46888294
Poincar\'e Sphere and a Unified Picture of Wigner's Little Groups
It is noted that the Poincar\'e sphere for polarization optics contains the symmetries of the Lorentz group. The sphere is thus capable of describing the internal space-time symmetries dictated by Wigner's little groups. For massive particles, the little group is like the three-dimensional rotation group, while it is like the two-dimensional Euclidean group for massless particles. It is shown that the Poincar\'e sphere, in addition, has a symmetry parameter corresponding to reducing the particle mass from a positive value to zero. The Poincar\'e sphere thus the gives one unified picture of Wigner's little groups for massive and massless particles.
14939249
Coupled Harmonic Oscillators and Feynman's Rest of the Universe
According to Feynman, the universe consists of two parts - the system in which we are interested and the rest of the universe which our measurement process does not reach. Feynman then formulates the density matrix in terms of the observable world and the rest of the universe. It is shown that coupled harmonic oscillators can serve as an illustrative example for Feynman's ``rest of the universe.'' It is pointed out that this simple example has far-reaching consequences in many branches of physics, including statistical mechanics, measurement theory, information theory, thermo-field dynamics, quantum optics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that our ignorance of the rest of the universe increases the uncertainty and entropy in the system in which we are interested.
1320799
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions in polarization optics.
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions are manifestations of the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles, respectively. It is shown to be possible to produce combinations of optical filters which exhibit transformations corresponding to Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions. This is possible because the combined effects of rotation, phase-shift, and attenuation filters lead to transformation matrices of the six-parameter Lorentz group applicable to Jones vectors and Stokes parameters for polarized light waves. The symmetry transformations in special relativity lead to a set of experiments which can be performed in optics laboratories.
1673726
Symmetries Shared by the Poincaré Group and the Poincaré Sphere
Henri Poincare formulated the mathematics of Lorentz transformations, known as the Poincare group. He also formulated the Poincare sphere for polarization optics. It is shown that these two mathematical instruments can be derived from the two-by-two representations of the Lorentz group. Wigner’s little groups for internal space-time symmetries are studied in detail. While the particle mass is a Lorentz-invariant quantity, it is shown to be possible to address its variations in terms of the decoherence mechanism in polarization optics.
73571003
Time separation as a hidden variable to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics
The Bohr radius is a space‐like separation between the proton and electron in the hydrogen atom. According to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics, the proton is sitting in the absolute Lorentz frame. If this hydrogen atom is observed from a different Lorentz frame, there is a time‐like separation linearly mixed with the Bohr radius. Indeed, the time‐separation is one of the essential variables in high‐energy hadronic physics where the hadron is a bound state of the quarks, while thoroughly hidden in the present form of quantum mechanics. It will be concluded that this variable is hidden in Feynman’s rest of the universe. It is noted first that Feynman’s Lorentz‐invariant differential equation for the bound‐state quarks has a set of solutions which describe all essential features of hadronic physics. These solutions explicitly depend on the time separation between the quarks. This set also forms the mathematical basis for two‐mode squeezed states in quantum optics, where both photons are observable,...
668406
Quantization of electromagnetic fields in a circular cylindrical cavity
We present a quantization procedure for the electromagnetic field in a circular cylindrical cavity with perfectly conducting walls, which is based on the decomposition of the field. A new decomposition procedure is proposed; all vector mode functions satisfying the boundary conditions are obtained with the help of this decomposition. After expanding the quantized field in terms of the vector mode functions, it is possible to derive the Hamiltonian for this quantized system.
122338380
COSMIC RAY MUONS FROM LOW GALACTIC LATITUDE
Occasional spurious tracks are found on photographs taken during routine observations with the 40-inch heavy-liquid bubble chamber (HLBC) at the Argonne National Laboratory (Roe, Sinclair, and Vander Vilde 1964). These tracks are caused by cosmic ray muons, and are rather similar to streaks caused by meteors on photographs of the sky. The HLBC is located at Ν 41°42'03" latitude and W 87°59'24" longitude, and at an altitude of 227.38 meters above sea level. It has a field of view in the form of a strip 50° wide centered on the north-zenith-south meridian. The strip extends from horizon to horizon. As the earth turns, 87 percent of the celestial sphere passes through the field of view. The product of the cross-sectional capture area of the HLBC times its field of view is 1.7 meter2 steradian. Each picture covers the entire field of view and has a sensitive time of six milliseconds. The chamber is ex-
119447142
Renormalization group analysis ofρ-meson properties at finite density
We calculate the density dependence of the $\rho$-meson mass and coupling constant($g_{\rho NN}$) for $\rho$-nucleon-nucleon vertex at one loop using the lagrangian where the $\rho$-meson is included as a dynamical gauge boson of a hidden local symmetry. From the condition that thermodynamic potential should not depend on the arbitrary energy scale, renormalization scale, one can construct a renormalization group equation for the thermodynamic potential and argue that the various renormalization group coefficients are functions of the density or temperature. We calculate the $\beta$-function for $\rho$-nucleon-nucleon coupling constant ($g_{\rho NN}$) and $\gamma$-function for $\rho$-meson mass ($\gamma_{m_\rho}$). We found that the $\rho$-meson mass and the coupling constant for $g_{\rho NN}$ drop as density increases in the low energy limit.
121093451
Stable operation of a self-amplified spontaneous-emission free-electron laser in the extremely ultraviolet region
9733106
Microlensing Detections of Planets in Binary Stellar Systems
We demonstrate that microlensing can be used for detecting planets in binary stellar systems. This is possible because in the geometry of planetary binary systems, in which the planet orbits one of the binary components and the other binary star is located at a large distance, both planet and secondary companion produce perturbations in a common region around the planet-hosting binary star, and thus the signatures of both planet and binary companion can be detected in the light curves of high-magnification lensing events. We find that identifying planets in binary systems is optimized when the secondary is located within a certain range that depends on the type of the planet. The proposed method can detect planets with masses down to one-tenth of the Jupiter mass in binaries with separations 100 AU. These ranges of planet masses and binary separations are not covered by other methods, and thus microlensing would be able to make the planetary binary sample richer.
118479937
Comment on `A collider signature of the supersymmetric golden region'
We show that Z polarization measurement is useful for distinguishing the signal decay chain of the `golden region' [1] in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) parameter space, which involves the stop decay of 2 → 1+Z, from other decay chains involving the neutralino decay of 20 → 10+Z in different MSSM scenarios. Within a given decay chain, Z polarization can also serve as an indicator of the mass difference of stops or neutralinos.