119227429
INTRINSIC BISPECTRA OF COSMIC MAGNETIC FIELDS
Forthcoming data sets from the Planck experiment and others are in a position to probe the cosmic microwave background (CMB) non-Gaussianity with higher accuracy than has yet been possible, and potentially open a new window into the physics of the very early universe. However, a signal need not necessarily be inflationary in origin, and possible contaminants should be examined in detail. One such is provided by early universe magnetic fields, which can be produced by a variety of models including during an inflationary phase, at phase transitions, or seeded by cosmic defects. Should such fields have been extant in the early universe, they would provide a natural source of CMB non-Gaussianity. Knowledge of the CMB angular bispectrum requires the complete Fourier-space (or "intrinsic") bispectrum. In this paper, I consider in detail the intrinsic bispectra of an early-universe magnetic field for a range of power-law magnetic spectra.
118709501
Do Bound Structures Brake Cosmic Acceleration
In this paper we investigate the impact of the coupling between a quintessence field and clustered matter on the average equation of state of the scalar field. We take the NFW profile to be characteristic of bound structures on galactic and cluster scales, and the isothermal distribution to hold for objects on supercluster scales. Solving analytically for the scalar-field profile, we find that the greatest impact on the equation of state comes from the superclusters. Employing numerical case studies, we verify this effect and probe its dependence on the evolutionary state of the supercluster. An estimate across the Hubble volume yields corrections to the homogeneous equation of state of ~ 3%, increasing with coupling strength.
118519718
Gauges and cosmological backreaction
We present a formalism for spatial averaging in cosmology applicable to general spacetimes and coordinates, and allowing the easy incorporation of a wide variety of matter sources. We apply this formalism to a Friedmann-Lemaȋtre-Robertson-Walker universe perturbed to second-order and present the corrections to the background in an unfixed gauge. We then present the corrections that arise in uniform curvature and conformal Newtonian gauges.
119158164
Averaging Robertson-Walker cosmologies
The cosmological backreaction arises when one directly averages the Einstein equations to recover an effective Robertson-Walker cosmology, rather than assuming a background a priori. While usually discussed in the context of dark energy, strictly speaking any cosmological model should be recovered from such a procedure. We apply the scalar spatial averaging formalism for the first time to linear Robertson-Walker universes containing matter, radiation and dark energy. The formalism employed is general and incorporates systems of multiple fluids with ease, allowing us to consider quantitatively the universe from deep radiation domination up to the present day in a natural, unified manner. Employing modified Boltzmann codes we evaluate numerically the discrepancies between the assumed and the averaged behaviour arising from the quadratic terms, finding the largest deviations for an Einstein-de Sitter universe, increasing rapidly with Hubble rate to a 0.01% effect for h = 0.701. For the ΛCDM concordance model, the backreaction is of the order of Ωeff0 ≈ 4 × 10−6, with those for dark energy models being within a factor of two or three. The impacts at recombination are of the order of 10−8 and those in deep radiation domination asymptote to a constant value. While the effective equations of state of the backreactions in Einstein-de Sitter, concordance and quintessence models are generally dust-like, a backreaction with an equation of state weff < −1/3 can be found for strongly phantom models.
101658211
Upgrade of a Vacuum Arc Ion Source Using a Strong Pulsed Magnetic Field
A pulsed magnetic field of up to 10 kG was incorporated into a vacuum arc ion source. The field was established by a small coil surrounding the arc discharge region, powered by either an additional power supply (capacitor bank) or by the arc power supply (arc current and coil current in series). This addition has led so a number of improvements in source performance: the mean charge state of the metal ions produced was enhanced by a factor of up to two, for 30 different cathode materials from carbon to bismuth; hybrid metal/gaseous ion beams could be generated when an additional gas (nitrogen, oxygen or argon) was admitted into the source, with gaseous ion fraction as high as 50%; triggering of the source could be done by a very long lifetime gaseous pre-discharge technique. We also report on the use of a wire mesh to stabilize the plasma emission surface at the extractor as a means for achieving a flat beam current characteristic as a function of extraction voltage.
32998739
High-current heavy ion beams in the electrostatic plasma lens
We describe applications of the electrostatic plasma lens for manipulating and focusing moderate-energy, high-current, broad, heavy ion beams. Use of a plasma lens in this way has been successfully demonstrated in a series of experiments carried out collaboratively between the Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, in recent years. Here, we briefly review the plasma lens fundamentals, peculiarities of focusing heavy ion beams, and summarize some recent developments (experiments, computer simulations, theory). We show that there is a very narrow range of low magnetic field for which the optical properties of the lens improve markedly. This opens up some attractive possibilities for the development of a new-generation compact lens based on permanent magnets. Preliminary experimental results obtained at Kiev and Berkeley on the operation of a permanent magnet plasma lens for manipulating wide aperture high-current heavy ion beams are presented and summarized.
12225490
Effect of Resonant Microwave Power on a PIG Ion Source
We have investigated the effect of applying microwave power at the electron cyclotron frequency on the characteristics of the ion beam extracted from a hotcathode PIG ion source. No change was seen in the ion charge state distribution. A small but significant reduction in the beam noise level was seen, and it is possible that the technique may find application in situations where beam quiescence is important.
102339269
Surface resistivity tailoring of ceramic accelerator components
Metal plasma deposition and metal ion implantation techniques have been developed that could provide a good tool for the surface modification of insulating materials for accelerator applications such as ceramics and that could provide a method for tailoring the surface resistivity over a range of many orders of magnitude. The methods make use of the metal plasma that is produced by the cathodic arc discharge; the plasma itself can be deposited onto the surface at an energy of the order of 100 eV so as to form an adherent thin film, or an energetic metal ion beam can be formed for deep implantation of the metal species below the surface so as to incorporate a controllable amount of metal into the ceramic.<<ETX>>
97258429
High energy implantation with high-charge-state ions in a vacuum arc ion implanter
Ion implantation energy can in principal be increased by increasing the charge states of the ions produced by the ion source rather than by increasing the implanter operating voltage, providing an important savings in cost and size of the implanter. In some recent work the authors have shown that the charge states of metal ions produced in a vacuum arc ion source can be elevated by a strong magnetic field. In general, the effect of both high arc current and high magnetic field is to push the distribution to higher charge states--the mean ion charge state is increased and new high charge states are formed. The effect is significant for implantation application--the mean ion energy can be about doubled without change in extraction voltage. Here they describe the ion source modifications, the results of time-of-flight measurements of ion charge state distributions, and discuss the use and implications of this technique as a means for doing metal iron implantation in the multi-hundreds of keV ion energy range.