The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 ( General Assembly resolution 217 A ) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages. 
 
 Preamble 
 
 Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, 
 
 Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, 
 
 Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, 
 
 Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, 
 
 Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, 
 
 Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, 
 
 Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, 
 
 Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. 
 
 Article 1. 
 
 
 
 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 
 
 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 
 
 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 
 
 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. 
 
 Article 5. 
 
 
 
 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 
 
 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. 
 
 Article 7. 
 
 
 
 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. 
 
 Article 8. 
 
 
 
 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. 
 
 Article 9. 
 
 
 
 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. 
 
 Article 10. 
 
 
 
 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. 
 
 Article 11. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 
 
 (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. 
 
 Article 12. 
 
 
 
 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. 
 
 Article 13. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. 
 
 (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. 
 
 Article 14. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 
 
 (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. 
 
 Article 15. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. 
 
 (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. 
 
 Article 16. 
 
 
 
 (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 
 
 (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 
 
 (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. 
 
 Article 17. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. 
 
 (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. 
 
 Article 18. 
 
 
 
 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. 
 
 Article 19. 
 
 
 
 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. 
 
 Article 20. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 
 
 (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. 
 
 Article 21. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 
 
 (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. 
 
 (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. 
 
 Article 22. 
 
 
 
 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. 
 
 Article 23. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. 
 
 (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 
 
 (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 
 
 (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. 
 
 Article 24. 
 
 
 
 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. 
 
 Article 25. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 
 
 (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. 
 
 Article 26. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 
 
 (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 
 
 (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. 
 
 Article 27. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 
 
 (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. 
 
 Article 28. 
 
 
 
 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. 
 
 Article 29. 
 
 
 
 (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. 
 
 (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. 
 
 (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. 
 
 Article 30. 
 
 
 
 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. ||||| “Remember, there was a lot of construction,” he said. “These entranceways would have been in the middle of construction sites where there were cranes and all of that. Safety is one of the most important things that we deal with every single day here.” 
 
 Lower Manhattan has rebounded and thrived in the years since the attack, pulsating with businesses, residences, restaurants and stores, the kind of urban energy that seemed unimaginable in the weeks and months following the death and destruction that unfolded over several terrible hours on that September day. The return of the subway station underscores the rebirth. 
 
 The No. 1 train has bypassed the station for years. On Sept. 11, part of the route collapsed under the avalanche of falling debris. 
 
 Shortly after the attack, John Ferrelli, the chief of infrastructure for the subways, assessed the damage: “We basically had dozens of floors of a huge building falling from 600 feet right on top of our roof. It was like a pile driver.” 
 
 The new station is a rare piece of good news at a time when the subway is in crisis, with seemingly constant delays more than a year after Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo declared the system to be in a state of emergency. Mr. Cuomo did not attend a brief ribbon-cutting ceremony Saturday, but was instead campaigning ahead of the Democratic primary on Thursday. His office declined to give an explanation for why the governor did not attend the subway opening. 
 
 “I wouldn’t have missed this day for the world,” said Andy Byford, the leader of the M.T.A. agency that runs the subways, who toured the new station. “This is such a meaningful day, I think, for the city and the country — the fact that finally this station is open and it’s deliberately called World Trade Center.” ||||| Image copyright MTA Image caption The first train arrives at the reopened station after 17 years 
 
 A New York City subway station has reopened for the first time since it was destroyed 17 years ago in the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack. 
 
 Cortlandt Street on the 1 line was buried under debris when the two World Trade Center towers collapsed after hijackers crashed planes into them. 
 
 On Saturday, people were welcomed into the newly renamed WTC Cortlandt station as the first train rolled in at midday. 
 
 Nearly 3,000 people died and thousands more were injured in the 2001 attack. 
 
 "WTC Cortlandt is more than a new subway station," said New York City's Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) chairman Joe Lhota in a statement. 
 
 Image copyright MTA Image caption The MTA only began to build the new station - which cost $181.8 million - in 2015 
 
 "It is symbolic of New Yorkers' resolve in restoring and substantially improving the entire World Trade Center site." 
 
 The new fully accessible station, which cost $181.8 million (£140.7 million) according to the New York Times, required an entirely new ceiling to be built and 365 metres (1,200 ft) of track to be replaced. 
 
 It now boasts state-of-the-art technology, like a new air ventilation system to keep the platform cool, and fewer columns to help with passenger flow. 
 
 Its walls are adorned with a white marble mosaic, spelling out text from the US Declaration of Independence and the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
– It's been left off the NYC subway map for almost 17 years after it was destroyed and buried under rubble on 9/11—but a "quietly, poignantly defiant" version of the Cortlandt Street subway station under the World Trade Center is now open again for business. Redubbed WTC Cortlandt, the station reopened Saturday, with Metropolitan Transportation Authority chief Joe Lhota in a statement calling it "symbolic of New Yorkers' resolve in restoring and substantially improving the entire World Trade Center site," per the BBC. The station cost nearly $182 million to reconstruct and includes a newly rebuilt ceiling, an updated ventilation system, and a brighter feel, with quotes from the Declaration of Independence and the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights imprinted on a white marble mosaic. The reopening of the station is not only "the last major piece in the city's quest to rebuild what was lost" on 9/11, and a symbol of "rebirth," per the New York Times: It also serves as a "glaring reminder of the dysfunction among the region’s transit agencies," with rebuilding not even kicking off until three years ago. Still, "I wouldn't have missed this day for the world," said Andy Byford, the head of the New York City Transit Authority, at the opening. "This is such a meaningful day ... for the city and the country."