17837955
Wigner's new physics frontier: Physics of two-by-two matrices, including the Lorentz group and optical instruments
According to Eugene Wigner, quantum mechanics is a physics of Fourier transformations, and special relativity is a physics of Lorentz transformations. Since two-by-two matrices with unit determinant form the group SL(2,c) which acts as the universal covering group of the Lorentz group, the two-by-two matrices constitute the natural language for special relativity. The central language for optical instruments is the two-by-two matrix called the beam transfer matrix, or the so-called ABCD matrix. It is shown that the ABCD matrices also form the SL(2,C) group. Thus, it is possible to perform experiments in special relativity using optical instruments. Likewise, the optical instruments can be explained in terms of the symmetry of relativistic particles.
1673726
Symmetries Shared by the Poincaré Group and the Poincaré Sphere
Henri Poincare formulated the mathematics of Lorentz transformations, known as the Poincare group. He also formulated the Poincare sphere for polarization optics. It is shown that these two mathematical instruments can be derived from the two-by-two representations of the Lorentz group. Wigner’s little groups for internal space-time symmetries are studied in detail. While the particle mass is a Lorentz-invariant quantity, it is shown to be possible to address its variations in terms of the decoherence mechanism in polarization optics.
668406
Quantization of electromagnetic fields in a circular cylindrical cavity
We present a quantization procedure for the electromagnetic field in a circular cylindrical cavity with perfectly conducting walls, which is based on the decomposition of the field. A new decomposition procedure is proposed; all vector mode functions satisfying the boundary conditions are obtained with the help of this decomposition. After expanding the quantized field in terms of the vector mode functions, it is possible to derive the Hamiltonian for this quantized system.
73571003
Time separation as a hidden variable to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics
The Bohr radius is a space‐like separation between the proton and electron in the hydrogen atom. According to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics, the proton is sitting in the absolute Lorentz frame. If this hydrogen atom is observed from a different Lorentz frame, there is a time‐like separation linearly mixed with the Bohr radius. Indeed, the time‐separation is one of the essential variables in high‐energy hadronic physics where the hadron is a bound state of the quarks, while thoroughly hidden in the present form of quantum mechanics. It will be concluded that this variable is hidden in Feynman’s rest of the universe. It is noted first that Feynman’s Lorentz‐invariant differential equation for the bound‐state quarks has a set of solutions which describe all essential features of hadronic physics. These solutions explicitly depend on the time separation between the quarks. This set also forms the mathematical basis for two‐mode squeezed states in quantum optics, where both photons are observable,...
1320799
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions in polarization optics.
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions are manifestations of the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles, respectively. It is shown to be possible to produce combinations of optical filters which exhibit transformations corresponding to Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions. This is possible because the combined effects of rotation, phase-shift, and attenuation filters lead to transformation matrices of the six-parameter Lorentz group applicable to Jones vectors and Stokes parameters for polarized light waves. The symmetry transformations in special relativity lead to a set of experiments which can be performed in optics laboratories.
14939249
Coupled Harmonic Oscillators and Feynman's Rest of the Universe
According to Feynman, the universe consists of two parts - the system in which we are interested and the rest of the universe which our measurement process does not reach. Feynman then formulates the density matrix in terms of the observable world and the rest of the universe. It is shown that coupled harmonic oscillators can serve as an illustrative example for Feynman's ``rest of the universe.'' It is pointed out that this simple example has far-reaching consequences in many branches of physics, including statistical mechanics, measurement theory, information theory, thermo-field dynamics, quantum optics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that our ignorance of the rest of the universe increases the uncertainty and entropy in the system in which we are interested.
119447142
Renormalization group analysis ofρ-meson properties at finite density
We calculate the density dependence of the $\rho$-meson mass and coupling constant($g_{\rho NN}$) for $\rho$-nucleon-nucleon vertex at one loop using the lagrangian where the $\rho$-meson is included as a dynamical gauge boson of a hidden local symmetry. From the condition that thermodynamic potential should not depend on the arbitrary energy scale, renormalization scale, one can construct a renormalization group equation for the thermodynamic potential and argue that the various renormalization group coefficients are functions of the density or temperature. We calculate the $\beta$-function for $\rho$-nucleon-nucleon coupling constant ($g_{\rho NN}$) and $\gamma$-function for $\rho$-meson mass ($\gamma_{m_\rho}$). We found that the $\rho$-meson mass and the coupling constant for $g_{\rho NN}$ drop as density increases in the low energy limit.
115768104
CURRENT STATUS OF THE QUEST FOR QUARKS.
121660054
Present status of the Pohang Light Source
The Pohang Light Source (PLS) Project is now in its final year of the construction phase. The machine consists of a full energy (2 GeV) linear accelerator injector, a storage ring with a 12‐period TBA structure, and 32 eventual beamlines from insertion devices and bending magnets. The commissioning of the injector linac was completed in June 1994. The overall commissioning of the PLS is expected to be completed by the end of 1994. The facility will provide high brightness, tunable radiation in a wide spectral range up to 30 keV of photon energy, and will serve national and international users starting in mid‐1995.
122988282
A method of closed orbit correction under constraint conditions
We have developed the correction algorithm of the closed orbit distortion (COD) under the constraint condition where beam positions at particular points are not changed. The new algorithm is based on the modified PSINOM algorithm including the regularization process in order to avoid the inversion problem of the ill-posed response matrices. We have confirmed that the COD is well corrected with no orbit leak in the simulation and is in good agreement with the experiment.
120238308
Subshell branching ratios of partial photoionization cross sections