Dust Formation in the Presence of Photons I: Evaporation Rates for Small Dust Grains
The temperature of newly forming dust is controlled by the radiation field. As dust forms around stars, stellar transients, quasars or supernovae, the grains must grow through a regime where they are stochastically heated by individual photons. Since evaporation rates increase exponentially with temperature while cooling times decrease only as a power law, the evaporation rates for these small grains are dominated by the temperature spikes. We calculate effective evaporation temperatures for a broad range of input spectra that are encapsulated in a series of simple interpolation formulae for both graphitic and silicate grains. These can be easily used to first determine if dust formation is possible and then to estimate the radius or time at which it commences for a broad range of radiation environments. With these additional physical effects, very small grains may form earlier than in standard models of AGB winds. Even for very high mass loss rates, the hottest stars that can form dust are G and F stars particularly in the case of silicate dusts. For hotter stars, the higher fluxes of ultraviolet photons prevent dust formation. Thus, episodic dust formation by OH/IR stars and LBVs is primarily driven by fluctuations in their apparent temperatures rather than changes in luminosity or mass loss rates.