classification of dinosaurs
131106051
II.Classification of Dinosaurs
In the present review of the Dinosaurs, I have confined myself mainly to the type specimens which I have described, but have included with them other important remains where these were available for investigation. The extensive collections in the museum of Yale University contain so many of the important type specimens now known from America, that they alone furnish an admirable basis for classification, and it was upon these mainly that I first established the present system, which has since been found to hold equally good for the Dinosaurs discovered elsewhere. In the further study of these reptiles, it was also necessary to examine both the European forms and those from other parts of the world, and I have now studied nearly every known specimen of importance. These investigations have enabled me to make this classification more complete, and to bring it down to the present time.
Othniel Charles Marsh
85494059
Why did the dinosaurs become extinct? Could cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) deficiency be the answer?
Abstract Palaeontological deductions from the fossil remnants of extinct dinosaurs tell us much about their classification into species as well as about their physiological and behavioural characteristics. Geological evidence indicates that dinosaurs became extinct at the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene eras, about 66 million years ago, at a time when there was worldwide environmental change resulting from the impact of a large celestial object with the Earth and/or from vast volcanic eruptions. However, apart from the presumption that climate change and interference with food supply contributed to their extinction, no biological mechanism has been suggested to explain why such a diverse range of terrestrial vertebrates ceased to exist. One of perhaps several contributing mechanisms comes by extrapolating from the physiology of the avian descendants of dinosaurs. This raises the possibility that cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) deficiency of developing embryos in dinosaur eggs could have caused their death before hatching, thus extinguishing the entire family of dinosaurs through failure to reproduce.
Journal of Nutritional Science
David R Fraser
132678822
Classification of American duck billed dinosaurs
Charles Mortram Sternberg
204820047
Image Classification Based on transfer Learning of Convolutional neural network
Aiming at the issue of timeliness and lack of partial image data in life, an algorithm, transfer learning which based on convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed, combining image histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) feature extraction method and support vector machine (SVM) pre classification method. Firstly, the HOG features of the training sample similar to the attributes of the samples which to be classified are extracted, then the hog features of the training samples are imported into the SVM classifier to get the pre classification results. Finally, the pre classification results are used as training samples to train the transfer network of CNN for getting new transfer learning model, this model can be used to classify similar pre classification samples. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of the five categories of elephants and dinosaurs used in this paper is effectively improved, and the overall classification accuracy can reach 95% compared with the traditional classifier algorithm and convolutional neural network algorithm. The classification accuracy has been improved by about 5%\frac{1}{2}
2019 Chinese Control Conference (CCC)
Yunyan Wang Chongyang Wang Lengkun Luo Zhigang Zhou
4196759
Classification and Evolution of Ornithopod Dinosaurs
ALTHOUGH I agree with the main themes of Thulborn on the origin of ornithischian dinosaurs1 3, I disagree4 6 with the current classification of the family Hypsilophodontidae7 8, in respect to premaxillary teeth as a diagnostic feature, cheeks, cheek teeth and locomotor capabilities.
Nature
Peter M Galton
82330329
Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs
Preface. 1. Why Study Dinosaurs? 2. Overview of Scientific Methods. 3. History of Dinosaur Studies. 4. Paleontology and Geology as Sciences. 5. Dinosaur Anatomy and Classification. 6. Dinosaur Evolution. 7. Dinosaur Taphonomy. 8. Dinosaur Physiology. 9. Theropoda. 10. Sauropodomorpha. 11. Ornithopoda. 12. Thyreophora. 13. Marginocephalia. 14. Dinosaur Ichnology. 15. Birds as Dinosaurs. 16. Dinosaur Extinctions. Glossary. Index
Anthony J Martin
129792059
I. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria
Three classifications of the Dinosauria have been proposed, which differ from each other in the principles on which their authors proposed to make the divisions. First in time is Professor Cope's classification 'Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. November 13th, 1866, and December 31st, 1867; 'Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. vol. 14, Part I) He relied upon the characters of the tarsus and the ilium; and on their varied condition divided Dinosaurs into three orders named Orthopoda, Goniopoda, and Symphopoda. In the Orthopoda, the generic types associated are Scelidosaurus, Hylaeosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hadrosaurus. And in this group the relations of the tibia and fibula are compared to those of modern Lizards, the proximal tarsals being distinct from each other and from the tibia. The ilium has a narrowed anterior prolongation.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
Harry Govier Seeley
130226160
Genesis and the Demise of the Dinosaurs
The taxonomic divisions presented primarily by God in the Bible differ in part from the Linnaean classification system, which is familiar to modern biology. An evaluation was completed of the usage of the Hebrew terms for each division during the Creation week, after the Fall, during the Flood, and later in Biblical history. The analysis suggests that dinosaurs declined significantly after the Fall and before the Noachian Deluge. Conversely, after the Fall, mammals increased markedly. This conclusion runs contrary to other creationist theories that suggest that most dinosaurs died during or after the Flood. The Bible suggests these trends may have occurred for theological reasons: the danger that dinosaurs posed to the existence of mankind, their susceptibility to demonic influence, and their capabilities under infernal control.
Joel D Klenck
131512431
Parataxonomic classification of ornithoid eggshell fragments from the Oldman Formation (Judith River Group; Upper Cretaceous) southern Alberta
Examination of a large number of eggshell fragments collected from the Oldman Formation of southern Alberta reveals a greater ootaxonomic diversity than is known from complete eggs or clutches. Three new oogenera and oospecies of the ornithoid ratite morphotype and one of the ornithoid prismatic morphotype are established, based on the eggshell fragments. Porituberoolithus warnerensis oogen. et oosp. nov. and Continuoolithus canadensis oogen. et oosp. nov. have a microstructure similar to that of elongatoolithid eggs of theropod dinosaurs. Tristraguloolithus cracioides oogen. et oosp. nov. and Dispersituberoolithus exilis oogen. et oosp. nov. possess an external zone and thus have a microstructure like modern avian eggshell. Tristraguloolithus has a shell thickness, microstructure, and surface sculpture similar to those of recent bird eggshell of the family Cracidae (order Galliformes) Dispersituberoolithus exhibits the primitive or normal eggshell condition of some recent neognathous avian taxa. The ootaxa described indicate a diversity of both avian and theropod dinosaur egg layers within Devil9s Coulee and Knight9s Ranch, southern Alberta, during the Late Cretaceous.
Darla K Zelenitsky Len V Hills Philip J Currie
4334543
Phylogeny and classification of thecodontian reptiles
Thecodontians have long been recognized as the basal stock from which all other archosaurs were derived, but their phylogeny and classification are very confused, and the origin and evolution of archosaurs are consequently still poorly understood. The skull and skeletal morphology of thecodontians is confusingly uniform, and many palaeontologists feel that the ankle joint may provide a more useful clue to the phylogeny and classification of these groups1,2. I attempt here to trace some of the thecodontian lineages on the basis of tarsal anatomy. The major structural changes from thecodontian to dinosaurs are most clearly visible in the pelvis and hind limbs, associated with improvement of gait from the 'sprawler' through the 'semi improved' to the 'fully improved' condition3,4. As a result, the function of the ankle joint was modified from a simple flexible base for the leg to the more advanced role of a lever. For this reason, an understanding of thecodontian tarsi is necessary if we are to understand the evolution of the later archosaurs.
Nature
Sankar Chatterjee