20721233
A design concept for the LHC insertion quadrupoles
It is noted that the low- beta insertion optics imposes severe constraints on the desired characteristics of the local quadrupoles. In order to obtain the necessary degree of focusing at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), triplets made up of four 250 T/m superconducting quadrupoles, about 6- to 7-m long, are presently envisaged. The large value of the betatron functions through these magnets is such that, besides being the principal source of chromatic aberrations, errors in their gradient will also contribute significantly to the excitation of resonance in the circulating beams. The magnets should therefore provide a gradient field of very high quality. The relatively small number of quadrupoles involved means that the cost constraints are less binding on these than on the lattice magnets. Their single aperture also opens up the possibility of an approach different from that adopted for the regular twin-aperture quadrupoles. One of the design concepts being investigated involves the use of flat cable wound in rectangular blocks to approximate the required quadrupole producing current density. The characteristics of the magnet are described, as is the method of applying the required prestress to the winding.<<ETX>>
115309009
Quench and Mechanical Behaviour of an LHC Low-$\beta$ Quadrupole Model
121851945
Design, test and performance of the prototype superconducting quadrupole for the LEP low-beta insertions
The prototype of the superconducting quadrupoles for the low-beta insertions at the Large Electron-Positron collider has been tested successfully. This industry-built quadrupole, which has a warm bore of 130 mm and a magnetic length of 2 m, is required to provide a gradient of 36 T/m over a field aperture of 1000 mm diameter. It achieved its maximum operating current without training. While retaining the main characteristics of its ISR predecessors, the design of this magnet incorporates several novel features, due to constraints imposed by the environment of the LEP experiments. In particular the quadrupole is slender and ironless, and has a horizontally oriented cryogenic service funnel. Following a description of the major aspects of the design, the results are given of the magnetic and cryogenic tests and measurements. >
121954895
Test results of a variant-design LHC twin-aperture dipole magnet
Since 1989, KEK and CERN carried out jointly an experimental program in the frame of the R&D work for the LHC main dipole. The mechanical structure of this design is based on a separate coil/collar and "horizontally split iron" concept. A total of four single aperture and two twin-aperture 1 m long dipole magnets were built. The last twin-aperture magnet was tested at CERN, reaching a maximum field of 9.55 T at 1.9 K. This paper reports the magnet training performance and quench localization at 1.9 K and 4.5 K. The performance as a function of current ramp rate and measurements of the field quality are also reported.
123424297
The Choice of Spectrometer Magnets for LEP
Many experiments at LEP will require matching spectrometer magnets. In this report, guidelines are established for providing a starting point in the iterative process of choosing the best device for a particular detector. Magnets are compared in terms of their resolving power based on measurements of sagitta. This approach draws attention to the importance of detector size, and also helps to define the preferred areas of application of normal and superconducting technology. Although most emphasis is placed on the solenoid, toroids and dipoles are also discussed.
108199483
Analyzing magnet with field-free channel for use in the ISR
118307813
LHC Phenomenology for String Hunters
Abstract We consider extensions of the standard model based on open strings ending on D-branes, with gauge bosons due to strings attached to stacks of D-branes and chiral matter due to strings stretching between intersecting D-branes. Assuming that the fundamental string mass scale is in the TeV range and the theory is weakly coupled, we discuss possible signals of string physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In previous works, direct channel excitations of Regge recurrences in parton–parton scattering supplied the outstanding new signature. The present work considers the deviation from standard model expectations for the 4-fermion processes q q → q q and q q ′ → q q ′ , in which the s -channel excitation of string resonances is absent. In this case, we find that Kaluza–Klein recurrences at masses somewhat less than the string scale generate effective 4-fermion contact terms which can significantly enhance the dijet R ratio above its QCD value of about 0.6. The simultaneous observation of a nearby resonant structure in the dijet mass spectrum would provide a “smoking gun” for TeV scale string theory. In this work, we also show that (1) for M string 3.5 TeV , the rates for various topologies arising from the p p → Z 0 + jet channel could deviate significantly from standard model predictions and (2) that the sizeable cross sections for Regge recurrences can allow a 6 σ discovery for string scales as large as 3 TeV after about 1 year of LHC operation at s = 10 TeV and ∫ L d t ∼ 100 pb − 1 .
119188244
LHC phenomenology of lowest massive Regge recurrences in the Randall-Sundrum orbifold
We consider string realizations of the Randall-Sundrum effective theory for electroweak symmetry breaking and explore the search for the lowest massive Regge excitation of the gluon and of the extra (color singlet) gauge boson inherent in D-brane constructions. In these curved backgrounds, the higher-spin Regge recurrences of standard model fields localized near the IR brane are warped down to close to the TeV range and hence can be produced at collider experiments. Assuming that the theory is weakly coupled, we make use of four gauge boson amplitudes evaluated near the first Regge pole to determine the discovery potential of LHC. We study the inclusive dijet mass spectrum in the central rapidity region |y{sub jet}| =}2.5 TeV. We find that with an integrated luminosity of 100 fb{sup -1}, the 5{sigma} discovery reach can be as high as 4.7 TeV. Observations of resonant structures in pp{yields}direct{gamma}+jet can provide interesting corroboration for string physics up to 3.0 TeV. We also study the ratio of dijet mass spectra at small and large scattering angles. We show that with the first fb{sup -1} such a ratio can probe lowest-lying Regge states for masses {approx}2.5 TeV.
119282622
Deformed topological partition function and Nekrasov backgrounds
A deformation of the N = 2 topological string partition function is analyzed by considering higher dimensional F-terms of the type W 2gn , where W is the chiral Weyl superfield and eachfactor stands for the chiral projection of a real function of N = 2 vector multiplets. These terms generate physical amplitudes involving two anti-self-dual Riemann tensors, 2g − 2 anti-self-dual graviphoton field strengths and 2n self-dual field strengths from the matter vector multiplets. Their coefficients Fg,n generalizing the genus g partition function Fg,0 of the topological twisted type II theory, can be used to define a generating functional by introducing deformation parameters besides the string coupling. Choosing all matter field strengths to be that of the dual heterotic dilaton supermultiplet, one obtains two parameters that we argue should correspond to the deformation parameters of the Nekrasov partition function in the field theory limit, around the conifold singularity. Its perturbative part can be obtained from the one loop analysis on the heterotic side. This has been computed in (1) and in the field theory limit shown to be given by the radius deformation of c = 1 CFT coupled to two-dimensional gravity. Quite remarkably this result reproduces the gauge theory answer up to a phase difference that may be attributed to the regularization procedure. The type II results are expected to be exact and should also capture the part that is non-perturbative in heterotic dilaton.
123238576
Light composite supermultiplets
Abstract It is argued that in a wide class of massless strongly interacting supersymmetric gauge theories there exist confining phases with unbroken supersymmetry. We explain how to identify and interpret the light composite supermultiplet content of these phases.
14387997
N = 2 HETEROTIC SUPERSTRING AND ITS DUAL THEORY IN FIVE DIMENSIONS
Abstract We study quantum effects in five dimensions in heterotic superstring theory compactified on K 3 × S 1 and analyze the conjecture that its dual effective theory is eleven-dimensional supergravity compactified on a Calabi-Yau threefold. This theory is also equivalent to type II superstring theory compactified on the same Calabi-Yau manifold, in an appropriate large volume limit. In this limit the conifold singularity disappears and is replaced by a singularity associated to enhanced gauge symmetries, as naively expected from the heterotic description. Furthermore, we exhibit the existence of additional massless states which appear in the strong coupling regime of the heterotic theory and are related to a different type of singular points on Calabi-Yau threefolds.