The First Amendment’s Purpose
I. THE PROBLEM IN CURRENT DOCTRINE ............................................................. 770 A . The O 'Brien Test ...................................................................................... 770 B . O 'Brien-as-Lochner .................................................................................. 771 C. The Spence Test ........................................................................................ 772 D. The Centrality of Purpose in First Amendment Law ................................ 775 II. PURPOSIVISM-COSTS AND BENEFITS ............................................................. 778 A. First Amendment Absolutes ...................................................................... 778 B. Levels of Scrutiny ..................................................................................... 785 C. The Costs of Balancing, the Benefits of Purposivism ............................... 787 D. The Concept of State Purpose .................................................................. 793 III. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: THREE ILLUSTRATIONS ....................................... 797 A . Begging ..................................................................................................... 798 B. Campaign Finance Regulation ................................................................. 801 C. Homosexuality and the Scouts .................................................................. 807 IV . ANTI-ORTHODOXY ........................................................................................ 817 A. The Anti-Orthodoxy Principle .................................................................. 818 B. Low-Value Speech .................................................................................... 822 C. Clear and Present Danger ........................................................................ 826 D. Obscenity and Other Remaining Issues .................................................... 830 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 832