The safety and effectiveness of live virus vaccines, such as the varicella-zoster vaccine, are unknown in patients with inflammatory diseases receiving immunomodulatory therapy such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis).
To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the live attenuated zoster vaccine (ZVL) in patients receiving TNFis.
Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02538341).
Academic and community-based rheumatology, gastroenterology, and dermatology practices.
Adults aged 50 years or older receiving TNFis for any indication.
Random assignment to ZVL versus placebo.
Glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gpELISA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) from serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells measured at baseline and 6 weeks after vaccination. Suspected varicella infection or herpes zoster was clinically assessed using digital photographs and polymerase chain reaction on vesicular fluid.
Between March 2015 and December 2018, 617 participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive ZVL (
Potentially limited generalizability to patients receiving other types of immunomodulators.
The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the American College of Rheumatology.
This trial informs safety concerns related to use of live virus vaccines in patients receiving biologics.