New developments for dual methods in lattice field theory at non-zero density
In recent years the complex action problem of lattice field theory at finite density was overcome for several system by mapping them to dual variables (flux lines and surfaces). We illustrate this mapping for the case of the U(1) gauge Higgs system and present some representative physics results for this model. Conceptual challenges such as spectroscopy in the dual approach, as well as algorithmic developments are discussed and related ideas for systems with fermions are addressed. Models where the dual variables approach solves the complex action problem can serve as reference systems for other approaches to finite density lattice field theory and we discuss some examples. Finally we address the strategy of a partial dualization in certain limits, e.g., for strong coupling and large mass.