Automorphisms of categories of schemes
Given two schemes $S$ and $S'$, we prove that every equivalence between $\mathbf{Sch}_S$ and $\mathbf{Sch}_{S'}$ comes from a unique isomorphism between $S$ and $S'$. This eliminates all Noetherian and finite type hypotheses from a result of Mochizuki and fully answers a programme set out by Brandenburg in a series of questions on MathOverflow in 2011.