Areactive forms of keratitis in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis are inflammations threatening the visual acuity and integrity of the eye. They commonly occur in a rheumatologically inactive interval and have a poor prognosis. A retrospective evaluation of medicamentous and surgical strategies for a curative therapy with optical rehabilitation is necessary to optimise the treatment of patients with necrotic sclerokeratitis.
A total of 27 eyes of 22 patients (14 women and 8 men, ranging in age at the time of operation from 40 to 88 years; mean 68.7 years) with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and secondary Sjögren's syndrome were reviewed retrospectively. There were 17 eyes with necrotic keratitis and 9 eyes with necrotic sclerokeratitis. In one eye, necrotic sclerokeratitis with bacterial transmigrating keratitis and hypopyon occurred.
In 8 cases we performed a perforating mini-keratoplasty, in 16 cases a tectonic and optical perforating keratoplasty, in 3 cases a tectonic sclerokeratoplasty, in 9 patients a combined keratoplasty and cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation and in 1 case a partial conjunctival plasty. Follow-up ranged from 7 months to 4 years (average 2.8 years).
In all eyes, a sufficient tectonic and primary curative effect was achieved only under cyclophosphamide immunosuppression. In 3 cases, a rekeratoplasty had to be performed because of recurrent keratitis after changing the systemic cyclophosphamide therapy to methotrexate, glucocorticosteroids or non-steroid antiphlogistic agents. Visual acuity outcome was depending on the eccentricity of the keratoplasty and earlier affections of the eye. Postoperatively, the visual acuity improved in 23 eyes. In 3 cases, no change of visual acuity was achieved. Visual acuity deteriorated in one case from counting fingers to hand motions. Peri- and postoperative complications during the follow-up period were corneal infiltration around sutures in 4 eyes, graft rejecting reactions in 3 cases, and sicca syndrome in 6 cases.
The intensive cooperation of ophthalmologists and rheumatologists enables the successful treatment of apparently hopeless situations in necrotic sclerokeratitis in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. The rate of complications under an immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide was found at average 2.8 years follow-up to be low. The indication for the combined therapy depends on the ophthalmological findings; rheumatologists and ophthalmologists should decide on the appropriate dosage for the systemic cyclophosphamide therapy. Topical glucocorticosteroid therapy alone is contra-indicated.