2292054
Efficient Hash Probes on Modern Processors
Bucketized versions of Cuckoo hashing can achieve 95-99% occupancy, without any space overhead for pointers or other structures. However, such methods typically need to consult multiple hash buckets per probe, and have therefore been seen as having worse probe performance than conventional techniques for large tables. We consider workloads typical of database and stream processing, in which keys and payloads are small, and in which a large number of probes are processed in bulk. We show how to improve probe performance by (a) eliminating branch instructions from the probe code, enabling better scheduling and latency-hiding by modern processors, and (b) using SIMD instructions to process multiple keys/payloads in parallel. We show that on modern architectures, probes to a bucketized Cuckoo hash table can be processed much faster than conventional hash table probes, for both small and large memory-resident tables. On a Pentium 4, a probe is two to four times faster, while on the Cell SPE processor a probe is ten times faster.
16955834
Querying Multiple Features of Groups in Relational Databases
Some aggregate and grouping queries are conceptually simple, but difficult to express in SQL. This difficulty causes both conceptual and implementation problems for the SQLbased database system. Complicated queries and views are hard to understand and maintain. Further, the code produced is sometimes unnecessarily inefficient, as we demonstrate experimentally using a commercial database system. In this paper, we examine a class of queries involving (potentially repeated) selection, grouping and aggregation over the same groups, and propose an extension of SQL syntax that allows the succinct representation of these queries. We propose a new relational algebra operation that represents several levels of aggregation over the same groups in an operand relation. We demonstrate that the extended relational operator can be evaluated using efficient algorithms. We describe a translation from the extended SQL language into our algebraic language. We have implemented a preprocessor that evaluates our extended language on top of a commercial l This research was supported by a grant from the AT&T Foundation, by a David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship in Science and Engineering, by a Sloan Foundation Fellowship, by NSF grants IRI-9209029, CDA-90-24735, and by an NSF Young Investigator award. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is gmnted provided that the wpier are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB wpyrinht notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment. Proceedings of the 22nd VLDB Conference Mumbai(Bombay), India, 1996 database system. We demonstrate that on a variety of examples, our implementation improves performance over standard SQL representations of the same examples by orders of magnitude.
7567374
Foundations of Aggregation Constraints
We introduce a new constraint domain, aggregation constraints, which is useful in database query languages, and in constraint logic programming languages that incorporate aggregate functions. We study the fundamental problem of checking if a conjunction of aggregation constraints is solvable, and present undecidability results for many different classes of aggregation constraints. We describe a complete and minimal axiomatization of the class of aggregation constraints over finite multisets of reals, which permits a natural reduction from the class of aggregation constraints to the class of mixed integer/real, non-linear arithmetic constraints. We then present a polynomial-time algorithm that directly checks for solvability of a useful class of aggregation constraints, where the reduction-based approach does not lead to efficient checks for solvability.
16656102
Groupwise Processing of Relational Queries
In this paper, we define and examine a particular class of queries called group queries. Group queries are natural queries in many decisionsupport applications. The main characteristic of a group query is that it can be executed in a groupby-group fashion. In other words, the underlying relation(s) can be partitioned (based on some set of attributes) into disjoint groups, and each group can be processed separately. We give a syntactic criterion to identify these queries and prove its sufficiency. We also prove the strong result that every group query has an equivalent formulation that satisfies our syntactic criterion. We describe a general evaluation technique for group queries, and demonstrate how an optimizer can determine this plan. We then consider more complex queries whose components are group queries with potentially different partitioning attributes. We give two methods to identify group query components within such a query. We also give some performance results for group queries expressed in standard SQL, comparing a commercial database system with our optimized plan on top of the same commercial system. These results indicate that there are significant potential performance improvements.
38852147
On Negation in HiLog
Abstract The logic HiLog of Chen, Kifer, and Warren has a second order syntax, while its semantics is first order. HiLog programs with negative literals in the body are considered. A stable-model semantics and a well-founded semantics for this class of program are defined, and it is shown that these semantics generalize the stable-model semantics and the well-founded semantics, respectively, for range-restricted normal programs. A second order property called preservation under extensions is proposed and investigated. Preservation under extensions ensures that the semantics of a program is not changed when rules having no symbols in common with the program are appended to the program. It is shown that for normal programs, domain independence and preservation under extensions are equivalent, while for HiLog programs, preservation under extensions is strictly stronger. Range restrictedness is generalized to HiLog programs in two ways, and it is shown that range restricted HiLog programs are preserved under extensions with respect to the well-founded semantics. Conditions under which the well-founded semantics is two-valued are investigated, and the class of modularly stratified programs is generalized to HiLog. An extension of magic-set techniques to modularly stratified HiLog programs is described.
31185043
Inferring negative information from disjunctive databases
We propose criteria that any rule for inferring negative information from disjunctive databases should satisfy, and examine existing rules from this viewpoint. We then present a new inference rule, the ‘disjunctive database rule’ (DDR), and compare it to the existing rules with respect to the criteria. In particular, the DDR is equivalent to the CWA for definite databases, it infers no more negative information than the GCWA, and it interprets disjunction inclusively rather than exclusively. We generalize the DDR to a class of layered databases, describe an implementation of the DDR, ‘negation as positive failure’, and study its soundness and completeness properties.
27419087
Implementation of Monte Carlo Integration for the Analysis of Product-Form Queueing Networks
Abstract MonteQueue is a new public-domain software package which rapidly solves large and small multiclass product-form queueing networks with multiple- and single-server stations over a wide range of traffic conditions. MonteQueue obtains estimates of performance measures by applying importance sampling to sum and integral representations of the network's normalization constants. This paper discusses the implementation issues and surveys of the theoretical properties of the four importance sampling techniques included in MonteQueue. It also presents new numerical data which compare the performance of the four techniques.
14659770
Guaranteeing statistical QoS to regulated traffic: the single node case
Multimedia traffic can typically tolerate some loss but has rigid delay constraints. A natural QoS requirement for a multimedia connection is a prescribed bound on the the fraction of traffic that exceeds an end-to-end delay limit. We propose and analyze a traffic management scheme which guarantees QoS to multimedia traffic while simultaneously allowing for a large connection-carrying capacity. We study our traffic management scheme in the context of a single node. In order for the node to guarantee QoS, each connection's traffic is regulated. In order to support many connections, the link statistically multiplexes the connections' traffic. The scheme consists of (i) cascaded leaky-buckets for traffic regulation, (ii) smoothers at the ingresses, and (iii) bufferless statistical multiplexing within the node. For this scheme we show that loss probabilities are minimized with simple one-buffer smoothers which operate at specific minimum rates. We also show that the worst-case input traffic is extremal on-off traffic for all connections. These two results lead to a straightforward scheme for guaranteeing QoS to regulated traffic. Using MPEG video traces, we present numerical results which demonstrate the methodology. Finally, we compare the bufferless scheme with buffered statistical multiplexing.
14410544
Fluid modeling of pollution proliferation in P2P networks
P2P systems are highly vulnerable to pollution attacks in which attackers inject multiple versions of corrupted content into the system, which is then further proliferated by unsuspecting users. However, to our knowledge, there are no closed-form solutions that describe this phenomenon, nor are there models that describe how the injection of multiple versions of corrupted content impacts a clients' ability to receive a valid copy. In this paper we develop a suite of fluid models that model pollution proliferation in P2P systems. These fluid models lead to systems of non-linear differential equations. We obtain closed-form solutions for the differential equations; for the remaining models, we efficiently solve the differential equations numerically. The models capture a variety of user behaviors, including propensity for popular versions, abandonment after repeated failure to obtain a good version, freeloading, and local version blacklisting. Our analysis reveals intelligent strategies for attackers as well as strategies for clients seeking to recover non-polluted content within large-scale P2P networks.
19447750
Local search scheduling algorithms for maximal throughput in packet switches
We consider the (generalized) packet switch scheduling problem, where the switch service configuration has to be dynamically chosen based on observed queue backlogs, so as to maximize the throughput. A class of recently developed 'projective' scheduling algorithms, which substantially generalize the well-known maximum weight matching (MWM) algorithms for crossbar switches, are explored from the perspective of complexity. The typically huge number of possible switch configurations that the scheduler has to consider in each timeslot has been previously observed to lead to an impractical computational requirement. We introduce a new class of projective schedules based on 'local search' concepts. In particular, rather than searching the entire (typically huge) set of available service configurations to find the best one, the new scalable scheduling algorithms search 'locally' over a small neighborhood of service configurations to find a 'better' one in each time slot. We show that local projective scheduling algorithms can provide dramatic reduction in complexity without causing any loss of throughput (although they may observe higher delay). We explore the nature and structure of such schedules, which show a much higher promise for practical implementation than their global versions.
9803668
Distributing layered encoded video through caches
The efficient distribution of stored information has become a major concern in the Internet which has increasingly become a vehicle for the transport of stored video. Because of the highly heterogeneous access to the Internet, researchers and engineers have argued for layered encoded video. We investigate delivering layered encoded video using caches. Based on a stochastic knapsack model we develop a model for the layered video caching problem. We propose heuristics to determine which videos and which layers in the videos should be cached. We evaluate the performance of our heuristics through extensive numerical experiments. We also consider two intuitive extensions to the initial problem.