Benthic foraminiferal biodiversity response to a changing Arctic palaeoclimate in the last 24,000years
Investigations on the benthic foraminiferal fauna of sediment cores from the Eurasian Basin (Arctic Ocean) continental margin, reveal well correlated biodiversity maxima and minima during the last 24 kyrs. The temporal variable biodiversities observed at the core sites, on a large scale, reflect the palaeoclimatic evolution of the high northern latitudes. Herein sediments deposited during interglacials and interstadials reveal highest species richness, whereas, glacials and stadials are documented by lower species numbers. In high-resolution core PS2837 different periodicities in species richness in sediments from the Late Weichselian and Holocene can be detected. Biodiversity periodicities of 1.57 kyrs and 0.76 kyrs characterize sediments of the Late Weichselian, whereas, with the retreat of glacial ice sheets and shorter seasonal ice coverage, Holocene sediments reveal shorter periodicities of 1.16 kyrs and 0.54 kyrs. With the establishment of modern hydrographic conditions at about 4000 BP, 4 kyrs, a significant increase in the amplitudes of species richness can be observed. Although sediments deposited during warmings reveal highest species richness, we doubt that water temperature determines the abundance and distribution of most benthic foraminifera in the Arctic Ocean. We rather suggest that the temporal variabilities in species richness reflect changes in the availability of food, which, in the Arctic Ocean, mainly depends on extend and duration of seasonal sea-ice retreat. In the study area the latter one, besides the seasonal varying insolation, is essentially determined by the advection-rates and temperature of Atlantic water, entering the Arctic Ocean via the West Spitsbergen Current. Because both, flowrate and temperature of the West Spitsbergen Current were increased during interstadials and interglacials, a predominantly indirect influence of palaeotemperature on the biodiversity of benthic foraminifera is suggested. Yet, rare species, like ‘Atlantic species' may indeed have a temperature sensitive metabolism. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.