The ‘promise’ of three methods of word association analysis to L2 lexical research
The present study is an attempt to empirically test and compare the results of three methods of word association (WA) analysis. Two of the methods – namely, associative commonality and nativelikeness, and lexico-syntactic patterns of associative organization – have been traditionally used in both first language (L1) and second language (L2) associative research and the third one – collocational aspect of associative responses – is a more recent perspective on associative connections. The central assumption behind the study is that each method captures a different aspect of language users’ lexical organization and, in that, their findings may paint a different picture of how the L1 and L2 lexicons compare as proficiency increases. At the same time, the sensitivity of each method to reflect differences related to proficiency may also point to their potential as a research and assessment tool. Three equal size groups of participants (N = 180) at different proficiency levels – native speakers (NSs), second language (L2) advanced and intermediate learners of English – completed a familiarity and a WA test in writing. The tests contained 36 items equated for lexical class (nouns, verbs, and adjectives) and frequency of occurrence (high, mid, and low). The participants’ WAs generated to familiar vocabulary were analysed in three different ways, following the methods of analysis practiced by each of the three traditions under investigation. In the main, the results showed that examining the lexico-syntactic patterns of associative organization as well as the collocational aspect of associative links are two more ‘promising’ ways of looking at WAs than examining them with respect to their nativelike associative commonality.