Motivation and personality.
142611072
Motivation and Personality
Perspectives on Sexuality Sex Research an Overview Part 1. Biological Perspectives: Sexual Anatomy 1. Sexual Physiology 2. Human Reproduction 3. Birth Control 4. Abortion Part 2. Developmental Perspectives: Childhood Sexuality 5. Adolescent Sexuality 6. Adult Sexuality 7. Gender Roles Part 3. Psychological Perspectives: Loving and Being Loved 8. Intimacy and Communication Skills 9. Enhancing your Sexual Relationships 10. Sexual Orientation 11. Sexual Behaviour 12. Sexual Variations 13. Coercive Sex the Varieties of Sexual Assault Part 4. Sexual Health Perspectives: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Sexual Infections 14. HIV Infection and AIDS 15. Sexual Dysfunctions and Sex Therapy 16. Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health Part 5 Cultural Perspectives: Sex and the Law 17. Religious and Ethical Perspectives and Sexuality
Abraham H Maslow
24948340
A social cognitive approach to motivation and personality
Past work has documented and described major patterns of adaptive and maladaptive behavior: the mastery oriented and the helpless patterns. In this article, we present a research based model that accounts for these patterns in terms of underlying psychological processes. The model specifies how individuals' implicit theories orient them toward particular goals and how these goals set up the different patterns. Indeed, we show how each feature (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) of the adaptive and maladaptive patterns can be seen to follow directly from different goals. We then examine the generality of the model and use it to illuminate phenomena in a wide variety of domains. Finally, we place the model in its broadest context and examine its implications for our understanding of motivational and personality processes. The task for investigators of motivation and personality is to identify major patterns of behavior and link them to underlying psychological processes. In this article we (a) describe a research based model that accounts for major patterns of behavior, (b) examine the generality of this model its utility for understanding domains beyond the ones in which it was originally developed, and (c) explore the broader implications of the model for motivational and personality processes.
Carol S Dweck Ellen L Leggett
229439176
Motivation and personality
Robert B Burns
51882054
Compulsive YouTube usage: A comparison of use motivation and personality effects
Abstract This paper explores compulsive use of YouTube by university students and investigates how the uses and gratifications perspective and the personality perspective work together to explain compulsive use of the social medium. It compares the effects of motivation to use YouTube for information with motivation to use the platform for entertainment, and examines how the different motivational effects compare with those of personality. It also explores the influence of compulsive use of YouTube on academic motivation. Data from 807 students at a Malaysian university were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression. Stronger motivation to use YouTube for information and learning is associated with lower compulsive use, while stronger motivation to use YouTube for entertainment is associated with higher compulsive use. Entertainment motivation has a stronger effect than information motivation. Although tendency to compulsive use differs with personality traits, the motivation effects are independent of personality. Compulsive YouTube use negatively influences academic motivation. While educators can take risks of compulsive use into account when they propose YouTube resources to their students, information literacy education and training can play an additional role in risk reduction by alerting social media users to the risks of compulsive use and helping them to develop self management strategies.
Comput. Hum. Behav.
Jane E Klobas Tanya Jane McGill Sedigheh Moghavvemi Tanuosha Paramanathan
191744585
Motivation and personality, 3rd ed.
Abraham H Maslow
56402263
Motivation and Personality 1 Running Head: MOTIVATION AND PERSONALITY Motivation and Personality: A Neuropsychological Perspective
Personality is strongly influenced by motivation systems that organise responses to rewards and punishments and that drive approach and avoidance behavior. Neuropsychological research has identified: (a) two avoidance systems, one related to pure active avoidance and escape, and one to passive avoidance and behavioral inhibition produced by goal conflict; and (b) two approach systems, one related to the actions of reward seeking and one to experience and behavior related to pleasure on receiving reward. These systems mediate fluid moment by moment reactions to changing stimuli, with relatively stable person specific sensitivities to these stimuli manifested in personality traits. We review what is known about these motivational traits, integrating the theory driven approach based on animal learning paradigms with the empirical tradition of the Big Five personality model. Motivation and Personality 3 Motivation and Personality: A Neuropsychological Perspective People differ from one another, and this fact is obvious to everyone. It is common to talk about people's personalities using lexical terms to describe their characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving (e.g. 'bold' 'lazy' 'intelligent' and we use these descriptors to infer people's intentions and likely future behavior. Personality psychologists have long analyzed the ratings of large numbers of trait descriptive adjectives to produce the most widely used taxonomy of personality: the Big Five, which includes the dimensions of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience/Intellect (John, Naumann, Soto, 2008) These Big Five traits also emerge from existing personality questionnaires that are not designed specifically to measure them (e.g. Markon, Krueger, Watson, 2005) suggesting it is a good candidate for a consensual model in personality psychology. What the Big Five model does not immediately offer, however, is an explanation for the causal sources of personality traits. Why do people think, feel, and act in the ways that they do? People react to situations, of course; but different people react differently to the same situation, suggesting that they have different behavioral propensities. In order to answer this why question, we must discover what drives people's actions and reactions. Inferring motivation from observed personality has been something of a dark art in psychology. However, one promising approach to this question is based on the biology of motivational control systems, studied by psychologists for over a century in non human animals, and for somewhat less time in humans. This approach operates on the premise that stable individual differences in behavior (personality traits) must be due to relatively stable individual differences in the operation of brain systems that produce (state) Motivation and Personality 4 behavior from moment to moment. From this perspective, each of our many traits reflects the operations of a set of brain systems that has evolved to respond to a different class of functional requirements (Denissen Penke, 2008; McNaughton, 1989; Nettle, 2006; Pickering, Gray, 1999) In what follows, we focus on those motivational processes and personality traits most closely aligned with biological research on reactions to reward and punishment and associated approach and avoidance behavior. This focus is warranted both by the importance of these phenomena for motivation and by the existence of extensive research on them. Our aim is to offer an introduction for researchers wishing to explore the role of motivation in personality from the perspective of these underlying psychobiological systems. Only after a description of what is known about the operation of these systems do we branch out to consider the personality traits associated with them. Our major assumption is that most fundamental personality traits have a motivational core; and we aim to show that the descriptive personality research tradition, which produced the Big Five, can be integrated with the experimental research tradition that has focused on the sensitivities of basic motivation systems. In this review, we focus on systems related to approach and avoidance primarily at the level of explanation that Gray (1975) labeled 'the conceptual nervous system' which is based on analysis of behaviour as well as neurobiology and attempts to describe important psychological processes without specifying their exact instantiation in the nervous system this approach has afforded a detailed analysis of reactions to classes of motivationally significant stimuli and can be used to derive predictions concerning the functions of the real nervous system (e.g. in fMRI studies) Rather than going into Motivation and Personality 5 extensive detail regarding the biological basis of the systems, we focus primarily on their functions, discussing biological evidence only when it is necessary for addressing some functional question. Approach Avoidance Theories of Motivation and Their Relation to Personality The most important classes of motivational stimuli can be grouped into 'rewards' and 'punishments' Animals can be seen as cybernetic systems with attractors and repulsors (positive and negative goals) that have evolved to promote survival and reproduction (Carver Scheier, 1998; DeYoung, 2010d) Without a tendency to approach beneficial stimuli (e.g. food, drink, and sexual mates) and to avoid aversive stimuli (e.g. predators and poisons) a species would not survive. 'Reward' and 'punishment' may seem straightforward concepts, but they hide some non obvious complexities. For the classical behaviorist, rewards increase the frequency of the behavior leading to them, whereas punishments decrease the frequency of behavior leading to them. That is, a 'reward' is something a person will work to obtain; and a 'punishment' is something a person will work to avoid. But the behaviorist definition of 'reward' also includes a different class of stimuli, namely the termination or omission of expected punishment. The effect on behavior and emotion of the 'hope' of achieving a reward is similar to that of anticipated 'relief' from avoiding a punishment. Similarly, although a 'punishment' can be described as something people will work to avoid or escape from (or which they will attack defensively) the omission of an expected reward is experienced as punishing; an effect known as fustrative nonreward. Thus, 'fear' has important similarities with 'frustration' (For further discussion of this literature, see Corr McNaughton, 2012. Motivation and Personality 6 These complexities can be understood straightforwardly from the cybernetic perspective, in which rewards are any stimuli that indicate progress toward or attainment of a goal, whereas punishments are any stimuli that disrupt progress toward a goal. However, in any experimental situation, it is necessary to confirm that the subject perceives stimuli as actually rewarding and punishing, as there are likely to be significant individual differences in how people react to the same stimuli (for further discussion of this point, see Corr, 2012) Current approach avoidance theories trace their origins to early researchers who posited that two motivation/emotion processes underlie behavior (e.g. Mowrer, 1960; Konorski, 1967; Schneirla, 1959) one related to reward (approach behavior and positive emotions) the other to punishment (avoidance behavior and negative emotions) Neuroscience measures, including pharmacological manipulation, of neural activity, and neuroanatomical studies, have been used to investigate the neuropsychological systems that underlie reactions to these classes of stimuli, providing confirmation of the hypothesis that distinct systems underlie reward and punishment related motivation (Gray McNaughton, 2000) This animal based work migrated into personality psychology in the 1970s via Jeffrey A. Gray (e.g. 1970, 1972a,b, 1975, 1977) whose Reinforcement Sensitivity theory (RST) argued that the major traits of personality reflect long term stabilities in systems that mediate reactions to different classes of reinforcing stimuli, generating emotion and shaping 'motivating' approach and avoidance behavior. The leap from understanding motivational systems to understanding personality traits requires the Motivation and Personality 7 postulate that relatively stable individual differences exist in the operations of these brain behavioral systems. A personality trait can be defined as a probabilistic constant in equations that predict the frequency and intensity with which individuals exhibit various motivational states, as well as the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive states that accompany these motivational states (Fleeson, 2001; Fleeson Gallagher, 2009; DeYoung, 2010c) (Note that this assumes exposure of the population to a normal range of situations; if situations are limited to prevent exposure to some trait relevant class of situations, then individual differences in that trait may not be manifest. A neuropsychological approach to personality aims to understand both the biological systems that are responsible for the states associated with any given trait and the parameters of those systems that cause them to differ across individuals. The systems themselves will be present in every intact human brain, but the values of their parameters will vary from person to person. Thus, for example, all people have brain systems that respond to punishments, but in different individuals these systems respond differently to a given stimulus. It is the typical level of response of such a system in any given individual, averaged across different situations, that is associated with that individual's score on the personality trait in question. This is not to imply that an individual will respond the same way in all situations; rather, it implies that knowing the stre
Philip J Corr Colin G DeYoung Neil McNaughton
55528882
Motivation and Personality: A Neuropsychological Perspective
Personality is strongly influenced by motivation systems that organise responses to rewards and punishments and that drive approach and avoidance behavior. Neuropsychological research has identified: (a) two avoidance systems, one related to pure active avoidance and escape, and one to passive avoidance and behavioral inhibition produced by goal conflict; and (b) two approach systems, one related to the actions of reward seeking and one to experience and behavior related to pleasure on receiving reward. These systems mediate fluid moment by moment reactions to changing stimuli, with relatively stable person specific sensitivities to these stimuli manifested in personality traits. We review what is known about these motivational traits, integrating the theory driven approach based on animal learning paradigms with the empirical tradition of the Big Five personality model.
Philip J Corr Colin G DeYoung Neil McNaughton
10310766
Control your game self: effects of controller type on enjoyment, motivation, and personality in game
Whether they are made to entertain you, or to educate you, good video games engage you. Significant research has tried to understand engagement in games by measuring player experience (PX) Traditionally, PX evaluation has focused on the enjoyment of game, or the motivation of players; these factors no doubt contribute to engagement, but do decisions regarding play environment (e.g. the choice of game controller) affect the player more deeply than that? We apply self determination theory (specifically satisfaction of needs and self discrepancy represented using the five factors model of personality) to explain PX in an experiment with controller type as the manipulation. Our study shows that there are a number of effects of controller on PX and in game player personality. These findings provide both a lens with which to view controller effects in games and a guide for controller choice in the design of new games. Our research demonstrates that including self characteristics assessment in the PX evaluation toolbox is valuable and useful for understanding player experience.
CHI
Max Valentin Birk Regan Lee Mandryk
43102072
Motivation and personality traits for choosing religious tourism. A research on the case of Medjugorje
Religion has long been a primary motivation for journeys and it is considered the oldest non economic reason for travelling. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reasons tourists choose to travel to sacred sites, with the specific aim of discovering relationships between personality traits and motivations for religious travel. Participating in the research were 679 Italian travellers to Medjugorje sanctuary, who completed the travel motivation scale and big five questionnaire. The results show that motivation is focused prevalently on the need for discovery in men and socialisation in women. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that personality traits are predictive of motivation factors differently for males and females.
Costanza Scaffidi Abbate Santo Di Nuovo
143936882
Motivation and personality of preservice teachers in Croatia
The study presents results founded upon the Factors Influencing Teaching Choice scale validation and the relations between personality traits and motivation for teaching in Croatia. A sample of 374 first year preservice teachers from three universities participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis of the items comprising the Croatian version of the FIT Choice scale provided support for its construct validity following the omission of six items with low factor loadings. Personality dimensions of the five factor model provided a set of theoretically meaningful relations with the specific motivational factors determining the choice of teaching profession. In line with previous studies, our results showed that personality traits better predicted intrinsic motivation compared to extrinsic motivation. Two interpersonal dimensions, extraversion and agreeableness, were significant predictors of intrinsic career value, but also of satisfaction with the choice of this profession. Extraversion also predicted ability, whereas agreeableness demonstrated positive relations with social utility value motivations for a teaching career.
Ivana Jugovic Iris Marusic Tea Pavin Ivanec Vlasta Vizek Vidovic