122027905
Production of charmed mesons inZ decays
AbstractThe production of charmed mesons
$$\mathop {D^0 }\limits^{( - )} $$
,D±, andD*± is studied in a sample of 478,000 hadronicZ decays. The production rates are measured to be
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{{\Gamma ({\rm Z} \to D^{* \pm } X)}}{{\Gamma _{had} }} = 0.187 \pm 0.015(\exp .) \pm 0.013(BR), \hfill \\ \frac{{\Gamma ({\rm Z} \to D^ \pm X)}}{{\Gamma _{had} }} = 0.251 \pm 0.026(\exp .) \pm 0.025(BR), \hfill \\ \frac{{\Gamma ({\rm Z} \to \mathop {D^0 }\limits^{( - )} X)}}{{\Gamma _{had} }} = 0.518 \pm 0.052(\exp .) \pm 0.035(BR), \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
 where the errors from this analysis are separated from those coming from theD branching ratios (BR). TheD*± momentum distribution is extracted separately for
$$Z \to c\bar c$$
 and
$$Z \to b\bar b$$
 events with the help of event shape variables. It is consistent with the prediction of the JETSET Monte Carlo program after adjustment of the charm fragmentation function. Constraining the shape of the
$$Z \to b\bar b$$
 contribution, the average fraction of the beam energy taken by aD* meson produced in the fragmentation of a charm quark is extracted by a parametric fit to be c=0.495±0.011±0.007. Evidence forD**0 (D1(2420)0 and/orD2*(2460)0) production is found in the
$$D^{* \pm } \pi ^ \mp $$
 channel, accounting for a fraction (18±5±2)% of allD*± production. The relative production of vector and pseudoscalar mesons is dicussed, together with the possible effects ofD** production. Thec-quark forward-backwardZ-pole asymmetry is detrmined from that of high momentumD*± to beAFB0,c=(7.7±4.4)%.
122204997
First measurement of the quark-to-photon fragmentation function
Earlier measurements at LEP of isolated hard photons in hadronic Z decays, attributed to radiation from primary quark pairs, have been extended in the ALEPH experiment to include hard photon productioninside hadron jets. Events are selected where all particles combine democratically to form hadron jets, one of which contains a photon with a fractional energyz≥0.7. After statistical subtraction of non-prompt photons, the quark-to-photon fragmentation function,D(z), is extracted directly from the measured 2-jet rate. By taking into account the perturbative contributions toD(z) obtained from anO(ααs) QCD calculation, the unknown non-perturbative component ofD(z) is then determined at highz. Provided due account is taken of hadronization effects nearz=1, a good description of the other event topologies is then found.
122230572
A measurement of the ratio of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in neutrino interactions between 30 and 200 GeV
Abstract A new measurement of the ratio R = σ L / σ T of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in neutrino interactions on iron between 30 and 190 GeV neutrino energy is reported. The result is given as a function of the scale parameter x and the inelasticity ν of the interaction. The average value is R = 0.10 ± 0.07 around ν ≈ 50 GeV and is in accordance with a prediction from the QCD theory.
122041721
Production of excited beauty states inZ decays
AbstractA data sample of about 3.0 million hadronicZ decays collected by the ALEPH experiment at LEP in the years 1991 through 1994 is used to make an inclusive selection of B hadron events. In this event sample 4227±140±252B* mesons in the decayB*→Bγ and 1944±108±161B**u,d mesons decaying into a B meson and a charged pion are reconstructed. Here and in the followingB**u,d denotes the eightL=1(bū) and (bd) states and their charge conjugate.For the well establishedB* meson the following quantities are obtained:ΔM=MB*−MB=(45.30±0.35±0.87) MeV/c2 andNB*/(NB+NB*)=(77.1±2.6±7.0)%. The angular distribution of the photons in theB* rest frame is used to measure the relative contribution of longitudinalB* polarization states to beσL/(σL+σT)=(33±6±5)%.In theM(Bπ)−M(B) mass difference resonance structure is observed at (424±4±10) MeV/c2, for which the shape and position is consistent with the expectation forB**u,d states decaying intoB(*)π±. The relative production rate is determined to be
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{{BR(Z \to b \to B_{u,d}^{ * * } )}}{{BR(Z \to b \to B_{u,d} )}} \hfill \\ = [27.9 \pm 1.6(stat) \pm 5.9(syst) {}_{ - 5.6}^{ + 3.9} (model)]\% \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
 where the third error reflects the uncertainty due to different production and decay models for the broadB**u,d states.
122188618
Charged particle pair production associated with a lepton pair in Z decays. indication of an excess in the tau channel
In a sample of 200 000 Z decays, events with two leptons and an additional pair of charged particles are studied. The 35 events found show a possible excess in the tau channel compared with the expectation from electroweak processes. The features of the events are consistent with radiation of virtual photons.
123101518
Studies of quantum chromodynamics with the ALEPH detector
Abstract Previously published and as yet unpublished QCD results obtained with the ALEPH detector at LEP1 are presented. The unprecedented statistics allows detailed studies of both perturbative and non-perturbative aspects of strong interactions to be carried out using hadronic Z and tau decays. The studies presented include precise determinations of the strong coupling constant, tests of its flavour independence, tests of the SU(3) gauge structure of QCD, study of coherence effects, and measurements of single-particle inclusive distributions and two-particle correlations for many identified baryons and mesons.
123667389
Trapped magnetic flux in superconducting niobium samples
Trapped magnetic flux is known to be one cause of residual losses in bulk niobium superconducting radio frequency cavities. In the Meissner state an ambient magnetic field should be expelled from the material. Disturbances such as lattice defects or impurities have the ability to inhibit the expulsion of an external field during the superconducting transition so that the field is trapped. We have investigated the effect the treatment history of bulk niobium has on the trapped flux and which treatment leads to minimal flux trapping. For that purpose, we measured the fraction of trapped magnetic flux in niobium samples representing cavities with different typical treatment histories. The differences between single crystal and polycrystalline material as well as the influence of spatial temperature gradients and different cooling rates were investigated. In addition, the progression of the release of a trapped field during warm-up was studied. We found that heat treatment reduces trapped flux considerably and that single crystal samples trap less flux than polycrystalline niobium. As a consequence, the single crystal sample with $1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ baking trapped the smallest amount of field which is about 42%. Moreover, the release of the trapped field during warm-up was observed to progress over a broad temperature range for the baked single crystal samples.
53355048
Multipacting in 1 . 5-GHz superconducting niobium cavities of the CEBAF shape ∗
We present definitive thermometric evidence of two-point multipacting in the CEBAF cavity shape, starting at Epk = 30 MV/m (at 1.5 GHz). With the aid of high speed thermometry, we were able to record fleeting multipacting events near the cavity equator. Short term electron bombardment eliminates the multipacting barrier. Numerical trajectory simulations presented here also confirm the experimental data. Although multipacting itself could be processed away and did not limit the cavity performance, it is shown that the quenches due to the electron bombardment increase the cavity’s residual resistance by creating and trapping magnetic flux.
8322223
Flux trapping in niobium cavities during breakdown events ∗
We report on the discovery of increased residual losses in niobium cavities following rapid quenches, in particular after thermal breakdown and multipacting. Increases of the residual resistance in the breakdown affected region by more than a factor of 10 have been recorded in some instances. It is believed that magnetic flux, generated by thermocurrents during breakdown, is trapped as the cavity reverts to the superconducting state, resulting in the enhanced losses. A thermal cycle to above the critical temperature of niobium is required to restore the initial low-loss state.
59036810
First Demonstration of Electron Beam Generation and Characterization with an All Superconducting Radio-frequency (SRF) Photoinjector
In preparation for a high brightness, high average current electron source for the energy recovery linac BERLinPro an all superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) photoinjector is now in operation at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. The aim of this experiment is beam demonstration with a high brightness electron source able to generate short, few ps long pulse length electron bunches from a superconducting (SC) cathode film made of Pb coated on the backplane of a Nb SRF cavity. This paper describes the setup of the experiment, first results from beam measurements and capabilities of the source derived from beam dynamics considerations. In April 2011 the photoinjector generated and accelerated for the first time electron beam. This result marks the highlight of the project running for two years starting with project approval in May 2009.
24618282
CW Operation of the TTF-III Input Coupler
Several newly proposed superconducting linacs are designed to use TESLA technology operating CW rather than pulsed for which the system was developed. It must therefore be demonstrated that CW operation is feasible. Here we describe a series of CW tests with the TTF-III power coupler to determine the average power limit. These tests were performed on a coupler test stand both at room temperature at the FZ Rossendorf and under cryogenic operating conditions in BESSY’s HOBICAT[1] facility. An extrapolation of the measurements suggests that the coupler can handle 5 kW CW standing wave. It was also demonstrated that even higher power levels are feasible if the cooling of the inner conductor is modified.