Analog information processing at the quantum limit with a Josephson ring modulator
Amplifiers are crucial in every experiment carrying out a very sensitive measurement. However, they always degrade the information by adding noise. Quantum mechanics puts a limit on how small this degradation can be. Theoretically, the minimum noise energy added by a phase-preserving amplifier to the signal it processes amounts at least to half a photon at the signal frequency. Here we propose a practical microwave device that can fulfil the minimal requirements to reach the quantum limit. The availability of such a device is of importance for the readout of solid-state qubits, and more generally for the measurement of very weak signals in various areas of science. We discuss how this device can be the basic building block for a variety of practical applications, such as amplification, noiseless frequency conversion, dynamic cooling and production of entangled signal pairs. The minimum noise energy that a phase-preserving amplifier adds to the signal is fundamentally limited to half a photon. A proposed parametric amplifier based on Josephson junctions should be able to reach this limit at microwave frequencies.