urban pollution  in egypt
96422495
Multivariate statistics and contamination factor to identify trace elements pollution in soil around Gerga City, Egypt
BackgroundGerga district contains different activities, urban, agriculture, and industry, which can impact adversely on the soil quality. Sixteen samples of the agricultural soil (0 30 cm depth) were collected to investigate the pollution of soil with trace elements (Co, Ni, Pb, and Mn) The statistical techniques were applied to discriminate the sources of these elements.ResultsThe studied soil ranged from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with the studied trace elements based on the contamination factor index. The statistical analyses indicated the anthropogenic source of Co, Ni, and Pb as well as the natural source of Mn.ConclusionsThe statistical analyses assisted in the discrimination of natural and anthropogenic sources of trace elements in the investigated soil samples. Mn is mainly of natural origin, affected by pedogenic factor, whereas traffic emissions and phosphate fertilizer, as well as domestic activities, are relevant sources of Co, Ni, and Pb elements in the studied soil. Consequently, the recommendation is periodic environmental monitoring and minimizing the fertilization rate.
Bulletin of the National Research Centre
Ibrahim A Said S A Salman Ahmed A Elnazer
222246901
THE FUTUER OF URBAN GROWTH IN EGYPT ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRENDS AND FORGING NEW APPROACHES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Since the seventies of the last century, Egypt has taken serious steps towards adopting the policy of establishing new cities to alleviate the encroachments on agricultural lands and to re distribute the population on the desert lands adjacent to the valley, and then the homogeneous re distribution of the population over the entire area of the country to achieve economic, social and security objectives. This policy has gone through four phases or generations of new cities of various types (independent, satellite and twin cities) but for economic, social and implementation reasons, this policy has not been able to achieve its full objectives. As a result the greater Cairo became a huge urban agglomerate with internal trips of more than 100 km length, making its service facilities and networks is too difficult, and worsened its environment, and pollution rates have increased to unprecedented rates, However, the urban area of the country has not increased by more than 3% in five decades and its population and urban densities in the Nile valley and its surroundings has doubled, while most of the European countries are establishing small and medium urban communities with a population of between 10000 and 50,000 and between 50000 and 500000, which can be free from mechanical movement, which preserves the environment and reduces pollution rates, as the problems and challenges faced by mega cities than the small and medium communities, Thus, the research concludes that the future of the Egyptian urban sprawl should adopt the policy of distribution of small and medium urban settlements on the axes of regional roads and consider them as axes of development to redistribute the homogeneous population over the entire country rather than the too long agglomeration and the mega cities.
JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences
Ahmed Mohammed Emam Hammad
4676678
Significance of Personal Exposure Assessment to Air Pollution in the Urban Areas of Egypt
Air pollution, both indoor and outdoor, has been found to be related to serious adverse health effects. Accurate estimation of air pollution exposure has become very important to suggest proper air pollution control policies and to further assess the effectiveness of these policies. In many instances, personal exposures have been found to be greater than concentrations measured at fixed site monitoring stations. As people spend most of their time indoors particularly during harsh weather conditions, it is necessary to consider indoor air quality in exposure assessment studies. The current paper focuses on the importance of personal exposure assessment based on spatial and temporal activity patters both indoors and outdoors.
Mahmoud M M Abdel-Salam
131255656
The Roles of the Urban Spatial Structure of the Main Cities Slums in EGYPT and the Environmental Pollution
The slums surrounding the main cities in Egypt suffer of the environmental pollution indicated by the high disease ratio related to air, water, and soil pollution. There is a relationship between the current urban spatial structure and the environmental pollution.
Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Elewa Wael Ahmad Taha El-Garhy
146208503
Evaluation of Heavy Metals Pollution by using pollution indices in the Soil of Assiut District, Egypt
Assiut District represents an important part of central Nile Valley. It is a complex district containing many big industries, urbanization and agricultural activities. These activities can lead to the pollution of agricultural soil with toxic heavy metals. The aim of this work is the assessment of potential risks of these metals in soils using pollution indices; Enrichment Factor (EF) Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) Contamination Factor (CF) Ecological Risk Factor (Er) Degree of Contamination (Cd) Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) The present study calculated the mentioned indices for eight heavy metals; As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Pollution indices calculations revealed that the investigated area can considered generally moderately polluted with the studied heavy metals. The emission of heavy metals from the factories as well as agricultural practices, urban runoff and sewage stations in the zone may be the source of that pollution. Consequently, control methods must be functional to the area adjacent to the factories to diminish the pollution. Finally, the studied cultivated soils showed low pollution than other cultivated soils in Australia, Canada, Germany, Tanzania, Netherlands, USA, as well as other areas in Egypt.
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Hamed S Mekky Esmat A Abou El-Anwar S A Salman Ahmed A Elnazer Wael Abdel Wahab Ahmed Asmoay
212951404
Prediction of future situation of land use/cover change and modeling sensitivity to pollution in Edku Lake, Egypt based on geospatial analyses
Assessing land use/cover (LULC) change in coastal lakes is an essential process for sustainable development. Edku Lake is one of the most important lakes in the northern part of Nile Delta in Egypt. It is directly subject to severe anthropogenic activities. The main objectives of this work were to predict LULC changes within Edku Lake area and to develop a pollution sensitivity model using remote sensing data and modern geographical information system (GIS) techniques. Three Landsat images were acquired in 2000, 2011 and 2018. These images were preprocessed, geo referenced and prepared for further supervised classification using the maximum likelihood classifier. Five LULC classes were found in the area (water, vegetation, urban, bare and fish farm) CA Markov model was applied to predict LULC changes using IDRISI software between each two consequent years. A predicted LULC map was obtained for 2025. This map can provide suggestions for future urban and vegetative planning in the studied area. This area was subject to severe changes from 2000 to 2018. Fish farms were significantly increased during this period. The predicted LULC map for 2025 indicates that large vegetative areas will be converted into urban and fish farms. The pollution sensitivity model showed that the eastern parts of the lake are more sensitive to pollution compared with the rest of the lake. Accordingly, protection of biodiversity in Edku Lake can be achieved based on future scenarios and measuring sensitivity of environmental factors and surrounding activities.
Hazem T Abd El-Hamid Muhammad Abdul-Hady El-Alfy Abdelhamid A Elnaggar
132715489
Urban Tree Leaf as Bio indicator for Air Pollution around Superphosphate Fertilizers Plant, Upper Egypt
For the purpose of this study, two common tree species namely: Ficus nitida and Eucalyptus golobulus were selected in the areas surrounding Asyut Superphosphate Fertilizer Plant, Upper Egypt. Physiological and anatomical responses of tree leaf due to airborne particles deposition were studied. Leaves exhibited reduction in their surface area, dry weight, chlorophyll contents, and an increase of carotenoids content. Anatomical features exhibited highly significant variations between control and polluted sites. All the measured parameters showed seasonal and plant species effects, where F. nitida appeared to be more sensitive than E. globulus. Correlation between leaf characteristics and the mass of captured leaf deposit reflects the existence of an association in between and the drastic conditions caused by the prevailing atmospheric pollution, recommend their using as biomarkers.
Ahmed A El-khatib Abdallah A El-Shanawany E M El-Amery
132176708
Indices of water quality and metal pollution of Nile River, Egypt
Abstract Nile River is the valued natural and exclusive source of fresh water in Egypt, where the drinking water supply is limited to the river. The water quality of 24 sites between Aswan and Cairo along the Nile was investigated. To evaluate the suitability of water for aquatic life and drinking purposes, the indices of water quality (WQI) heavy metal pollution (HPI) and contamination (Cd) were computed. The water quality variations were mainly related to inorganic nutrients and heavy metals, where, the sites affected by intensive load of urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater showed serious deterioration of water quality compared with other sites. The anthropogenic impact sites showed high HPI and Cd values and associated with high risks, where, most of the studied metals often exceeded the drinking water and aquatic life limits. The aquatic WQI indicated that the Nile water quality deteriorated and extended from poor to marginal, while drinking WQI varied from marginal to good. Accordingly, the river becoming unfit for aquatic life and the situation is getting worse by decreases in the water budget from the Nile in Egypt by building of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, where the dilution strength of the Nile system will reduce.
Amaal Mansour Abdel-Satar Mohamed H H Ali Mohamed El-Sherif Goher
99928090
Chemical characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 loads during air pollution episodes in Giza, Egypt
Abstract Several types of pollution episodes, including dust storm (DSs) haze dust (HDs) straw rice combustions (SRCs) are common phenomena and represent severe environmental hazard in Egypt. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the chemical characteristics of aerosol during air pollution episodes at an urban area in Giza, Egypt. PM2.5 samples during various PM episodes during 2013 2014 were collected and analyzed. Results indicate that the highest PM2.5 mass concentrations were found during DSs (250 mg/m3) followed by HDs (130 mg/m3) and SRCs (103 mg/m3) Average PM2.5 mass concentrations were 1.91, 3.68 and 1.68 times higher than on normal days (NDs) during HDs, DSs and SRCs, respectively. The highest total water soluble ions concentration was 61.1 mg/m3 during HDs, followed by SRCs (41.9 mg/m3) and DSs (35.2 mg/m3) SO42 is the most abundant chemical components on the three PM episodes. Secondary inorganic ions (NO3 SO42 and NH4+ were enriched during HDs. The total secondary inorganic ions concentrations were 3.17, 1.39 and 1.75 times higher than NDs during HDs days, DSs days and SRCs days, respectively. PM from SRCs showed high K+ and Cl SO42 /K+ NO3 /SO42 and Cl /K+ ratios proved effective as indicators for different pollution episodes. A Ca2+/Al ratio indicates that soil dust was dominant during DSs. Ion balance calculations indicated that PM2.5 from HDs was acidic, while the DSs and SRCs particles were alkaline and the NDs particle's was nearly neutral. The total crustal and anthropogenic metals concentrations were higher in DSs than other PM episodes and normal days. The enrichment factors values in PM episodes and normal days indicate that Fe and Mn in NDs, HDs, DSs and SRCs as well as Cr and Ni in DSs come mainly from crustal sources, whereas Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in PM episodes and NDs are anthropogenic.
Salwa K Hassan Mamdouh I Khoder
134638326
Temporal Variations of Urban Air Pollutants in Damietta Port, North Egypt
Air pollution is considered one of the most important factors that affect the surrounding environment and the human health. This study investigated seasonal variation in air pollutants parameters (CO, NO2, O3, SO2 and PM10) in Damietta Port (DP) Egypt using the archive data, from the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) branch in DP, for the period from 2015 to 2017. Statistical results showed that the mean concentration of CO was 2.7, 6.2 and 3.2 mg/m3 in 2015, 2016 and 2017 respectively. Mean concentration of NO2 was 27.9, 28.5, and 16.5 mg/m3 in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Ozone mean concentration was 27.7, 25.1, and 16.5 mg/m3 in 2015, 2016 and 2017. PM10 mean concentration was 83.5, 111, and 74.4 mg/m3 in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Mean concentration of SO2 was 17.5, 22.3, and 11.9 mg/m3 in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The CO concentration increased from 2015 to 2017, due to increasing port activities from vessels, cargo handling equipment, and heavyduty vehicles. On the other hand, ozone decreased from 2015 to 2017, and this may be related to the improvement and application of safety and environmental rules, and systems in the port. From the collected results, it was observed that some pollutant concentrations were exceeded, beyond the threshold limit for CO and PM10, according to Environmental Law no. 4/1994. Finally, we recommend to monitor and measure the concentration of different air pollutants in the port regularly, to assess, analyze, and control the environmental risks to achieve health in the surrounding environment for the port man power. Original Research Article Beheary et al. AJEE, 8(3) 1 9, 2018; Article no.AJEE.42760 2
Mokhtar S Beheary Ahmed Abdelaal Samira M Matar