To determine the prevalence and clinical presentations of rheumatic manifestations in HIV-infected patients seen at a rheumatology department in Congo-Brazzaville.
Over a one-year period, all patients admitted to the Brazzaville Teaching Hospital's rheumatology unit underwent serologic testing for the HIV by ELISA confirmed by Western blot. Standard criteria were used to classify the inflammatory joint diseases seen during the study period.
A total of 171 patients, 85 men and 86 women, were tested. The age range was 16 to 81 years, with a mean of 42.1 years. HIV tests were positive in 39 patients, 24 men and 15 women, with a mean age of 31.2 years, accounting for 22.8% of the overall patient population and for 35.1% of all patients with inflammatory rheumatic syndromes. HIV infection stage as determined based on Centers for Disease Control criteria was i.v. in 35 patients and II in the remaining four patients. Of the 39 HIV-positive patients, 32 had HIV-related arthritis, two had reactive arthritis, two had staphylococcal septic arthritis and three had infectious discitis. Of the 72 HIV-negative patients with inflammatory rheumatic syndromes, 22 had septic arthritis, 18 had infectious discitis, five had reactive arthritis, four had rheumatoid arthritis, four had gout, two had poststreptococcal rheumatic disease, one had juvenile chronic arthritis and 16 had unclassifiable arthritis. None of the remaining 60 HIV-negative patients had inflammatory joint manifestations.
HIV infection was both the leading reason for admission and the leading cause of arthritis. Acute, febrile, asymmetric, nondeforming, nonerosive polyarthritis of the small and large joints responsive to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy was the most common clinical pattern of arthritis in HIV-positive patients. Reactive arthritis, septic arthritis and infectious discitis were rarely seen and had no specific features as compared to HIV-negative patients. Patients with arthritis should be tested for HIV infection. It follows that rheumatologists need to know how to provide counselling about HIV testing and how to disclose the results to their patients. They also need to be familiar with the management of HIV infection and to direct careful attention to the prevention of HIV transmission in health care facilities.