Resonant Machine Learning Based on Complex Growth Transform Dynamical Systems
Traditional energy-based learning models associate a single energy metric to each configuration of variables involved in the underlying optimization process. Such models associate the lowest energy state with the optimal configuration of variables under consideration and are thus inherently dissipative. In this article, we propose an energy-efficient learning framework that exploits structural and functional similarities between a machine-learning network and a general electrical network satisfying Tellegen’s theorem. In contrast to the standard energy-based models, the proposed formulation associates two energy components, namely, active and reactive energy with the network. The formulation ensures that the network’s active power is dissipated only during the process of learning, whereas the reactive power is maintained to be zero at all times. As a result, in steady state, the learned parameters are stored and self-sustained by electrical resonance determined by the network’s nodal inductances and capacitances. Based on this approach, this article introduces three novel concepts: 1) a learning framework where the network’s active-power dissipation is used as a regularization for a learning objective function that is subjected to zero total reactive-power constraint; 2) a dynamical system based on complex-domain, continuous-time growth transforms that optimizes the learning objective function and drives the network toward electrical resonance under steady-state operation; and 3) an annealing procedure that controls the tradeoff between active-power dissipation and the speed of convergence. As a representative example, we show how the proposed framework can be used for designing resonant support vector machines (SVMs), where the support vectors correspond to an $LC$ network with self-sustained oscillations. We also show that this resonant network dissipates less active power compared with its non-resonant counterpart.