage a monopoly-controlled resource that continues to rise in cost year over year, you can not only cut costs, but also gain competitive advantage.

### Why advanced automation is essential—and how to assess it

Manually manipulating complex processes to achieve energy savings is difficult to impossible for most companies. It can also introduce human error and potentially compromise production. And the scope and types of loads that can be shed using manual approaches are limited, making participation in DR programs or response to dynamic pricing impossible or unprofitable. An advanced EMS is essential to getting full value from the spectrum of load-shedding strategies.

Key features of the best energy management systems are:

• Ability to take direct control of the loads—within parameters you set—so that no human intervention is required.
• Seamless integration with existing systems and the ability to extend their functionality.
• Capacity to connect with many loads in order to take maximum advantage of potential savings.
• Access to real-time data in order to analyze and predict events.
• Rules-driven, process-protecting routines tailored to your operations that can manage an infinite variety of industrial processes, limitations, and thresholds.
• Wireless input/output, which eliminates the need to run costly conduit (often a disruptive and time-consuming process) and provides access to hard-to-reach places, ensuring that the maximum number of equipment loads can be controlled.

Beyond the technology itself, look for a vendor that can assist in identifying and evaluating utility programs, rebates, and incentives. The vendor should also have expertise in your industry, so that they’re familiar with typical processes and equipment and can share best practices based on past projects.

### Fitting the investment into tight budgets

The investment in an advanced EMS is more manageable that many facility operators expect. Depending on incentives available in your area and your implementation, it’s possible to achieve ROI anywhere from immediately to 18 months.

Many utilities offer incentive programs that cover partial or even full costs of systems designed to reduce energy consumption or manage peak demand. These incentives cover a wide variety of equipment and technology for applications ranging from basic energy efficiency to automating participation in demand response programs.

Where incentive programs aren’t available, renting, renting to own, and leasing often are attractive alternatives to outright purchases. These financing options increase purchasing power and lower the upfront investment, allowing immediate action on reducing energy costs, even when there’s no budget for new technology. Depending on the circumstances, businesses may be able to realize tax benefits through bonus and accelerated depreciation or investment tax credits, and can even realize immediate positive cash flow.