Astragalus polysaccharide improves anti-tumor immunity mediated by macrophages and natural killer cells in mice
Objective 
To evaluate the regulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on macrophage polarization and NK cell-mediated anti-tumor responses in mice. 
 
 
Methods 
C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with APS once a day for seven consecutive days. Activation of immune cells was then induced by intraperitoneal injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I∶C) 24 h after the APS intervention. Peritoneal macrophages were collected 24 h after induction to analyze the status of polarization and the production of nitric oxide (NO). Cytotoxicity and exocytosis of activated NK cells were measured to assess the effector functions of these cells. NK cell activities induced by NKG2D were studied in the absence of the whole JNK or JNK2 signaling pathway. 
 
 
Results 
Intraperitoneal injection of APS promoted the polarization of macrophages induced by tumor cells in mice, and enhanced the cytotoxicity of NK cells to tumor cells. However, APS was in need of the involvement of appropriate stimulatory factors to have regulatory effects. Complete inhibition of JNK signaling pathway dramatically reduced the effector functions of NK cells, which could not be recovered by APS administration. 
 
 
Conclusions 
APS was involved in the regulation of anti-tumor innate immunity through enhancing the M1-polarization of macrophages and improving the effector functions of NK cells. This study might to some extent elucidate the mechanism of APS in immune regulation and anti-tumor immunity. 
 
 
Key words: 
Astragalus polysaccharide; Innate immunity; Anti-tumor immunity; Immune regulation