Sex-related differences in MAPKs activation in rat astrocytes: effects of estrogen on cell death.
Gender-related differences in the unstimulated and estrogen-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1 and ERK2, cell proliferation, and cell death were examined using rat cortical astrocytes in culture. Females have higher unstimulated levels of phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2 than males. 17beta-Estradiol (E(2)) decreases activation of ERK1 and ERK2, with females showing a greater response than males. Further, E(2) results in more inhibition of DNA synthesis and greater increase in cell death in females than in males. The inhibitory effects of E(2) on DNA synthesis are mimicked and enhanced by a specific MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059. Finally, the inhibitory effects of E(2) are blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen in astrocytes from females but not males, with ER-alpha (estrogen receptor alpha) present in the former but not the latter. Taken together, these results suggest that the sex differences in unstimulated and estrogen-modulated activation of MAPKs may result in differential regulation of cell proliferation and death in astrocytes and possibly contribute to sexual dimorphisms in brain development.