16714272
IS IT POSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT THE PROTON STRUCTURE FUNCTION BY LORENTZ-BOOSTING THE STATIC QUARK-MODEL WAVE FUNCTION?
The energy-momentum relations for massive and massless particles are E=p2/2m and E=pc respectively. According to Einstein, these two different expressions come from the same formula $E = \sqrt{(cp)^2 + m^2 c^4}$. Quarks and partons are believed to be the same particles, but they have quite different properties. Are they two different manifestations of the same covariant entity as in the case of Einstein's energy-momentum relation? The answer to this question is YES. It is possible to construct harmonic oscillator wave functions which can be Lorentz-boosted. They describe quarks bound together inside hadrons. When they are boosted to an infinite-momentum frame, these wave functions exhibit all the peculiar properties of Feynman's parton picture. This formalism leads to a parton distribution corresponding to the valence quarks, with a good agreement with the experimentally observed distribution.
14939249
Coupled Harmonic Oscillators and Feynman's Rest of the Universe
According to Feynman, the universe consists of two parts - the system in which we are interested and the rest of the universe which our measurement process does not reach. Feynman then formulates the density matrix in terms of the observable world and the rest of the universe. It is shown that coupled harmonic oscillators can serve as an illustrative example for Feynman's ``rest of the universe.'' It is pointed out that this simple example has far-reaching consequences in many branches of physics, including statistical mechanics, measurement theory, information theory, thermo-field dynamics, quantum optics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that our ignorance of the rest of the universe increases the uncertainty and entropy in the system in which we are interested.
1673726
Symmetries Shared by the Poincaré Group and the Poincaré Sphere
Henri Poincare formulated the mathematics of Lorentz transformations, known as the Poincare group. He also formulated the Poincare sphere for polarization optics. It is shown that these two mathematical instruments can be derived from the two-by-two representations of the Lorentz group. Wigner’s little groups for internal space-time symmetries are studied in detail. While the particle mass is a Lorentz-invariant quantity, it is shown to be possible to address its variations in terms of the decoherence mechanism in polarization optics.
1320799
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions in polarization optics.
Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions are manifestations of the internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles, respectively. It is shown to be possible to produce combinations of optical filters which exhibit transformations corresponding to Wigner rotations and Iwasawa decompositions. This is possible because the combined effects of rotation, phase-shift, and attenuation filters lead to transformation matrices of the six-parameter Lorentz group applicable to Jones vectors and Stokes parameters for polarized light waves. The symmetry transformations in special relativity lead to a set of experiments which can be performed in optics laboratories.
668406
Quantization of electromagnetic fields in a circular cylindrical cavity
We present a quantization procedure for the electromagnetic field in a circular cylindrical cavity with perfectly conducting walls, which is based on the decomposition of the field. A new decomposition procedure is proposed; all vector mode functions satisfying the boundary conditions are obtained with the help of this decomposition. After expanding the quantized field in terms of the vector mode functions, it is possible to derive the Hamiltonian for this quantized system.
73571003
Time separation as a hidden variable to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics
The Bohr radius is a space‐like separation between the proton and electron in the hydrogen atom. According to the Copenhagen school of quantum mechanics, the proton is sitting in the absolute Lorentz frame. If this hydrogen atom is observed from a different Lorentz frame, there is a time‐like separation linearly mixed with the Bohr radius. Indeed, the time‐separation is one of the essential variables in high‐energy hadronic physics where the hadron is a bound state of the quarks, while thoroughly hidden in the present form of quantum mechanics. It will be concluded that this variable is hidden in Feynman’s rest of the universe. It is noted first that Feynman’s Lorentz‐invariant differential equation for the bound‐state quarks has a set of solutions which describe all essential features of hadronic physics. These solutions explicitly depend on the time separation between the quarks. This set also forms the mathematical basis for two‐mode squeezed states in quantum optics, where both photons are observable,...
119989858
Evidence of a Quark in a High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Bubble-Chamber Picture
18963275
Heavy quarkonium in a holographic QCD model
Encouraged by recent developments in AdS/QCD models for the light quark system, we study heavy quarkonium in the framework of the AdS/QCD models. We calculate the masses of cc vector meson states using the AdS/QCD models at zero and at finite temperature. Among the models adopted in this work, we find that the soft-wall model describes the low-lying heavy quark meson states at zero temperature relatively well. At finite temperature, we observe that once the bound state is above T{sub c}, its mass will increase with temperature until it dissociates at a temperature of around 494 MeV. It is shown that the dissociation temperature is fixed by the infrared cutoff of the models. The present model serves as a unified nonperturbative model to investigate the properties of bound quarkonium states above T{sub c}.
5119942
Measuring superparticle masses at hadron collider using the transverse mass kink
We present a detailed study of the collider observable mT2 applied for pair-produced superparticles decaying to visible particles and a pair of invisible lightest supersymmetric particles (LSPs). Analytic expressions of the maximum of mT2 over all events (mT2max) are derived. It is noticed that if the decay product of each superparticle involves more than one visible particle, mT2max being a function of the trial LSP mass mχ has a kink structure at mχ = true LSP mass, which can be used to determine the mother superparticle mass and the LSP mass simultaneously. To see how well mT2max can be constructed from collider data, a Monte-Carlo analysis of the gluino mT2 is performed for some superparticle spectra.
119289779
M(T2)-assisted on-shell reconstruction of missing momenta and its application to spin measurement at the LHC
We propose a scheme to assign a 4-momentum to each WIMP in new physics event producing a pair of mother particles each of which decays to an invisible weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) plus some visible particle(s). The transverse components are given by the value that determines the event variable M{sub T2}, while the longitudinal component is determined by the on-shell condition on the mother particle. Although it does not give the true WIMP momentum in general, this M{sub T2}-assisted on-shell reconstruction of missing momenta provides kinematic variables well correlated to the true WIMP momentum and thus can be useful for an experimental determination of new particle properties. We apply this scheme to some processes to measure the mother particle spin and find that spin determination is possible even without good knowledge of the new particle masses.
8523168
Fixed-Point Analysis of the Low-Energy Constants in the Pion-Nucleon Chiral Lagrangian
In the framework of heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory, we investigate the fixed point structure of renormalization group equations (RGE) for the ratios of the renormalized low energy constants (LECs) that feature in the pion-nucleon chiral Lagrangian. The ratios of the LECs deduced from our RGE analysis are found to be in semi-quantitative agreement with those obtained from direct fit to the experimental data. The naturalness of this agreement is discussed using a simple dimensional analysis combined with Wilsonian RGEs.