Dynamical charge fluctuations in the hadronic medium
The dynamical charge fluctuations have been studied in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions by using hadronic model simulations, such as UrQMD and HIJING. The evolution of fluctuations has been calculated at different time steps during the collision as well as different observation window in pseudorapidity (\DelEta). The final state effects on the fluctuations have been investigated by varying $\bigtriangleup\eta$~ and the time steps with the aim of obtaining an optimum observation window for capturing maximum fluctuations. It is found that $\bigtriangleup\eta$~ between 2.0 and 3.5 gives the best coverage for the fluctuations studies. The results of these model calculations for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$~=~7.7 to 200~GeV and for Pb+Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV are presented and compared with available experimental data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).