pla market
109930092
Surface Modification of 3D Printed PLA Objects by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Review
Polylactic acid (PLA) filaments are very popular as a thermoplastic source used in the 3D printing field by the "Fused Deposition Modeling" method in the last decade. The PLA market is expected to reach 5.2 billion US dollars in 2020 for all of its industrial uses. On the other hand, 3D printing is an expanding technology that has a large economic potential in many industries where PLA is one of the main choices as the source polymer due to its ease of printing, environmentally friendly nature, glossiness and multicolor appearance properties. In this review, we first reported the chemical structure, production methods, general properties, and present market of the PLA. Then, the chemical modification possibilities of PLA and its use in 3D printers, present drawbacks, and the surface modification methods of PLA polymers in many different fields were discussed. Specifically, the 3D printing method where the PLA filaments are used in the extrusion based 3D printing technologies is reviewed in this article. Many methods have been proposed for the permanent surface modifications of the PLA where covalent attachments were formed such as alkaline surface hydrolysis, atom transfer polymerization, photografting by UV light, plasma treatment, and chemical reactions after plasma treatment. Some of these methods can be applied for surface modifications of PLA objects obtained by 3D printing for better performance in biomedical uses and other fields. Some recent publications reporting the surface modification of 3D printed PLA objects were also discussed.
Colloids and Interfaces
E Baran H Yildirim Erbil
131693098
Pla d'empresa de Market Point, S.L Explotacio de maquines expenedores
Miquel Reynes Homar
139909787
Rigid filler toughening in PLA Calcium Carbonate composites: Effect of particle surface treatment and matrix plasticization
Abstract In recent years the plastics market is moving towards biopolymers and the increasing demand of not oil derived products has led to the development of new composites deriving from renewable resources. Undoubtedly the most studied biopolymer is poly(lactic acid) (PLA) This work is focused on the use of rigid inorganic fillers as toughening agents, in order to obtain a rigid and tough PLA composite and enlarge the range of applications for PLA. The rigid filler toughening mechanism has been studied and, as toughening agent, commercial calcium carbonate particles with and without surface treatment have been compared. Because of the PLA intrinsic fragility, a plasticization of the matrix was necessary to favor the plastic deformation and consequently the stretching of interparticle ligaments. In particular, in this work, the effect of both the plasticizer and the particles surface treatment with stearic acid were analyzed. It has been observed that the surface treatment alone is not able to provide a significant increase in the PLA toughness. In fact, the particle surface coating favors the particles dispersion and reduces the adhesion with the matrix, favoring debonding, but the plastic deformation of the matrix around the voids is not significant without a plasticizer addition. Moreover, the best impact performance and ductility were achieved with the surface treated calcium carbonate, in agreement with a more controlled growth of voids formation during material solicitation, as resulting from tensile dilatometric tests.
European Polymer Journal
Laura Aliotta Patrizia Cinelli Maria Beatrice Coltelli Andrea Lazzeri
182903779
Differential thermal analysis of the antibacterial effect of PLA based materials planned for 3D printing
Additive manufacturing technologies give many new application possibilities in our everyday life. Biomedical applications benefit a lot from 3D printing. In medical applications, several devices can be easily produced or prototyped with FFF/FDM technologies, but we must minimize the contamination risk. New materials regularly appear on the market, recently specified as antibacterial, resulting from compounded silver nanoparticles. Because scientifically accurate and practical information is not available, this way, we lack information regarding mechanical and thermal stability of the printed products. In addition, these parameters are essential in the setting and optimizing the 3D printers. In our recent study, we aimed to analyze PLA, PLA HDT as well as PLA Ag nanocomposite in the form of additive manufacturing filament, with DTA/TG. The results showed that these composites, based on their thermal characteristics, can be suitable for 3D print biomedical devices such as orthoses, casts, medical models and also surgical guides; therefore, their further examination should be important, regarding mechanical characteristics and their possible antibacterial effect.
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Peter Maroti Bela Kocsis Andrea Ferencz Miklos Nyitrai Denes Lorinczy
132832324
Particulate systems of PLA and its copolymers
Abstract Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and its copolymers are widely used in biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and tunable physicochemical properties. Various delivery systems, such as depot, micelle, implant, injectable suspension, and particles have been explored with these copolymers ranging from nano to micron size. The clinical translation of these systems from preclinical experimental settings is an ever evolving field with incremental advancements. PLA and its copolymer based particulate system are well known for controlled delivery of various therapeutic molecules, including drugs, proteins, genes, and vaccines. They have marked their presence in the market for the treatment of various diseases. Despite continuous innovations in particulate formulation technology, these particles face many challenges, such as low encapsulation efficiency, termination sterilization, particle heterogeneity, etc. This chapter describes formulation aspects of poly(lactic acid) and its copolymer based particulate system, ongoing research in this area, and clinical products available on market. Existing challenges associated with formulation and delivery are also covered.
Anjali Jain Wahid Khan Agnieszka Kyziol
103993541
Recent research and development of PLGA/PLA microspheres/nanoparticles: A review in scientific and industrial aspects
Poly(D,L lactic co glycolic acid) (PLGA)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) microspheres/nanoparticles are one of the most successful drug delivery systems (DDS) in lab and clinic. Because of good biocompatibility and biodegradability, they can be used in various areas, such as long term release system, vaccine adjuvant, tissue engineering, etc. There have been 15 products available on the US market, but the system still has many problems during development and manufacturing, such as wide size distribution, drug stability issues, and so on. Recently, many new and modified methods have been developed to overcome the above problems. Some of the methods are easy to scale up, and have been available on the market to achieve pilot scale or even industrial production scale. Furthermore, the relevant FDA guidance on the DDS is still incomplete, especially for abbreviated new drug application. In this review, we present some recent achievement of the PLGA/PLA microspheres/nanoparticles, and discuss some promising manufacturing methods. Finally, we focus on the current FDA guidance on the DDS. The review provides an overview on the development of the system in pharmaceutical industry.
Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering
Feng Qi Jie Wu Hao Li Guanghui Ma
208279880
A FULLY BIODEGRADABLE PLA/PBS COMPOSITE REINFORCED WITH WOOD FLOUR
The development rate of the biodegradable polymers market has been rising year by year, mainly due to the increasing demand of replacing non biodegradable polymer plastics with their environment friendly representatives. In spite of this, the contribution of biodegradable polymers on the overall plastic market is still marginal. Besides the price, their poor mechanical properties, which may not stand up to the requirements that plastics are expected to meet, are responsible for that. That is why, many biodegradable polymer blends, modified with different fillers, are under investigation. In this work, a PLA/PBS system was reinforced with wood flour and additionally modified with a chain extender. As a result, macromolecular chain extension was observed, as well as an improvement in tensile strength, whereas elasticity remained at the same level as that for the wood flour filled composite. The water absorption rate increased as a function of filler concentration. Contrary to rheological and mechanical test results, no significant influence of the chain extender was observed.
Joanna Ludwiczak Stanislaw Frackowiak Karol Leluk Beata Hanus-Lorenz
202208242
Study of Bio Based Foams Prepared from PBAT/PLA Reinforced with Bio Calcium Carbonate and Compatibilized with Gamma Radiation
Foamed polymers are future materials, considered "green materials" due to their properties with very low consumption of raw materials; they can be used to ameliorate appearance of structures besides contributing for thermal and acoustic insulation. Nevertheless, waste disposal has generated about 20 30% of total of solid volume in landfills besides prejudicing flora and fauna by uncontrolled disposal. The development of biodegradable polymers aims to solve this problem, considering that in 2012, bio plastics market was evaluated in 1.4 million tons produced and in 2017 attained 6.2 million tons. Biodegradable polymers as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate co terephthalate) (PBAT) are thermoplastics which can be processed using the most conventional polymer processing methods. PLA is high in strength and modulus but brittle, while PBAT is flexible and tough. In order to reduce interfacial tension exhibited by PLA/PBAT blends, it was used as compatibilizing agent 5 phr of PLA previously gamma radiated at 150 kGy. Ionizing radiation induces compatibilization by free radicals, improving the dispersion and adhesion of blend phases, without using chemical additives and at room temperature. As a reinforcement agent, calcium carbonate from avian eggshell waste was used, at 10 ph of micro particles, 125 mm. Admixtures were further processed in a singlescrew extruder, using CO2 as physical blowing agent (PBA) Property investigations were performed by DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and mechanical essays.
Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications
Elizabeth C L Cardoso Duclerc F Parra Sandra R Scagliusi Ricardo M Sales Fernando Caviquioli Ademar B Lugao
168813161
Smart work: The transformation of the labour market due to the fourth industrial revolution (I4.0)
Purpose This article explores how the fourth industrial revolution is transforming the labour market by demanding new professional skills and by digitalizing jobs done by the human resources of companies. A further aim is to postulate on new professions which will, in the future, be in high demand and the skills that will be required to fulfill those job non robotized profiles. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed methodology is, firstly, an analysis of the impact of digitalization on the labor market in those economies experiencing the digital revolution. Secondly, an expert survey of university professors is conducted and curricula of universities are evaluated in order to analyze if higher education institutions are aware of future digital trends and what measures and teaching methods professors use to prepare their students to encounter these trends. Findings: Based on the results, future jobs of highly demand will be described, as will the skill sets needed to fulfill those jobs. Furthermore, a call of action to the higher education sector will be made to encourage universities to prepare future graduates for a new labor market reality. Research limitations/implications: The results of the research are expected to serve as a reflection on how the digital revolution is transforming the labor market and how universities can support students in order to enhance their employability. Conversely, an analysis of jobs that are expected to be in demand in the near future new occupations will appear and some will slowly disappear as they become automated will encourage students to better prepare themselves for their professional careers and give them a clearer perspective about the labor market they will work in, upon completion of their education. Originality/value: The skills portfolio, introduced by the authors of the present article, shall support universities and professors with future adaptions.
Birgit Eberhard Mickael Podio Azucena Perez Alonso Evita Radovica Lidija Avotina Liga Peiseniece Maria Caamano Sendon Alison Gonzales Lozano Joan Sole-Pla
2296220
An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research.
The concept of biodegradable plastics is of considerable interest with respect to solid waste accumulation. Greater efforts have been made in developing degradable biological materials without any environmental pollution to replace oil based traditional plastics. Among numerous kinds of degradable polymers, polylactic acid sometimes called polylactide, an aliphatic polyester and biocompatible thermoplastic, is currently a most promising and popular material with the brightest development prospect and was considered as the 'green' eco friendly material. Biodegradable plastics like polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxybutyrate, etc. are commercially available for controlled drug releases, implantable composites, bone fixation parts, packaging and paper coatings, sustained release systems for pesticides and fertilizers and compost bags etc. This review will provide information on current PLA market, brief account on recent developments in the synthesis of lactic acid (monomer of PLA) through biological route, PLA synthesis, unique material properties of PLA and modification of those by making copolymers and composites, PLA degradation and its wide spectrum applications.
Bioresource technology
Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri Nimisha Rajendran Nair Rojan Pappy John