Tiwanaku
213953809
Crossing the western Altiplano: The ecological context of Tiwanaku migrations
Abstract Mobility and migration are critical processes that influence cultural and socio economic development, and have lasting effects on demographic and ecological arrangements. However, these are ephemeral behaviors which are difficult to reconstruct archaeologically. Here, we employ geospatial approaches to reconstruct mobility corridors likely used by Tiwanaku migrants during the Andean Middle Horizon, ca. AD 500 1000. Prehispanic mobility relied on caravans of Andean camelids. We reconstruct probable mobility corridors while comparing cost and permeability based modeling approaches. We further use remote sensing to examine how modern ecological dynamics relate to modeled mobility corridors. Imagery from the Landsat family of multispectral satellites is used to document the response of green vegetation to seasonal and interannual moisture variability. We find that there is a statistically significant increase in the amount of perennially green vegetation land cover along the corridor linking Tiwanaku with its principal colonial enclaves on the Pacific coast. Such perennially green vegetation provides a critical resource for prehispanic caravans. The data indicate a relationship between high volumes of migration and enhanced vegetation. We explore whether Tiwanaku migration routes were established in part on the basis of this resource, or if modern land cover reflects an anthropogenic legacy.
Benjamin R Vining Patrick Ryan Williams
228898891
The Sunawa Monolith and a Genre of Extended Arm Sculptures at Tiwanaku, Bolivia
From pre Columbian times until today, monolithic stone sculptures have constituted the public face of Tiwanaku. Researchers, however, have nearly exclusively focused on the sculptural class that we term "presentation monoliths" anthropomorphic lithic beings that hold a chicha goblet in one hand and a snuff tablet in the other. Here, we direct attention to a complementary set of sculptures we designate "extended arm monoliths," focusing specifically on a sculpture known as the Sunawa Monolith. We argue that the Sunawa, together with its likely companion sculpture, the Pachakama, was one of several monoliths that belonged to this class, which constituted figures positioned to guard or accompany presentation monoliths. Accordingly, the iconography of the Sunawa Monolith depicts themes of sacrificial violence and vegetative generation. We suggest that Tiwanaku monumental sculpture encompassed an entire "society" of animate, differentiated, transacting monoliths that included not just presentation figures but also other beings, including attendant extended arm monoliths.
Nawpa Pacha
Anna Marie Guengerich John Wayne Janusek
226103652
USO Y CONSUMO DE LA FAUNA EN LOS SECTORES WILA PUKARA Y POKOTIA, SITIO TIWANAKU, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA
Los sectores arqueologicos de Wila Pukara y Pokotia se encuentran tres kilometros al sur del sitiomonumental de Tiwanaku, fueron excavados en 2014 por la Mision Arqueologica Pucara Tiahuanaco apoyada por el Ministere de l'Europe et des Affaires Etrangeres frances y el Centro de Investigaciones Arqueologicas Antropologicas y Administracion de Tiwanaku. Posteriormente a traves de un conveniocon el Laboratorio de Zooarqueologia de la Universidad Mayor de San Andres de La Paz, se analizaronlos restos arqueofaunisticos de los contextos relacionados con un monticulo ceremonial y niveles arquitectonicos. El objetivo del analisis arqueofaunistico fue estudiar las caracteristicas de la fauna de Wila Pukara yPokotia entre 500 DC y 1400 DC en los diferentes contextos culturales para entender la explotacion delos recursos naturales por los actores prehispanicos identificados en la pampa de Achaca. La metodologia utilizada tomo en cuenta la identificacion anatomica, taxonomica, determinacion de edad y sexo (solopara camelidos) osteometria y analisis tafonomico.Los resultados indican que tanto en el sector de Wila Pukara como en Pokotia, la fauna mas explotadafueron los camelidos, tanto para el consumo alimenticio como para materia prima, esta ultimacaracterizada por una industria expeditiva y otra de artefactos elaborados. En los dos sectores se continuacon el patron unificador del Estado Tiahuanaco en relacion con la explotacion mayoritaria de camelidosy minimamente microfauna (Fulica sp.
Velia Mendoza Espana Francois Cuynet
230628962
Water Engineering at Precolumbian AD 600 1100 Tiwanaku's Urban Center (Bolivia)
The pre Columbian World Heritage site of Tiwanaku (AD 600 1100) located in highland altiplano Bolivia is shown to have a unique urban water supply system with many advanced hydraulic and hydrological features. By use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of the city water system, new revelations as to the complexity of the water system are brought forward. The water system consists of a perimeter drainage channel surrounding the ceremonial center of the city. A network of surface canals and subterranean channels connected to the perimeter drainage channel are supplied by multiple canals from a rainfall collection reservoir. The perimeter drainage channel provides rapid draining of rainy season rainfall runoff together with aquifer drainage of intercepted rainfall; water collected in the perimeter drainage channel is then directed to the Tiwanaku River then on to Lake Titicaca. During the dry season aquifer drainage continues into the perimeter drainage channel; additional water is directed into the drainage channel from a recently discovered, reservoir connected M channel. Two subterranean channels beneath the ceremonial center were supplied by M channel water delivered into the perimeter drainage channel that served to remove waste from the ceremonial center structures conveyed to the nearby Tiwanaku River. From control of the water supply to/from the perimeter drainage channel during wet and dry seasonal changes, stabilization of the deep groundwater level was achieved this resulted in the stabilization of monumental ceremonial structure's foundations, a continuous water supply to inner city agricultural zones, water pools for urban use and health benefits for the city population through moisture level reduction in city ceremonial and secular urban housing structures.
Charles R Ortloff
213687032
A new environmental and spatial approach to the Tiwanaku World Heritage site (Bolivia) using remote sensing (UAV and satellite images)
Maria E Perez Gonzalez Jose I Gallego Revilla
225509480
New discoveries and perspectives on water management and state structure at ad 300 1100 Tiwanaku's Urban Center (Bolivia)
Charles R Ortloff
224917784
Rejecting, reinventing, resituating
Nicola Sharratt
225642553
Archaeometric analysis of ceramic production in Tiwanaku state c .500 1000 ce An exploratory study
Juan Pablo Ogalde Antti Korpisaari C Riera-Soto Bernardo Arriaza Carolina Paipa P Leyton Marcelo Campos-Vallette Nelson Lara Juan Chacama
226006392
Author response for "ARCHAEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC PRODUCTION IN THE TIWANAKU STATE (CA. 500 1000 A.D. AN EXPLORATORY STUDY"
219427246
Exploring Family, Ethnic, and Regional Identities among Tiwanaku Affiliated Communities in Moquegua, Peru
Kent M Johnson