Ammonium can stimulate nitrate and nitrite reductase in the absence of nitrate in Clematis vitalba
Nitrogen assimilation was studied in the deciduous, perennial climber Clematis vitalba. When solely supplied with NO3– in a hydroponic system, growth and N-assimilation characteristics were similar to those reported for a range of other species. When solely supplied with NH4+, however, nitrate reductase (NR) activity dramatically increased in shoot tissue, and particularly leaf tissue, to up to three times the maximum level achieved in NO3– supplied plants. NO3– was not detected in plant material that had been solely supplied with NH4+, there was no NO3– contamination of the hydroponic system, and the NH4+-induced activity did not occur in tobacco or barley grown under similar conditions. Western Blot analysis revealed that the induction of NR activity, either by NO3– or NH4+, was matched by NR and nitrite reductase protein synthesis, but this was not the case for the ammonium assimilation enzyme glutamine synthetase. Exposure of leaf disks to N revealed that NO3– assimilation was induced in leaves directly by NO3– and NH4+ but not glutamine. Our results suggest that the NH4+-induced potential for NO3– assimilation occurs when externally sourced NH4+ is assimilated in the absence of any NO3– assimilation. These data show that the potential for nitrate assimilation in C. vitalba is induced by a nitrogenous compound in the absence of its substrate and suggest that NO3– assimilation in C. vitalba may have a significant role beyond the supply of reduced N for growth.