Velleman on intentions as reasons for action
assuming that there is a single absurdity implied by every false proposition. But when this last criticism is taken seriously, even the popular 'minimal' logic of Johansson seems to embody a non-constructive form of reasoning. Of course, given the apparatus of quantification over counteraxioms in the object language, we can formulate a generalized absurd proposition 3xG(x), and use it to define a new negation operator by the schema