Whale carcass strandings on beaches: Management challenges, research needs, and examples from Australia
Abstract The management of stranded whale carcasses is a logistical, environmental and economic challenge concerning a number of different stakeholders. In this paper, we review the current carcass disposal methods, stakeholders involved, and identify research needs and gaps. Examples of carcass disposals from all over the world are presented with Australia used as an example of current governance procedures and related challenges. Current management options include (1) leaving a carcass to decompose in situ, (2) beach burial, (3) oceanic tow, and (4) transport to waste management facility or rendering plant. Leaving a carcass to decompose in situ is the most cost effective and natural method, but raises issues of sight, smell, changes in sediment and groundwater chemistry, and shark attraction. Beach burials remove the sight and smell of a carcass and are relatively cost effective, but the extent to which carcass burial alters beach groundwater and attracts sharks to the surf due to leachate transported via submarine groundwater discharge is unknown. Oceanic tows are a simple disposal method, but carcasses can become boating hazards and may return ashore. Transporting carcasses to a waste management or rendering plant is costly, but effectively removes most social and environmental issues associated with a carcass stranding. The management of stranded carcasses involves a number of stakeholders with differing missions and priorities, from government agencies to conservation groups. Differences in priorities often cause tensions between groups increasing the complexity of carcass disposals. This review identifies key challenges and potential issues to guide decisions that are often made at a local scale. We recommend that clear legislation and organisational responsibilities are needed to prevent ambiguity when managing carcass disposal.