Biologic therapies are widely used in inflammatory diseases, and they are associated to an increased infection risk, especially to granulomatous and intracellular infections such as Legionella.
A review of the literature revealed 105 cases of Legionella pneumonia in patients taking biologic therapies. Sixty-four patients (65.3%) were treated with infliximab, 23 (23.5%) with adalimumab, 5 (5%) with etanercept and 3 (3%) with rituximab. Seventy-one per cent of the patients were treated for rheumatologic diseases and 16% for inflammatory bowel diseases. The majority of the patients received one or more concomitant immunosuppressive drugs, especially steroids (43%). Overall mortality was 19%. Legionella pneumonia might complicate therapy with biologic therapies, especially in patients being treated with infliximab or adalimumab given concomitantly with other immunosuppressive medications during their first 6 months of treatment.
Physicians should be aware of this potentially severe association. Early recognition and treatment would likely result in reduced morbidity and mortality.