Cigarette smoking is known to increase perioperative complication rates, but no study to date has examined its effect specifically in forefoot surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoking increased complications after forefoot surgery.
The records of 602 patients who had forefoot surgery between 2008 and 2010, and for whom smoking status was known, were reviewed. Patients were categorized into 3 groups based on smoking status: active smoker, smoker in the past, or nonsmoker. Medical records were reviewed for occurrence of complications, including nonunion, delayed union, delayed wound healing, infection, and persistent pain.
Active smokers were found to have a notably higher complication rate (36.4%) after forefoot surgery than patients who previously (16.5%) or never (8.5%) smoked. Patients who continued to smoke in the perioperative period had the highest percentage of delayed union (3.0%), infection (9.1%), delayed wound healing (10.6%), and persistent pain (15.2%). Active cigarette smokers were 4.3 times more likely to have a complication than nonsmokers. Patients who smoked at any point in the past but quit prior to surgery were 1.9 times more likely than nonsmokers to incur a complication. The average time of smoking cessation for patients who had smoked at any point in the past but had quit prior to surgery was 17 years. For active smokers, those with a complication smoked an average of 18 cigarettes daily, while those without a complication smoked 14 cigarettes daily.
Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Before forefoot surgery, surgeons should educate patients who smoke about their increased risk of complications and encourage smoking cessation.