Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and vertebrate paleontology of the upper siwalik subgroup of northern Pakistan
Two hundred and fifty three sites consisting of three samples per site were taken from eight separate stratigraphic sections from sediments of the Upper Siwalik subgroup of northern Pakistan. All samples have been partially demagnetized in alternating fields of from 150 to 300 Oe. The sediments are dipping at angles of up to 75° in a variety of directions, and the locality mean directions improve significantly after correcting for bedding attitude, providing a statistically significant fold test at the 95% level. 
 
The magnetic stratigraphy was obtained based on the statistically significant well-grouped partially demagnetized data. Two prominent bentonitized tuffs occur in several sections above and below a prominent reversal of the earth's magnetic field. Radiometric dates of 2.3 ± 0.4 m.y.B.P. and 2.5 ± 0.4 m.y.B.P. have been obtained by fission track on zircons from these tuffs. This allows the magnetic stratigraphy to be correlated to the standard reversal chronology of the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The longest stratigraphic section (1.87 km in thickness) can be shown to span the time between 0.6 m.y.B.P. and 5.5 m.y.B.P. 
 
The individual stratigraphic sections can be correlated on the basis of magnetic stratigraphy. All sections contain important vertebrate fossil localities which can be placed relative to each other in the time stratigraphic framework provided by the magnetic stratigraphy. 
 
The change from the Pinjor fauna to the Tatrot fauna occurs at about 2.47 m.y.B.P. (the Gauss/Matuyama boundary) based on the simultaneous occurrence of Equus-Elephas, Bos and cervids with antlers. Hipparion, the three-toed horse, persists to the lowermost Pleistocene just after the termination of the Olduvai event. The ranges of other important vertebrate faunas are also discussed. 
 
The folding of the eastern Salt Range has been very recent, beginning within the Brunhes normal magnetic epoch, since sediments of lower Brunhes age are folded on the flanks of the Pabbi and Rohtas anticlines and on the flanks of Chambal Ridge. The rate of uplift of these structures above the present base level is estimated to have a minimum rate of four meters per thousand years for the Rohtas anticline and three meters per thousand years for the Pabbi Hills. The rates of subsidence (i.e., rates of sedimentation) of the various sectios are estimated to range from 0.35 m/103 yr to 0.50 m/103 yr. The first occurrence of conglomerate-containing clasts derived from the Himalayan uplift occurs just prior to the Olduvai event at the abse of the Pleistocene.