120781819
Cryogenic techniques for large superconducting magnets in space
Abstract A large superconducting magnet is proposed for use in a particle astrophysics experiment, ASTROMAG, which is to be mounted on the US Space Station. This experiment will have a two-coil superconducting magnet with coils which are 1.3 to 1.7 m in diameter. The two-coil magnet will have zero net magnetic dipole moment. The field 15 m from the magnet will approach earth's field in low earth orbit. The issue of high T c superconductor will be discussed in the paper. The reasons for using conventional niobium-titanium superconductor cooled with superfluid helium will be presented. Since the purpose of the magnet is to do particle astrophysics, the superconducting coils must be located close to the charged particle detectors. The trade-off between the particle physics possible and the cryogenic insulation around the coils is discussed. As a result, the ASTROMAG magnet coils will be operated outside the superfluid helium storage tank. The fountain effect pumping system which will be used to cool the coil is described in the report. Two methods for extending the operating life of the superfluid helium dewar are discussed. These include: (1) operation with a third shield cooled to 90 K with a sterling cycle cryocooler and (2) a hybrid cryogenic system where there are three hydrogen-cooled shields and cryostat support heat intercept points. Both methods will extend the ASTROMAG cryogenic operating life from 2 years to almost 4 years.
123081787
PROGRESS ON THE SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET FOR THE TIME PROJECTION CHAMBER EXPERIMENT (TPC) AT PEP
The TPC (Time Projection Chamber) experiment at PEP will have a two meter inside diameter superconducting magnet which creatests a 1.5 T uniform solenoidal field for the TPC. The superconducting magnet coil, cryostat, cooling system, and the TPC gas pressure vessel (which operatests at 11 atm) were designed to be about two thirds of a radiation length thick. As a result, a high current density coil design was chosen. The magnet is cooled by forced flow two phase helium. The TPC magnet is the largest adiabatically stable superconducting magnet built to date. The paper presents the parameters of the TPC thin solenoid and its subsystems. Tests results from the Spring 1980 cryogenic tes are presented. The topics to be dealt with in the paper are cryogenic services and the tests of magnet subsystems such as the folded current leads. Large thin superconducting magnet technology will be important to large detectors to be used on LEP.
94844521
ACTIVE CENTER TAP QUENCH PROTECTION
118834673
A Design for a Combined Function Superconducting Dipole for a Muon Collider FFAG Accelerator
The acceleration stages for a muon collider require that the muons be accelerated within a given ring in fewer than twenty turns. One type of accelerator that appears to be attractive for a synchrotron that accelerates the muon a factor of four in energy in a few turns is the Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) type of accelerator. As the energy of the muon beam increases, the muons move toward a higher field region of a DC combined function dipole. The following dipole and quadrupole magnet characteristics are required for a muon FFAG machine to be successful: (1) The dipole will be a fixed field dipole with an impressed quadrupole and sextupole field. There may or may not be separate quadrupoles that mayor may not have added sextupole windings. (2) The horizontal aperture of the required good field region is wider than the vertical aperture of the required good field region. (3) The magnet is relatively short, so that the conventional SSC type of superconducting dipole or quadrupole ends can not be used. The field at the end of the magnet must fall off abruptly within the distance of less than one vertical aperture. For a magnet that is 400more » mm long, the end region can be no more than 80 mm long. (4) The structure of the integrated field within the end region must be the same as the structure of the two-dimensional filed at the center of the magnet. A very preliminary design concept for a FFAG combined function dipole is presented in this paper.« less
24392991
The Engineering Design of the 1.5 m Diameter Solenoid for the MICE RFCC Modules
The RF coupling coil (RFCC) module of MICE is where muons that have been cooled within the MICE absorber focus (AFC) modules are re-accelerated to their original longitudinal momentum. The RFCC module consists of four 201.25 MHz RF cavities in a 1.4 meter diameter vacuum vessel. The muons are kept within the RF cavities by the magnetic field generated by a superconducting coupling solenoid that goes around the RF cavities. The coupling solenoid will be cooled using a pair of 4 K pulse tube cooler that will generate 1.5 W of cooling at 4.2 K. The magnet will be powered using a 300 A two-quadrant power supply. This report describes the ICST engineering design of the coupling solenoid for MICE.
122748175
Calculation of the pressure rise in the cooling tube of a two-phase cooling system during a quench of an indirectly cooled superconducting magnet
Large superconducting detector magnets are indirectly cooled with two-phase helium flowing in cooling tubes attached to the coil or its support structure. Large detector magnets often quench such that most of the magnet stored energy ends up as heat stored in the coil package. The time constant for energy deposition in the coil and support structure is often quite short. This paper presents a method for calculating the peak pressure rise in the magnet two-phase cooling tube during a magnet quench. A comparison of calculated peak pressure rise and measured pressure rise for the PEP-4 solenoid is presented in this report. >
121009179
Strings and Superstrings
The last Nobel Symposium on elementary particle physics ended on May 25 1968. The main topics discussed at that meeting were: high energy scattering of hadrons, infinite component field theory and electroweak unification. The last of these topics is the one which is best remembered since it is associated with the revolution in our understanding of the field theoretic description of the weak and electromagnetic forces. The first two topics, however, are closely associated with the origins of string theory. This talk will survey the development of string theory from that time up to the summer of 1984, since when there has been an explosion of activity in superstring theory which forms the main topic of this meeting.
120192541
Discrete and Abelian lattice gauge theories
Gauge-invariant discrete and Abelian (X-Y) spin models with compact degrees of freedom are studied in (D + 1) Euclidean (“space-time”) dimensions (D ⩽ 3). They are formulated in terms of quantum Hamiltonians on a D-dimensional spatial lattice. In this approach the periodic Gaussian and Abelian models are identical. 
 
Duality transformations are obtained which relate the topological excitations of one model to the fundamental quantum spin excitations of another. These motivate the extension of the usual gauge-invariant structure to “gauge invariance of the third kind” which involves degrees of freedom associated with the surfaces of the plaquettes. 
 
The nature of the excited states and the behaviour of the order (and disorder) parameters are discussed in various limits of the coupling constants. For both discrete and Abelian theories the behaviour of the order parameter (the Wilson loop) depends crucially on whether the spins in the theory carry the fundamental unit of charge or a multiple of it.
119955549
Point-like structure and off-shell dual strings
Abstract We argue that in a consistent off-shell dual formalism the amplitude for the emission of a scalar off-shell state by a string consists of two components. One of these contains the particle poles in the off-shell leg and the other is intimately related to the insertion of a point-like energy density on the string. As a result, the amplitude for a string to emit a zero momentum scalar state into the vacuum (which may be relevant for spontaneous symmetry breaking) is described by the amplitude for a finite fraction of the energy in the string to collapse to a spatial point at some time (this fraction and its space-time position being integrated over). The off-shell amplitudes have an elegant formulation in terms of a set of “confined modes” which can be assigned quark flavour quantum numbers to reproduce the Chan-Paton scheme. We suggest the dual model be modified by allowing for the coupling of scalar closed strings to the vacuum and the resulting effect on the space-time structure of dual Green functions is described. We find that even the emission of a single zero-momentum closed string modifies the elastic amplitude in a significant manner, leading to a power-behaved fixed-angle cross section in contrast to the usual exponential decrease of the dual model. This arises from point-like scattering between energy densities accumulating in the colliding strings. The relationship between the fixed angle and Regge limits is discussed. The fixed angle behaviour is found to be the asymptotic limit in momentum transfer of a fixed pole that arises in the Regge limit.
16340985
D-brane Wess-Zumino actions, T-duality and the cosmological constant
Abstract A geometrical formulation of the T-duality rules for type II superstring Ramond-Ramond fields is presented. This is used to derive the Wess-Zumino terms in superstring D-brane actions, including terms proportional to the mass parameter of the IIA theory, thereby completing partial results in the literature. For non-abelian world-volume gauge groups the massive type IIA D-brane actions contain non-abelian Chern-Simons terms for the Born-Infeld gauge potential, implying a quantization of the IIA cosmological constant.
16002629
Low energy expansion of the four-particle genus-one amplitude in type II superstring theory
A diagrammatic expansion of coefficients in the low-momentum expansion of the genus-one four-particle amplitude in type II superstring theory is developed. This is applied to determine coefficients up to order s6 R4 (where s is a Mandelstam invariant and R the linearized super-curvature), and partial results are obtained beyond that order. This involves integrating powers of the scalar propagator on a toroidal world-sheet, as well as integrating over the modulus of the torus. At any given order in s the coefficients of these terms are given by rational numbers multiplying multiple zeta values (or Euler-Zagier sums) that, up to the order studied here, reduce to products of Riemann zeta values. We are careful to disentangle the analytic pieces from logarithmic threshold terms, which involves a discussion of the conditions imposed by unitarity. We further consider the compactification of the amplitude on a circle of radius r, which results in a plethora of terms that are power-behaved in r. These coefficients provide boundary `data' that must be matched by any non-perturbative expression for the low-energy expansion of the four-graviton amplitude. The paper includes an appendix by Don Zagier.