Leaching of Pesticides Through Normal‐Tillage and Low‐Tillage Soil—A Lysimeter Study. II. Glyphosate
Glyphosate is a widely used non‐selective herbicide. Leaching of glyphosate (N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and/or its metabolite AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) was studied in four lysimters, two of them being replicates from a low‐tillage field (lysimeter 3 and 4), the other two being replicates from a normal tillage field (lysimeter 5 and 6). In both cases the soil was a sandy loam soil with 13–14% clay. The lysimeters had a surface area of 0.5 m2 and a depth of 110 cm. Lysimeter 3 and 4 were sprayed with a mixture of 14C‐labelled glyphosate and unlabelled glyphosate, while lysimeter 5 and 6 were sprayed with unlabelled glyphosate. The spraying took place September 18, 1997. The total amount of glyphosate sprayed onto each lysimeter was 40 mg, corresponding to 0.8 kg active ingredient per ha. The lysimeters were installed in an outdoor system in Research Centre Flakkebjerg and were thus exposed to normal climatic conditions of the area. A mean of 260 l drainage water were collected from lysimeter 3 and 4 and a mean of 375 litres from lysimeter 5 and 6. The mean yearly concentration of leached glyphosate and/or AMPA was significantly below 0.1 μg/l from both sets of lysimeters, and thus no significant difference between the two lysimeter sets was shown. However, in both sets of lysimeters several single findings at concentrations above 0.1 μg/l was seen, which might be due to the leaching of particle‐bound compounds. A significant difference between the soil residual concencentrations of AMPA was seen, the higher concentration was found in the set of lysimeterw where low‐tillage had been practiced and where Round Up had been used several times in the years before sampling of the lysimeter soil.