Insect trace fossils in aeolian deposits and calcretes from the Canary Islands: Their ichnotaxonomy, producers, and palaeoenvironmental significance
Insect trace fossils from Canary Islands have been known and discussed since the beginnings of the last century. 
The most common and widespread morphologies have been tentatively referred to the ichnogenera 
Celliforma, Palmiraichnus or Rebuffoichnus and attributed to bees, coleopterans, and locusts until now. Herein 
they are included in a new single ichnospecies: Rebuffoichnus guanche isp. nov., which can be distinguished 
from other ichnospecies by the presence of an antechamber. R. guanche are considered herein as coleopteran 
(Curculionidae or Scarabaeidae) pupation chambers. This is supported by themostly horizontal orientation in 
soils, ellipsoid shape, dispersion of sizes, and particularly the internal surface of the wall chamber that is 
completely smoothed, even in both extremes. In addition, it is supported by the finding of one adult weevil 
in a similar trace fossil and palaeoenvironment of Australia. All these characters argue against their assignation 
neither, to egg pods of a locust species nor to bee cells, the latter also contradicted by the lack of spiral 
closure. The wall of R. guanche shows the same petrological features of those of the palaeosol in which specimens 
are found. In those specimens found in aeolian deposits, the wall is composed of sand grains similar to 
those found in the dunes or sand sheets. The diversity of microfabrics found in calcretes is higher and depends 
on the calcrete hostrock and the degree of development of the calcretes. In poorly developed calcretes 
the trace fossils reflect very well the calcrete hostrock, whereas in more developed ones they usually show 
peloidal/ooidal or laminar microfabrics. These similarities indicate that, in contrast to some previous reports, 
insects utilised as building material that of the surrounding soil, as expectable for a coleopteran pupation 
chamber. Lower numbers of R. guanche are recorded in calcretes from the western Canary Islands, where 
no aeolian deposits are present, in contrast to the high densities in the aeolian deposits of the eastern Islands. 
Coleopterans would first colonise thin soils with calcretes developed on basaltic or sedimentary rocks in 
young islands and later colonise dunes as they appear when the islands aged. The widespread presence of 
calcretes, aeolian deposits, and trace fossils in the easternmost and older Canary Islands is driven by both 
the geological evolution of the Islands and climatic conditions. Both the calcretes and pupation chambers 
formed during the relatively wetter periods within otherwise prevailing arid to semiarid conditions.