Differential changes in MAP kinases, histone modifications, and liver injury in rats acutely treated with ethanol.
BACKGROUND
Acute ethanol is known to affect cells and organs but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly explored. Recent developments highlight the potential importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs (i.e., ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2) signaling, and histone modifications (i.e., acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation) in the actions of ethanol in hepatocytes. We have therefore investigated significance of these molecular steps in vivo using a model in which rats were acutely administered ethanol intraperitoneally (IP).


METHODS
Ethanol was administered IP (3.5 gm/kg body weight) to 12-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Liver was subsequently removed at 1 and 4 hours. Serum was used for alcohol and ALT assays. At the time of the removal of liver, small portions of each liver were formalin-fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and used for light microscopy. Western blot analysis was carried out with specific primary antibodies for various parameters.


RESULTS
There were clear differences at 1 and 4 hours in blood ethanol, ALT, steatosis, and cleaved caspase 3. Apoptosis at 1 hour was followed by necrosis at 4 hours. Acute alcohol elicited a marked increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and moderate increases in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK. Temporally different phosphorylation of histone H3 at ser-10 and ser-28 occurred and acetylation of histone H3 at lys 9 increased progressively.


CONCLUSIONS
There were distinct differences in the behavior of the activation of the 3 MAP kinases and histone modifications after acute short exposure of liver to ethanol in vivo. Although all 3 MAPKs were rapidly activated at 1 hour, the necrosis, occurring at 4 hours, correlated to sustained activation of ERK1/2. Transient activation of p38 is associated with rapid phosphorylation of histone H3, whereas prolonged activation of ERK1/2 is correlated to persistent histone H3 acetylation.