Crustal attenuation as a tracer for the emplacement of the Beni Bousera ultramafic massif (Betico-Rifean belt)
The study of petrology (fieldwork, petrography, and phase diagram modeling) and structural data of the metapelitic granulites and the southern, high-temperature exposed peridotites in the Beni Bousera massif (northern Morocco), combined with results from previous regional studies of the Alboran, suggest a new emplacement mechanism for the mantle rocks in the Betico-Rifean belt. We document two key metamorphic episodes in the granulites within a temperature window of 710–830 ± 50 °C: (1) An earlier prograde high-pressure period (from 9 ± 1.0 to 12 ± 1.0 kbar) characterized by the assemblage garnet + biotite + kyanite + K-feldspar + rutile. Pressure differences of ~3 kbar are found over a continuous crustal section of ~1.5 km of exposed granulites that indicate a significant crustal attenuation during exhumation of the ultramafic rocks; and (2) a later post-kinematic low-pressure (5 ± 0.8 kbar) symplectic assemblage of cordierite + spinel + plagioclase + sillimanite. At the scale of the entire Betico-Rifean belt, two main contacts are observed as mirror images in both sides of the Alboran Sea: (1) the long axis of the high-temperature ductile contact between granulites and peridotites occurs in the west side of the Beni Bousera and Ronda massifs, coupled with (2) the consistent high-angle, east-dipping normal fault in the east parts of the belt massifs. The integration of the petrologic results with information on the rotation of both contacts reveals ductile deformation in the lower crust related to the emplacement of the ultramafic rocks in the Betico-Rifean belt along deep-reaching normal faults. The presence of the early high-temperature contact suggests that it was originally a shallow, west-dipping detachment fault developed in a back-arc environment of the east-dipping, retreating subduction zone (current western part of the Gibraltar arc). This scenario is in concordance with the tectonic evolution in western Italy, where anticlockwise Pleistocene rotations associated with northeast-directed thrusting in the Apennines—and coeval with the southeastward motion in the Calabria-Peloritani terrane—were triggered by retreat and rollback of the Adriatic-Ionian slab toward the southeast during the northwest-directed subduction beneath the Calabrian arc.