17252988
Symmetries of the Poincare sphere and decoherence matrices
The Stokes parameters form a Minkowskian four-vector under various optical transformations. As a consequence, the resulting two-by-two density matrix constitutes a representation of the Lorentz group. The associated Poincare sphere is a geometric representation of the Lorentz group. Since the Lorentz group preserves the determinant of the density matrix, it cannot accommodate the decoherence process through the decaying off-diagonal elements of the density matrix, which yields to an incerese in the value of the determinant. It is noted that the O(3,2) deSitter group contains two Lorentz subgroups. The change in the determinant in one Lorentz group can be compensated by the other. It is thus possible to describe the decoherence process as a symmetry transformation in the O(3,2) space. It is shown also that these two coupled Lorentz groups can serve as a concrete example of Feynman's rest of the universe.
1673726
Symmetries Shared by the Poincaré Group and the Poincaré Sphere
Henri Poincare formulated the mathematics of Lorentz transformations, known as the Poincare group. He also formulated the Poincare sphere for polarization optics. It is shown that these two mathematical instruments can be derived from the two-by-two representations of the Lorentz group. Wigner’s little groups for internal space-time symmetries are studied in detail. While the particle mass is a Lorentz-invariant quantity, it is shown to be possible to address its variations in terms of the decoherence mechanism in polarization optics.
14939249
Coupled Harmonic Oscillators and Feynman's Rest of the Universe
According to Feynman, the universe consists of two parts - the system in which we are interested and the rest of the universe which our measurement process does not reach. Feynman then formulates the density matrix in terms of the observable world and the rest of the universe. It is shown that coupled harmonic oscillators can serve as an illustrative example for Feynman's ``rest of the universe.'' It is pointed out that this simple example has far-reaching consequences in many branches of physics, including statistical mechanics, measurement theory, information theory, thermo-field dynamics, quantum optics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that our ignorance of the rest of the universe increases the uncertainty and entropy in the system in which we are interested.
668406
Quantization of electromagnetic fields in a circular cylindrical cavity
We present a quantization procedure for the electromagnetic field in a circular cylindrical cavity with perfectly conducting walls, which is based on the decomposition of the field. A new decomposition procedure is proposed; all vector mode functions satisfying the boundary conditions are obtained with the help of this decomposition. After expanding the quantized field in terms of the vector mode functions, it is possible to derive the Hamiltonian for this quantized system.
1320799
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions in polarization optics.
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions are manifestations of the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles, respectively. It is shown to be possible to produce combinations of optical filters which exhibit transformations corresponding to Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions. This is possible because the combined effects of rotation, phase-shift, and attenuation filters lead to transformation matrices of the six-parameter Lorentz group applicable to Jones vectors and Stokes parameters for polarized light waves. The symmetry transformations in special relativity lead to a set of experiments which can be performed in optics laboratories.
73571003
Time separation as a hidden variable to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics
The Bohr radius is a space‐like separation between the proton and electron in the hydrogen atom. According to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics, the proton is sitting in the absolute Lorentz frame. If this hydrogen atom is observed from a different Lorentz frame, there is a time‐like separation linearly mixed with the Bohr radius. Indeed, the time‐separation is one of the essential variables in high‐energy hadronic physics where the hadron is a bound state of the quarks, while thoroughly hidden in the present form of quantum mechanics. It will be concluded that this variable is hidden in Feynman’s rest of the universe. It is noted first that Feynman’s Lorentz‐invariant differential equation for the bound‐state quarks has a set of solutions which describe all essential features of hadronic physics. These solutions explicitly depend on the time separation between the quarks. This set also forms the mathematical basis for two‐mode squeezed states in quantum optics, where both photons are observable,...
119099546
Quark number susceptibility with finite chemical potential in holographic QCD
We study the quark number susceptibility in holographic QCD with a finite chemical potential or under an external magnetic field at finite temperature. We first consider the quark number susceptibility with the chemical potential. We observe that approaching Tc from high temperature regime, χq/T2 develops a peak as we increase the chemical potential, which confirms recent lattice QCD results. We discuss this behavior in connection with the existence of the critical end point in the QCD phase diagram. We also consider the quark number susceptibility under the external magnetic field. We predict that the quark number susceptibility exhibits a blow-up behavior at low temperature as we raise the value of the magnetic field. We finally spell out some limitations of our study.
2251108
Competition Between Induced Symmetry Breaking, Cooper Pairing and Chiral Condensate at Finite Density
We study the competition between induced symmetry breaking (ISB), 
Cooper pairing (superconductivity) and chiral condensation at finite non-asymptotic density. Using a quantum mechanical model studied recently by Ilieva and Thirring, we analyze the expectation value of the fermion number density $\la a^*a\ra$ in the presence of chemical potential and discuss relevance of the ISB phenomenon in the model. By Bogoliubov transformation, we obtain the ground state energy and find that a phase with both superconducting and mean field gap is a true ground state. We also study the effective potentials of a two-dimensional field theory model for competitions between $\la\bar\psi\psi\ra$, $\la\psi\psi\ra$ and $\la\psi^\dagger\psi\ra$. We find that in the regime $\mu \mu_c$ the system sits in the mixed phase characterized by 
$\la \psi^\dagger\psi\ra\neq 0$ and $\la \psi\psi\ra\neq 0$ as long as the renormalization point, $M_0$, corresponding to a superconducting gap is not zero, $M_0\neq 0$.
119835686
Connection between the bremsstrahlung tip and direct radiative recombination: angular distributions and polarization correlations
We illustrate the possibility for calculation of bremsstrahlung tip angular distributions and polarization correlations from corresponding photoeffect results with an extension of the method for connecting bremsstrahlung tip and direct-radiative-recombination (DRR) cross sections developed by Lee and Pratt. The agreement between results obtained with this method and results from our numerical partial-wave calculations is, in general, satisfactory. We note features of the distributions and correlations, and once again point out the inadequacies of the nonrelativistic dipole approximation for the evaluation of bremsstrahlung or DRR angular distributions.
119291756
Gluino Stransverse Mass
We introduce a new observable, ’gluino stransverse mass’, which is an application of the Cambridge mT2 variable to the process where gluinos are pair produced in proton-proton collision and each gluino subsequently decays into two quarks and one LSP, i.e. g̃g̃ → qqχ̃01 qqχ̃ 0 1. We show that the gluino stransverse mass can be utilized to measure the gluino mass and the lightest neutralino mass separately, and also the 1st and 2nd generation squark masses if squarks are lighter than gluino, thereby providing a good first look at the pattern of sparticle masses experimentally.
110736009
Analysis of noise characteristics for the active pixels in CMOS image sensors for X-ray imaging
Abstract CMOS image sensors have poorer performance compared to conventional charge coupled devices (CCDs). Since CMOS Active Pixel Sensors (APSs) in general have higher temporal noise, higher dark current, smaller full well charge capacitance, and lower spectral response, they cannot provide the same wide dynamic range and superior signal to noise ratio as CCDs. In view of electronic noise, the main source for the CMOS APS is the pixel, along with other signal processing blocks such as row and column decoder, analog signal processor (ASP), analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and timing and control logic circuitry. Therefore, it is important and necessary to characterize noise of the active pixels in CMOS APSs, and we performed experimental measurements and comparisons with theoretical estimations. To derive noise source of the pixels, we designed and fabricated four types of CMOS active pixels, and each pixel is composed of a photodiode and three MOS transistors. The size of these pixels is 100 μm×100 μm. The test chip was fabricated using ETRI 0.8 μm (2P/2M) standard CMOS process. It was found that the dominant noise in CMOS active pixels is shot noise during integration under normal operating conditions. And, it was also seen that epitaxial type pixels have similar noise level compared to non-epitaxial type, and the noise of diffusion type pixel is larger than for a well type pixel on the same substrate type.