Lithium ion conductivity of oriented Li0.33La0.56TiO3 solid electrolyte films prepared by a sol–gel process
Abstract Lithium lanthanum titanates (Li 3 x La 2/3 −  x TiO 3 , LLTOs) having a -axis orientations were synthesized via a simple sol–gel route on SrTiO 3 and Nb-doped SrTiO 3 substrates. The lithium ion conduction behaviors of the LLTO films were determined. Annealing the films above 1200 °C yielded strong a -axis growth orientation, while heating samples above 1300 °C led to the reduction of the Li transference number, T Li , which was attributed to Li evaporation. The optimized annealing temperature was 1200 °C, where both the bulk conductivity, σ dc , and the T Li exhibited their maxima. The bulk conductivity was 4.42 × 10 − 5  S/cm for a 411-nm-thick film, which was almost 10-times-higher than that previously reported for sol–gel-derived films. A key reason for the enhancement in conductivity is the expanded bottleneck of the LLTO lattice because of a tensile stress induced by the substrate. Optimization of the annealing temperature and the film thickness further improved the conductivity.