789503
Exploiting the Web as the multilingual corpus for unknown query translation
target languages. To facilitate a cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) service in digital library systems, it is important to develop a powerful query translation engine. This must be able to automatically translate users’ queries from multiple source languages to the target languages that the systems accept. Conventional approaches to CLIR can be divided into two groups: dictionary-based and corpora-based. A dictionarybased approach (Ballesteros & Croft, 1997) utilizes a simple translation dictionary in which each query term is looked up and translated into its corresponding terms in the target language. However, terms may have multiple ambiguous meanings and many new unknown terms that are not covered in the dictionary cannot be translated. Corpora-based approach (Nie, Isabelle, Simard & Durand, 1999) incorporates multilingual corpus where texts in different languages are collected for translation purpose. Either comparable texts (Fung & Yee, 1998) or parallel texts (Nie et al., 1999) can be used as the multilingual corpus. Parallel texts contain bilingual sentences, from which word or phrase translations can be extracted by appropriate sentence alignment methods (Gale & Church, 1993). Comparable texts share similar concepts in content, but do not necessarily show alignment correspondence for translation. Because there is a fundamental word mismatch problem that queries and documents might not share the same words, the basic assumption of such approaches is that as queries get longer, the severity of the problem tends to decrease. Query expansion techniques (Ballesteros & Croft, 1997) can therefore be used to enrich query terms not covered in documents. However, these approaches present some fundamental difficulties for digital libraries that wish to support practical CLIR services. First, most of existing digital libraries contain only monolingual text collections; hence, there is no bilingual corpus for cross-lingual training. Second, real Exploiting the Web as the Multilingual Corpus for Unknown Query Translation
94229
Translating unknown queries with web corpora for cross-language information retrieval
It is crucial for cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) systems to deal with the translation of unknown queries due to that real queries might be short. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of exploiting the Web as the corpus source to translate unknown queries for CLIR. We propose an online translation approach to determine effective translations for unknown query terms via mining of bilingual search-result pages obtained from Web search engines. This approach can alleviate the problem of the lack of large bilingual corpora, translate many unknown query terms, provide flexible query specifications, and extract semantically-close translations to benefit CLIR tasks -- especially for cross-language Web search.
10320126
Resolving the unencoded character problem for chinese digital libraries
Constructing a Chinese digital library, especially for historical article archiving, is often hindered by the small character sets supported by current computer systems. This paper is aimed at resolving the unencoded character problem with a practical and composite approach for Chinese digital libraries. The proposed approach consists of the glyph expression model, glyph structure database, and supporting tools. With this approach, the following problems can be resolved. First, the extensibility of Chinese characters can be preserved. Second, it would be as easy to generate, input, display, and search unencoded characters as existing ones. Third, it is compatible with existing encoding schemes that most computers use. This approach has been utilized by organizations and projects in various application domains including archeology, linguistics, ancient texts, calligraphy and paintings, and stone and bronze rubbings. For example, in Academia Sinica, a very large full-text database of ancient texts called Scripta Sinica has been created using this approach. The Union Catalog of National Digital Archives Project (NDAP) dealt with the unencoded characters encountered when merging the metadata of 12 different thematic domains from various organizations. Also, in Bronze Inscriptions Research Team (BIRT) of Academia Sinica, 3,459 bronze inscriptions were added, which is very helpful to the education and research in historic linguistics
30494509
Translating unknown cross-lingual queries in digital libraries using a web-based approach
38534403
Effective Content Tracking for Digital Rights Management in Digital Libraries
A usual way for content protection of digital libraries is to use digital watermarks and a DRM-based access-control environment. These methods, however, have limitations. Digital watermarks embedded in digital content could be removed by malicious users via post-processing, whereas DRM-based access-control solutions could be hacked. In this paper, we introduce a content tracking mechanism that we have built for multimedia-content near-replica detection as the second line of defense. The integrated framework aims to detect unlawful copyright infringements on the Internet, and combines the strengths of static rights enforcement and dynamic illegal content tracking. The issues of accuracy and huge computation cost in copy detection have been addressed by the introduced content-based techniques. Our experiments demonstrate the efficacy of proposed copy detector.
14678674
Enhanced intranet management in a DHCP-enabled environment
The DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) is widely deployed in resource allocation and intranet management. However the DHCP mechanism is not mandatory and the DHCP server can neither force DHCP clients to release their leases, nor enforce cooperation from externally configured hosts that are DHCP-unaware. Although new DHCP options such as DHCP reconfigure extension have been proposed, the basic problems inherent in DHCP mechanism cannot be solved without first strengthening its operations. In the paper a DHCP-based infrastructure for intranet management is proposed by combining the resource allocation functions of the DHCP server with the packet filtering features of MAC (Medium Access Control) bridges such as Ethernet switches and wireless access points. DHCP clients and DHCP-unaware hosts that do not abide by the DHCP mechanism or our management policy will be denied network accesses by MAC bridges. Resource allocation and access control can be integrated and local configuration conflicts can be reduced to the minimum.
26197775
Using Neural Networks to Determine Sugeno Measures by Statistics
Abstract To replace the traditional weighted average method, Choquet integrals or Sugeno integrals with respect to fuzzy measures are used to obtain a synthetic evaluation of a given object (or its quality, function, etc. respectively) with multi-attribute. Generally, it is not easy to determine fuzzy measures in real problems due to the subjectivity of human thinking. It is even much more difficult than determining weights in the weighted average method, because of the nonadditivity of fuzzy measures. This paper uses a neural network algorithm to optimize the inverse problem of synthetic evaluation, and thus to determine Sugeno measures by the Choquet integral and statistics of given data. Since the Choquet integral is a generalization of the weighted average method, this technology has a broad applicability in areas of multivariate analysis, decision making, pattern recognition, image and speech processing and expert systems. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
34826531
User-assisted query translation for interactive CLIR
We view interactive Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) as an iterative process in which the searcher and the retrieval system collaborate to find documents that satisfy the searcher’s needs, regardless of the language in which those documents are written. Our motivation is that humans and machines can bring complementary strengths to this process. Machines are excellent at repetitive tasks that are well specified; humans bring creativity and exceptional pattern recognition capabilities. Properly coupling these capabilities can result in a synergy that greatly exceeds the ability of either human or machine alone. Designers of CLIR systems can select from a variety of fully automatic techniques to overcome problems with unknown terms and translation ambiguity, but automatic processing of this sort risks reducing the searcher’s understanding of system operation. This, in turn, tends to work against the synergy that we seek to accomplish. We are therefore exploring more transparent approaches to support interactive CLIR.
14507980
Effects of term segmentation on Chinese/English cross-language information retrieval
The majority of recent Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) research has focused on European languages. CLIR problems that involve East Asian languages such as Chinese introduce additional challenges, because written Chinese texts lack boundaries between terms. The paper examines three Chinese segmentation techniques in combination with two variants of dictionary-based Chinese to English query translation. The results indicate that failure to segment terms, particularly technical terms and names, can have a cascading effect that reduces retrieval effectiveness. Task-tuned segmentation algorithms and alternative term weighting strategies are suggested as productive directions for future work.
12107864
Kernel Trick Embedded Gaussian Mixture Model
In this paper, we present a kernel trick embedded Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), called kernel GMM. The basic idea is to embed kernel trick into EM algorithm and deduce a parameter estimation algorithm for GMM in feature space. Kernel GMM could be viewed as a Bayesian Kernel Method. Compared with most classical kernel methods, the proposed method can solve problems in probabilistic framework. Moreover, it can tackle nonlinear problems better than the traditional GMM. To avoid great computational cost problem existing in most kernel methods upon large scale data set, we also employ a Monte Carlo sampling technique to speed up kernel GMM so that it is more practical and efficient. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world data set demonstrate that the proposed approach has satisfing performance.
13917172
iCLEF 2003 at Maryland: Translation Selection and Document Selection
Maryland performed two sets of experiments for the 2003 Cross-Language Evaluation Forum’s interactive track, one focused on interactive selection of appropriate translations for query terms, the second focused on interactive selection of relevant documents. Translation selection was supported using possible synonyms discovered through back translation and two techniques for generating KeyWord In Context (KWIC) examples of usage. The results indicate that searchers typically achieved a similar search effectiveness using fewer query iterations when interactive translation selection was available. For document selection, a complete extract of the first 40 words of each news story was compared to a compressed extract generated using an automated parse-and-trim approach that approximates one way in which people can produce headlines. The results indicate that compressed “headlines” result in faster assessment, but with a 20% relative reduction in the F α= 0.8 search effectiveness measure.