Give me a partial conclusion of a academic report of the following paragraph

PyroSim is simulation software that allows engineers and analysts to design, model, and simulate complex fire and smoke scenarios in buildings. It is used to create and optimize fire safety designs, evaluate smoke movement and predict toxic exposure in case of a fire emergency, create emergency plans, and develop effective firefighting operations.

PyroSim provides advanced visualization tools for fire dynamics modeling and simulation. With PyroSim, users can virtually create and experiment with fire scenarios to test different fire detection and suppression systems. PyroSim uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a finite-volume method to simulate the distribution and behavior of fluids using numerical analysis algorithms. The software supports advanced visualization of the analyzed multiple smoke and ventilation strategies, fire sources, and fire operation scenarios.

The fire load’s position needs to be established as it determines the source of the fire and the direction the fire and smoke will move. In the scenario, the fire load was placed in the central bottom of the atrium of a shopping mall. The central location gives an indication that it is a high-risk area since fire loads create heat, and fire always moves upwards. Therefore, placing it at a central bottom location helps to identify potential routes of fire and smoke movement and strategies to contain or prevent further spread.

The fire load’s size refers to the amount of heat produced by the fire, and it is measured in MegaWatts per square meter (MW/m²). In the scenario, the fire load is 15 MW/m² in size. With a high fire load size, it is essential to calculate and investigate the fire’s impact and develop effective measures to evacuate occupants, such as having sufficient ventilation, fire detection and extinguishing systems, and creating robust emergency plans.

Result:
the smoke of fire passes through 1-4/F and reaches the top floor, 5/F of a shopping mall in less than 30 seconds.After reaching the top floor, the smoke spread throughout the whole floor and 5/F is fufilled with smoke.

This part would give sufficient result for the egress simulation by pathfinder, afterwards, the result given by pyrosim would be combined with that of Pathfinder.
Pathfinder:

Pathfinder is a 3D simulation software developed by Thunderhead Engineering for analyzing pedestrian and occupant movement, safety, and egress in buildings. It is an agent-based simulation tool that facilitates the creation of realistic evacuation models, predicts evacuation time, and helps optimize building design.

Pathfinder software incorporates features such as behavioral science principles, mathematical modeling, and computer simulations to replicate human behavior during emergency situations. The software accurately models the interactions between occupants and objects in the environment, resulting in realistic evacuation scenarios.

Using Pathfinder, users can create customized simulations with the ability to model parameters such as door widths, floor finishes, ceiling height, and lighting. The software also offers real-time monitoring and data visualization capabilities that allow users to make accurate and informed decisions during emergency scenarios.




The figure above shows the Final simulation animation in FDS. To make the simulation file, the following settings were made:

1. Occupant Density: The occupant density is a key consideration during egress simulation, and it refers to the number of occupants per unit area of space. In the scenario, there is one occupant per 4-6 square meters in the retail area of the shopping mall. The occupant density will determine the time taken for evacuation and the behavior of occupants during emergency situations, making it essential to consider the figure in developing effective evacuation strategies.

2. Door Settings: Door settings refer to settings that enable doors to be used efficiently in evacuation scenarios. The settings included an evaluation of the number of available doors, their width, and the time taken to open them during an emergency evacuation, among other factors. In the scenario, the door settings are changed to enable occupants to evacuate safely in the retail area. Proper door settings serve as the backbone of an effective evacuation plan, ensuring that the occupants are disposed of quickly and safely.

3. Elevators Disabled: Pathfinders provide the option to evaluate effective emergency evacuation strategies with a range of useful features, such as stairs and elevators. Effective evacuation strategies should plan to disable elevators, especially in high-rise buildings because they can become death traps during emergency situations such as fires. In the scenario, elevators are disabled in the shopping mall. The use of stairs is the safest option for evacuation, especially during fire emergencies, where a power outage may occur.


In the simulation, the occupants are required to leave the building through the exits set on the ground floor, in order to escape the fire from the atrium. As mentioned in the introduction above, This will help us comply with fire codes and insurance policies. By using advanced computer simulations and detailed data on the mall, we can predict fire behavior and identify weak points in the safety system.


Upon analyzing the occupancy graph of the selected rooms, it was observed that the graph showed a high slope in the first minute, specifically around 100 seconds. The reason for this high slope can be attributed to the occupants leaving the G/F retail area and the atrium through the exits, resulting in a rapid decrease in the number of occupants in the building.

During the middle range of the simulation, it was observed that occupants were leaving the rooms through the staircases, the primary exits for evacuation. This lasted for a long time, resulting in a stable slope, indicating that the evacuation was taking place in an orderly manner.

In the last 100 seconds of the simulation, the slope became smaller, indicating a reduction in the rate of occupants leaving the shopping mall. This was due to one of the rows in one of the staircases having finished its evacuation process, resulting in occupants leaving the venue through only one exit instead of two.

Although the simulation was conducted through PyroSim, it was observed that the 1400 seconds required for complete evacuation was quite long. According to Pathfinder’s simulation results, 72.8 seconds would be sufficient for the evacuation of 2656 occupants to the safe area, which is the fire protection lobby and staircases. It should be noted, however, that an ideal situation was presumed in this scenario, and that numerical representation of the actual number of occupants in the shopping mall would differ from extreme cases.
