116929466
The superfluid helium model cryoloop for the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The high-field superconducting magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will operate in static pressurized helium II at a maximum temperature of 1.9 K, irrespective of their position around the 26.7 km circumference of the machine ring. Their static and dynamic heat loads will be transported by conduction in the pressurized helium II, to a heat exchanger tube threading its way along the magnet string, in which flowing saturated helium II absorbs the heat in quasi-isothermal conditions. Following promising results obtained with heated flow tests on two-phase helium II, a full-scale 20 m-long thermohydraulic model of a LHC cryoloop was designed, built and operated, addressing key issues such as flow stability, steady-state heat transfer, transient response to varying loads, control strategies, and influence of slope. We present the results obtained and show that they validate the basic design choices of the proposed LHC cryogenic system.
133673972
Investigation and qualification of thermal insulation systems between 80-K and 4.2-K
55204249
A Cryogenic Axial-Centrifugal Compressor For Superfluid Helium Refrigeration
CERN's new project, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), will use superfluid helium as coolant for its high-field superconducting magnets and therefore require large capacity refrigeration at 1.8 K. This may only be achieved by subatmospheric compression of gaseous helium at cryogenic temperature. To stimulate development of this technology, CERN has procured from industry prototype Cold Compressor Units (CCU). This unit is based on a cryogenic axial-centrifugal compressor, running on ceramic ball bearings and driven by a variable-frequency electrical motor operating under low-pressure helium at ambient temperature. The machine has been commissioned and is now in operation. After describing basic constructional features of the compressor, we report on measured performance.
118122719
DESIGN, TEST AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIQUID HELIUM CRYOSTATS FOR THE LEP SUPERCONDUCTING QUADRUPOLE MAGNETS
The experimental areas of LEP, the high-energy electron-positron collider presently under construction at CERN, will be equipped with eight superconducting quadrupole magnets, housed in liquid helium cryostats embedded in the complex detector set-ups. To comply with transverse space restrictions, the 2.5 m-long slender cryostats feature a 130 mm diameter warm bore and a horizontally-oriented service funnel at one end, equipped with 2000 A current leads. The cryostats have been designed by CERN, manufactured and assembled by industry, and tested in the laboratory. Besides design principles and constructional features, results of tests and comparative performance data are presented.
122695581
TOWARDS COST-TO-PERFORMANCE OPTIMISATION OF LARGE SUPERFLUID HELIUM REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
The field range of superconducting devices may be extended by lowering their operating temperature, using superfluid helium refrigeration systems which have to deliver working pressures down to 1.6 kPa. The corresponding pressure ratio can be produced by integral cold compression or using a combination of cold compressors in series together with "warm" compressors at room temperature. The optimisation of such a system depends on the number, arrangement and characteristics of cold and warm machines as well as on the operating scenario and turndown capability. The aim of this paper is to compare relative investment and operating costs of different superfluid helium cryogenic systems, with the aim of optimising their cost-to-performance ratio within the constraints of their operating scenario.
122643839
A pulsed superconducting magnet for a static magnetic refrigerator operating between 1.8 K and 4.5 K
Superfluid helium is increasingly used as a technical cooling medium in large-scale research projects involving high-field superconducting magnets, such as the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). For refrigeration cycles operating below the normal boiling point of helium, a potentially interesting alternative to vapour compression is magnetic refrigeration, pioneered decades ago. In the framework of development for an industrial-size 1.8 K magnetic refrigerator using a static active material, we have designed, built and tested a pulsed superconducting magnet producing up to 3 T at a ramping rate of 6.5 T/s. The solenoid-type coil, wound with low-loss superconducting wire (small-filament NbTi in a composite Cu/Cu-Ni matrix), is internally cooled by normal boiling helium, and installed inside a toroidal yoke, made of tapered laminations of commercially pure iron. After describing design and construction of the magnet, we present test results and measurements of performance, field quality and pulsed-operation losses. >
33125511
Beam-Beam Effects in the Tevatron Run II
Electromagnetic long-range and head-on interactions of high intensity proton and antiproton beams are significant sources of beam loss and lifetime limitations in the Tevatron Collider Run II (2001-present). We present observations of the beam-beam phenomena in the Tevatron and results of relevant beam studies. We analyze the data and various methods employed in high energy physics (HEP) operation, predict the performance for planned luminosity upgrades and discuss ways to improve it.
122259234
A bottom collider vertex detector design, Monte-Carlo simulation and analysis package
A detailed simulation of the BCD vertex detector is underway. Specifications and global design issues are briefly reviewed. The BCD design based on double sided strip detector is described in more detail. The GEANT3-based Monte-Carlo program and the analysis package used to estimate detector performance are discussed in detail. The current status of the expected resolution and signal to noise ratio for the golden'' CP violating mode B{sub d} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} is presented. These calculations have been done at FNAL energy ({radical}s = 2.0 TeV). Emphasis is placed on design issues, analysis techniques and related software rather than physics potentials. 20 refs., 46 figs.
55031292
Tune measurement methods of the Tevatron
We will discuss several methods for measuring the tunes in the Tevatron. These methods can be separated into three classes: active, passive and hybrid. In the active method, the beam is tickled in order to obtain a frequency response. In the passive method, a Schottky detector which uses a resonant stripline is used to measure the Schottky spectrum of the beam. In the hybrid method, we tickle the beam using kickers, or the Tevatron Electron Lens (TEL) in order to bring the tune signal above the noise floor of the Schottky detectors. An automatic tune fitting algorithm is also under development which allows us to measure the tune without human intervention.
93634723
Contribution à l'étude du calorimètre électromagnétique à cristaux de germanate de bismuth de l'expérience L3 sur LEP
122661128
A first approach to mechanical construction and cooling of a composite 3D silicon vertex detector
Abstract This paper presents first results on mechanical and cooling studies for a 3D silicon vertex detector designed for B physics at a hadron collider. Prototype modules were built from raw silicon wafers. One module was instrumented with resistors to simulate readout electronics. Both module movement and temperature variations were recorded. A cooling method utilizing simple air/helium flow was investigated, but proved inadequate because of too large temperature anisotropies.