Third Circuit Silences National Muffler, Pumps Chevron Deference
The Third Circuit Court of Appeals recently upheld the validity of Treas. Reg. [section] 1.882-4(a)(3)(i), which disallows deductions by a foreign corporation that fails to file a U.S. tax return within 18 months of the normal due date. When assessing the validity of the regulation, the Third Circuit applied the Chevron standard and found the language of IRC [section] 882(c)(2) to be ambiguous and that the related regulation was a reasonable interpretation of that language. Some Treasury regulations, known as "legislative," are issued under specific authority granted by Congress in a Code provision with language such as, "The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section." Other regulations, known as "interpretive," are issued under the general authority granted in section 7805(a) to fill in gaps in the Code. Courts may invalidate a regulation that exceeds the secretary's authority to issue it. In 1979, in National Muffler Dealers Association v. U.S., 43 AFTR2d 79-828 (440 U.S. 472), the Supreme Court outlined six factors for assessing the validity of a regulation: whether the regulation is a substantially contemporaneous construction of the Code, its evolution, how long it has been in effect, the reliance placed on it, its consistency with other interpretations, and the scrutiny it received when Congress re-enacted the related Code section. In 1984 the Supreme Court in Chevron USA Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council Inc. (467 U.S. 837) established a two-step analysis: Is the statute unambiguous, and does it directly address the issue? If yes, the plain meaning of the Code Should be followed. If not, is the regulation a permissible interpretation of the Code? Swallows Holdings Ltd., a foreign corporation, owned real estate in California. From 1993 to 1996, the property generated rental income, but the company did not file tax returns for those years until 1999, outside the 18-month filing window allowed by the regulation for deductions. On its late returns, Swallows Holdings deducted its expenses, which the IRS disallowed. Swallows Holdings asked the Tax Court to invalidate the regulation, claiming IRC [section] 882(c)(2) contains no explicit time requirement for filing a return in order to deduct expenses. It argued the plain language of section 882(c)(2) only requires a return to be filed in the "manner" prescribed under that subtitle. …