Learner preference for using structured flowcharts vs. pseudocode when comprehending short, relatively complex algorithms: A summary analysis
This research investigates the preference for a graphic method (structured flowcharts) or for a verbal method (pseudocode) when learning short, relatively complex algorithms. The research summarizes the data from eight replications using 292 students of data structures and 24 data structures classes. A preference for flowcharts was hypothesized under eight conditions. All eight conditions produced large differences that were statistically significant, p < .0001. The preferences for flowcharts ranged from 76.4% to 88.4%. No significant preferences were found for pseudocode. The results indicate that graphic methods should be strongly considered when teaching relatively complex algorithms. Most important, the results signify that there may be two types of learners: 
1. 
(1) a type that prefers flowcharts (a graphical method), and 
 
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(2) a type that prefers pseudocode (a verbal method). 
 
 
Since most textbooks only express algorithms verbally, the wisdom of using only one method must be questioned. The research tests the conclusions made by Ben Shneiderman concerning preference for code or flowcharts by programmers. Shneiderman has repeatedly stated that programmers prefer code to flowcharts when comprehending algorithms. The findings of this research clearly conflict with Shneiderman's statements. The results of these preference studies indicate that more experimental research is needed to assess the utility of structured flowcharts in algorithm comprehension. The preference for structured flowcharts is too strong and too ubiquitous to be ignored.