Overall hazard ratio ( HR ) was assessed between the active treatments and placebo and in various subgroups related to severity of airways obstruction , inhaled corticosteroid use , cardiovascular risk factors , sex , age and body mass index for death , serious cases of cardio - and cerebrovascular ( CCV ) events , major adverse cardiovascular events ( MACEs ) , pneumonia , COPD exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or atrial flutter/fibrillation ( AF/F ) .