Cans without ifs
In order to refute this thesis and any variation of it resulting from altering the 'if' clause on the right hand side of (E), it is essential to understand the philosophical use to which this thesis has been put. I shall first outline the logical status of this alleged equivalence in arguments purporting to establish the logical consistency of free action and causal determinism, and, secondly, I shall argue that, when (E) is interpreted in such a way that, if true, it would prove that consistency, then (E) is false.