118117766
Upgrade of the CERN Cryogenic Station for Superfluid Helium Testing of Prototype LHC Superconducting Magnets
Publisher Summary 
The cryogenic infrastructure of the station for testing LHC prototype superconducting magnets in superfluid helium below 2 K has been upgraded. Liquid nitrogen precooling has permitted to increase the liquefaction capacity of the refrigerator. The cryogenic infrastructure of the test station has now reached the required capacity for testing full-scale magnets and the 50-m long prototype magnet string for the coming years. The addition of cold centrifugal compressors with a pressure ratio of 3:1 has boosted the capacity of the warm pumping unit. To ensure adaptation of the pumping capacity, a heater-and-valve box allows bypassing the cold compressors. This box also comprises a 32 kW electrical heater for warming up the low-pressure gaseous helium before it enters the volumetric warm pumping unit. Possible impurities in the helium returning from the subatmospheric circuits are trapped in freeze-out helium cleaner. Automatic process control and supervision permit unattended operation and optimal management of the helium inventory.
55204249
A Cryogenic Axial-Centrifugal Compressor For Superfluid Helium Refrigeration
CERN's new project, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), will use superfluid helium as coolant for its high-field superconducting magnets and therefore require large capacity refrigeration at 1.8 K. This may only be achieved by subatmospheric compression of gaseous helium at cryogenic temperature. To stimulate development of this technology, CERN has procured from industry prototype Cold Compressor Units (CCU). This unit is based on a cryogenic axial-centrifugal compressor, running on ceramic ball bearings and driven by a variable-frequency electrical motor operating under low-pressure helium at ambient temperature. The machine has been commissioned and is now in operation. After describing basic constructional features of the compressor, we report on measured performance.
122695581
TOWARDS COST-TO-PERFORMANCE OPTIMISATION OF LARGE SUPERFLUID HELIUM REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
The field range of superconducting devices may be extended by lowering their operating temperature, using superfluid helium refrigeration systems which have to deliver working pressures down to 1.6 kPa. The corresponding pressure ratio can be produced by integral cold compression or using a combination of cold compressors in series together with "warm" compressors at room temperature. The optimisation of such a system depends on the number, arrangement and characteristics of cold and warm machines as well as on the operating scenario and turndown capability. The aim of this paper is to compare relative investment and operating costs of different superfluid helium cryogenic systems, with the aim of optimising their cost-to-performance ratio within the constraints of their operating scenario.
133673972
Investigation and qualification of thermal insulation systems between 80-K and 4.2-K
118122719
DESIGN, TEST AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIQUID HELIUM CRYOSTATS FOR THE LEP SUPERCONDUCTING QUADRUPOLE MAGNETS
The experimental areas of LEP, the high-energy electron-positron collider presently under construction at CERN, will be equipped with eight superconducting quadrupole magnets, housed in liquid helium cryostats embedded in the complex detector set-ups. To comply with transverse space restrictions, the 2.5 m-long slender cryostats feature a 130 mm diameter warm bore and a horizontally-oriented service funnel at one end, equipped with 2000 A current leads. The cryostats have been designed by CERN, manufactured and assembled by industry, and tested in the laboratory. Besides design principles and constructional features, results of tests and comparative performance data are presented.
116929466
The superfluid helium model cryoloop for the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The high-field superconducting magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will operate in static pressurized helium II at a maximum temperature of 1.9 K, irrespective of their position around the 26.7 km circumference of the machine ring. Their static and dynamic heat loads will be transported by conduction in the pressurized helium II, to a heat exchanger tube threading its way along the magnet string, in which flowing saturated helium II absorbs the heat in quasi-isothermal conditions. Following promising results obtained with heated flow tests on two-phase helium II, a full-scale 20 m-long thermohydraulic model of a LHC cryoloop was designed, built and operated, addressing key issues such as flow stability, steady-state heat transfer, transient response to varying loads, control strategies, and influence of slope. We present the results obtained and show that they validate the basic design choices of the proposed LHC cryogenic system.
17521917
Simulation of the Electron Flux Into the Main Injector Electron Cloud Retarding Field Analyzer Using Vorpal
We present results from precision simulations of the electron cloud (EC) in the Fermilab Main Injector (MI), focusing on the dynamics of the EC close to the Retarding Field Analyzer (RFA) detectors. Our simulations are based on the Vorpal plasma simulation package. We find that the presence of a parasitic, weak (few Gauss) magnetic field significantly alters the spatial distribution of electrons in the cloud. The detected flux can easily change by factors of two depending on the location of the RFA. Moreover, the growth rate of the EC is also sensitive to such magnetic fields. Therefore, we suggest to (i) upgrade the RFA preamplifier to ￻ 10 MHz bandwidth such that the change in EC growth rate during a complete MI bunch train can be detected; (ii) install a small solenoid (of ￻ 25 Gauss maximum) to optionally switch off the EC, and thereby cleanly establish the presence of low energy electrons in the pipe; and (iii) design an RFA that can be inserted in a ￻ 2 kGauss field, such that an EC signal can be seen in the environment that matters, i.e., in the MI dipoles.
39316948
A Betatron Tune Fitting Package for the Tevatron 21.4 MHz Schottky
The Fermilab Tevatron is equipped with two independent Schottky monitors for measurement of betatron tunes, one operating at 21.4 MHz and the other at 1.7 GHz. A new front-end and related data acquisition for the 21.4 MHz resonator has been installed and commissioned during the FY04 Collider RunII. Sophisticated fitting strategies are required to analyze the spectra. Optimization of this fitting package allows us to report tune and chromaticity measurements at almost 1 Hz.
55031292
Tune measurement methods of the Tevatron
We will discuss several methods for measuring the tunes in the Tevatron. These methods can be separated into three classes: active, passive and hybrid. In the active method, the beam is tickled in order to obtain a frequency response. In the passive method, a Schottky detector which uses a resonant stripline is used to measure the Schottky spectrum of the beam. In the hybrid method, we tickle the beam using kickers, or the Tevatron Electron Lens (TEL) in order to bring the tune signal above the noise floor of the Schottky detectors. An automatic tune fitting algorithm is also under development which allows us to measure the tune without human intervention.
121334249
Observations of the Scalar Meson f{sub 0} (980) in the photoproduction experiment E687 at Fermilab
Observation of the scalar meson f{sub 0}(980) is reported in the E687 photoproduction experiment at Fermilab. Evidence is given also for the quasi-exclusive associated {phi}(1020)f{sub 0}(980) photoproduction.
116622236
Beam simulation tools for GEANT4 (and neutrino source applications)
Geant4 is a tool kit developed by a collaboration of physicists and computer professionals in the High Energy Physics field for simulation of the passage of particles through matter. The motivation for the development of the Beam Tools is to extend the Geant4 applications to accelerator physics. Although there are many computer programs for beam physics simulations, Geant4 is ideal to model a beam going through material or a system with a beam line integrated to a complex detector. There are many examples in the current international High Energy Physics programs, such as studies related to a future Neutrino Factory, a Linear Collider, and a very Large Hadron Collider.