Osteoarthritis (OA) is now increasingly recognized as being related to the whole joint instead of the cartilage alone. In particular, the importance of subchondral bone in OA pathogenesis has drawn a lot of interest. The aim of this study is to investigate subchondral bone microstructural features in two femoral condyles of human knee osteoarthritis.
Eighty subjects were enrolled in our study and divided into three groups: without OA (group 0), mild OA (group 1), and severe OA (group 2). Sagittal 3D Balanced Fast Field Echo (3D-FFE) images were obtained by 3T MRI to quantify trabecular bone structure, and sagittal FatSat 3D Fast Field Echo (3D-FFE) images were acquired to assess cartilage thickness. Trabecular bone parameters, including bone volume fraction (BVF), erosion index (EI) and the trabecular plate-to-rod ratio (SCR), and trabecular thickness were evaluated using digital topological analysis. Subchondral bone and cartilage parameters between different groups and different locations were compared, and their correlations were analyzed.
Within two femoral condyles, subchondral bone structure was deteriorated in mild OA, showing a lower BVF (-0.011 to -0.014 P < 0.001), a higher EI (0.346 to 0.310 P < 0.001), a lower SCR (-0.581 to -0.542 P < 0.001)) and lower trabecular thickness (-6.588 to -4.759 P < 0.05). In severe OA, BVF was further decreased, but EI, SCR and trabecular thickness showed no significant difference than mild OA(P > 0.05). Moreover, there was a lower BVF, SCR and higher EI in the medial femoral condyle in each group. Interestingly, cartilage attrition mainly occurred in the medial femoral condyle. Medial cartilage thickness was not only positively correlated with the ipsilateral femoral BVF (r = 0.321 P = 0.004) but also with the opposite femoral BVF (r = 0.270 P = 0.015).
Our results indicated that deterioration in the trabecular bone structure in both femoral condyles could more sensitively reveal early OA, and BVF could be a better biomarker to evaluate OA severity.