kiwifruit  fertigation
127160306
Fertigation of no benefit for kiwifruit
In a field trial at Te Puke, North Island, New Zealand, kiwifruit vines received a proportion of their nutrient requirements as solid fertiliser and the rest by fertigation. Soil solution concentrations of nitrate and potassium in the late season were 2 3 fold higher in fertigated plots, but after three years the vines showed little response to fertigation. Vines supplied with solid fertiliser only had similar yields to fertigated vines in all three years, but vines receiving fertigation had lower potassium levels than those which received all solid fertiliser in years 2 and 3.
Ken B Marsh R L Parfitt B M Stowell
83428805
Effect of fertigation on growth, yield, fruit quality and fertilizer use efficiency of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
An experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 to study the effect of fertigation on growth, yield, fruit quality and fertilizer use efficiency of 18 year old kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev. vine grown under mid hill condition of Himachal Pradesh. Four fertigation treatments, viz full, 3/4, 1/2 and 1/3 of recommended dose of NPK and recommended dose of NPK as soil application were tried. Fertigation treatments significantly increased the vine growth (155.24 and 168.50 cm) yield (88.00 and 69.65 kg/vine) and fruit quality parameters as compared to soil fertilization. The highest shoot growth (155.24 and 168.50 cm) and trunk girth (2.26 and 2.31 cm) was recorded in fertigation with recommended dose of NPK fertilizers. The fruit yield (88.00 and 69.65 kg/vine) size (71.13mm x 46.59mm and 66.74mm x 42.30 mm) weight (79.10 and 72.31g) and quality of fruits, and leaf nutrient contents (2.99 and 3.05 N, 0.28 and 0.31% P, 2.25 and 2.37% K and 0.52 and 0.55 Mg) were significantly higher under fertigation with recommended dose and 3/4 of recommended dose of NPK compared with the soil fertilization with recommended dose of NPK and lower doses of NPK applied through drip irrigation. Fertigation with 3/4 of recommended dose of NPK significantly increased the vegetative growth (144.40 and 156.90 cm) fruit yield (86.00 and 65.93 kg/vine) proportion of 'A' grade fruits (58.00 and 36.53 kg/ vine) size (70.55mm x 45.25mm and 66.88mm x43.31 mm) weight (78.80 and 71.36 g) and quality of fruits as compared to soil fertilization with a 25 saving of fertilizers. Although the fertilizer use efficiency was found higher under fertigation with 1/3 of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers, yet the fruit size (65.24mm x 39.13mm and 62.02mm x 38.54 mm) yield (70 0 0 and 58.15 kg/vine) and proportion of 'A' grade fruits (18.00 and 15.20 kg/vine) and net returns (Rs 5 91 408 and Rs 4 86 835 /ha) were significantly reduced compared with the fertigation with full and 3/4 of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers. Fertigation with 3/4 of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers had higher fertilizer use efficiency than the recommended dose of NPK applied both through drip and soil application, that gave higher net returns (Rs10 00 524 and Rs 6 87 747 /ha) without affecting the size, yield and quality of fruits.
Neena Chauhan J S Chandel
84816632
Effect of fertigation and hydrogen cyanamide on fruit production, nutrient uptake, and fruit quality in kiwifruit
Abstract In a 3 year field trial, kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines received 40% of their nutrient requirements by fertigation and the rest as solid fertiliser. All plots received 158 kg/ha nitrogen (N) and 294 kg/ha potassium (K) After 3 years the vines receiving fertigation showed no advantage over those receiving a conventional solid fertiliser programme in yield, or leaf nutrient levels for kiwifruit. The quality of fruit from vines supplied with or without fertigation was assessed at harvest, and at several times during 22 week storage trials. Fruit appeared relatively unaffected by fertigation, and no difference in storage behaviour of the fruit was recorded. The interaction between fertiliser response and crop load was investigated by applying hydrogen cyanamide to create two crop loads. Hydrogen cyanamide increased fruit numbers by c. 30% in 2 out of 3 years, but had little effect on the response to fertigation.
Ken B Marsh B M Stowell
84176453
Root uptake, storage and remobilisation of autumn applied nitrogen to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines
L'absorption racinaire, la subdivision, la conservation, et la redistribution de l'azote au niveau des racines ont ete etudiees sur des jeunes plantes de kiwi cv Hayward portant des fruits et cultives en pots. Deux rations de nitrate d'ammonium enrichi en 15 N [3,3 g (LN) et 10,0 g (HN) N par plante] ont ete distribuees 1 mois avant la recolte des fruits. Les fruits de kiwi ont absorbe 44 68 du 1 5 N fourni a l'automne, qui a ete stocke principalement dans le systeme racinaire (61 Le 15 N a represente 22 et 36 respectivement de l'azote total contenu dans les fruits des plantes LN et HN. Les feuilles ont retenu la plus grande partie de l'azote marque au cours de la senescence et 23 seulement de l'azote d'automne est reste dans les organes perennes. Le 15 N fourni a l'automne a ete remobilise au printemps pour la croissance des jeunes pousses et le degre de remobilisation dans les fleurs et les fruits a ete fonction de la quantite de fertilisant. Les nouvelles pousses contenaient 31 de l'azote total marque stocke durant l'hiver.
Massimo Tagliavini Paolo Inglese Adamo Domenico Rombola
97000860
Effect of Hydrogen Cyanamide (Dormext) on Replacing Lack of Chilling in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
Abstract It has been shown that the 'Hayward' kiwifruit, Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev. C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa, requires 1000 chilling hours for satisfactory production of female flowers, leading to full cropping in the southeastern United States. Part of the area along the Gulf Coast of the United States frequently suffers from inadequate winter chilling, resulting in poor cropping of 'Hay ward' Studies were conducted in Alabama over a four year period in a mature 'Hayward' planting near the Gulf Coast to evaluate the efficacy of hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) sprays in replacing lack of chilling and improving cropping. Rates of 1% 1.5% and 2% (v/v) of hydrogen cyanamide (sold commercially as Dormex) significantly increased yield, with the highest rate providing the maximum yield when applied 3 to 4 weeks before normal budbreak. Fruit size and overall fruit quality from hydrogen cyanamide treatments were good. Hydrogen cyanamide sprays performed quite well when only 600 to 700 chilling hours were received in the test area.
Arlie A Powell David Glenn Himelrick Ed Tunnell
129530830
Injection Rates and Components of a Fertigation System
Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawai'i without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. CTAHR publications can be found on the Web site <http:/www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs> Injection Rates and Components of a Fertigation System
Ali Fares Farhat Abbas
96655165
Application of wood ash compared with fertigation for improving the nutritional status and fruit production of kiwi vines
Summary Application of wood ash can potentially improve the fertility of acid soils and the nutritional status of crops. However, there is limited information about the effectiveness of this practice with fruit trees. The application of wood ash as a fertilizer in a kiwifruit plantation both with and without fertigation/irrigation was compared with that of a conventional fertigation program in a completely randomized field experiment on an acid soil in northwest (NW) Spain. The effects on plant nutritional status and on fruit yield, as well as environmental effects, were evaluated over a period of 2 y. The application of wood ash led to modest increases in soil pH and extractable nutrients (phosphorus, P; calcium, Ca; magnesium, Mg; potassium, K; boron, B) However, no consistent effects in foliar nutrient concentrations were found. Ash application led to an increase of up to 45% in the number of fruits produced, which was mainly attributed to the inputs of Ca and Mg. Although moderate increases in soil available manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni) after ash application were recorded, there were no changes in heavy metal concentrations in leaves or fruits. From the results of the study it can be concluded that wood ash can be used to improve the growth conditions of kiwi vines on acidic soils. Wood ash should be applied at rates adapted to the liming needs of the soil, while also taking into account the chemical composition of the ash.
Agustin Merino V Otero Beatriz Omil Beatriz Lastra Veronica Pineiro Pedro Pablo Gallego
41274178
Kiwifruit proteins and enzymes: actinidin and other significant proteins.
Protein is a minor but significant component of kiwifruit. Crude protein is typically measured at about 1% of fresh weight; however, soluble protein is much less, around 0.3% The difference can be accounted for by nonprotein nitrogen and insoluble protein, such as polypeptide chains forming part of the cell wall. Kiwifruit soluble protein is mostly accounted for by the proteolytic enzyme actinidin and its inactive forms, a so called thaumatin like protein and an unusual protein called kiwellin, which has no known function. Actinidin is the predominant enzyme in kiwifruit and can play a role in aiding the digestive process. There is also a wide range of enzymes involved in the ripening of kiwifruit, particularly enzymes involved in polysaccharide and oligosaccharide metabolism and in the development of flavor and aroma compounds. Whether the enzymatic actions of these have any effect during the consumption and digestion of kiwifruit is not known, although any noticeable effect is unlikely. Some enzymes are likely to have an effect on flavor, texture, and nutritional values, during storage, processing, and preparation of kiwifruit.
Advances in food and nutrition research
Michael J Boland
22848128
Fruit calcium accumulation coupled and uncoupled from its transpiration in kiwifruit.
Accumulation of Ca in several fleshy fruit is often supposed to depend, among others, by climatic variables driving fruit transpiration. This study tests the whole causal chain hypothesis: VPD fruit transpiration Ca accumulation. Also there are evidences that relationship between fruit transpiration and Ca content is not always clear, hence the hypothesis that low VPD reduces the fraction of xylemic water destined to transpiration was tested by examining the water budget of fruit. Attached fruits of Actinidia deliciosa were subjected to Low (L) and High (H) VPD. Their transpiration was measured from early after fruit set to day 157 after full bloom (DAFB) Fruits were picked at 70, 130 and 157 DAFB for Ca and K determinations and for water budget analysis. Cumulative transpired water was 70 g and 16 g H2O f( 1) in HVPD and LVPD, respectively. Calcium accumulated linearly (R(2) 0.71) with cumulative transpiration when VPD was high, while correlation was weaker (R(2) 0.24) under LVPD. Under low VPD the fraction of xylem stream destined to transpiration declined to 40 50% Results suggest that Ca accumulation is coupled to cumulative transpiration under high VPD because under that condition cumulative transpiration equals xylem stream (which carry the nutrient) At LVPD, Ca gain by fruit is uncoupled from transpiration because 60% of the xylemic water is needed to sustain fruit growth. Results will apply to most fruits (apples, tomatoes, capsicum, grapes etc. since most suffer Ca deficiency disorders and grow in changing environments with variable VPD, also they could be supportive for the implementation of fruit quality models accounting also for mineral compositions and for a reinterpretation of certain field practices aimed at naturally improve fruit Ca content.
Journal of plant physiology
Giuseppe Montanaro Bartolomeo Dichio Alexander Lang Alba Nicoletta Mininni Cristos Xiloyannis
16848104
Response of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertigation to "Waris" Almond (Prunus dulcis) under Northwestern Himalayan Region of India
A field experiment was conducted on almond (Prunus dulcis) to study the effect of N&K fertigation on growth, yields and leaf nutrient status over two seasons (2011 and 2012) in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. There were six treatments, namely, T1 100% recommended dose of fertilizers as soil application, T2 100% RDF through fertigations, T3 75% RDF through fertigation, T4 75% RDF through fertigation (split application) T5 50% RDF through fertigation and T6 50% RDF through fertigation (split application) with three replications under randomized block design. The results indicated that the maximum tree height (3.21 m and 3.56 m) nut weight (2.73 g and 1.94 g) nut yield (2.41 kg/tree and 5.98 kg/tree; 2.67 t/ha and 6.64 t/ha) and leaf nutrient content (2.34 and 2.38% N; 0.14 and 0.17% P; 1.37 and 1.41% K) were recorded in T4 treatment, whereas the highest TCSA of main trunk, primary, secondary, and tertiary branches (72.67 and 90.28 cm2; 16.75 and 24.26 cm2; 3.83 and 7.49 cm2; 0.47 and 1.23 cm2) canopy volume (7.15 and 8.11 m3) and fruit number (990 and 3083/tree) were recorded in T2 in almond variety Waris.
TheScientificWorldJournal
Dinesh Kumar Nazeer Ahmed