15143128
Multi-channel spectrum-agile MAC protocol with adaptive load control
Spectrum-agile radios, also known as cognitive radios, have a great potential to improve spectrum utilization by enabling dynamic access to the spectrum. A key challenge in operating these radios is how to implement an efficient medium access control (MAC) mechanism that adaptively and efficiently allocates transmission powers and spectrum according to the surrounding environment. In this work, we propose a distributed MAC protocol for operating spectrum-agile radios in a multihop ad hoc network. Our protocol differs from previous designs in that it exploits the “dual-receive” capability of radios, thus overcoming various channel access problems that are common to multi-channel designs. We conduct theoretical analysis of the protocol, and study its performance via simulations. We show significant improvement in the system throughput under the proposed MAC design. To maximize this throughput, we propose a cross-layer framework for joint adaptive load and medium access controls. In this framework, the loads of individual nodes are adapted based on the values of local MAC parameters. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves more than 90% of the maximum (global) system throughput that is achieved at saturation, while guaranteeing low collision rates.
6286725
GMAC: A Game-theoretic MAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
The conservative nature of the 802.11 ad hoc scheme has instigated extensive research whose goal is to improve the spatial reuse and/or energy consumption of this scheme. Transmission power control (TPC) was shown to be effective in achieving this goal. Despite their demonstrated performance gains, previously proposed power-controlled channel access protocols often incur extra hardware cost (e.g., multiple transceivers). Furthermore, they do not fully exploit the potential of power control due to the heuristic nature of power allocation and “interference margin” computations. In this paper, we propose a distributed, single-channel MAC protocol (GMAC) that is inspired by game theory. In GMAC, multiple potential transmitters are first involved in an admission phase, which enables terminals to compute the transmission powers that achieve a Nash equilibrium (NE) for the given utility function. Subsequently, successful contenders can simultaneously proceed with their transmissions. Simulation results indicate that GMAC improves the network throughput over the 802.11 scheme by about 80%, and over another single-channel power-controlled MAC protocol (POWMAC) by about 40%. These gains are achieved at no extra energy cost.
13526565
Throughput-oriented MAC for mobile ad hoc networks: A game-theoretic approach
The conservative nature of the 802.11 channel access scheme has instigated extensive research whose goal is to improve the spatial reuse and/or energy consumption of a mobile ad hoc network. Transmission power control (TPC) was shown to be effective in achieving this goal. Despite their demonstrated performance gains, previously proposed power-controlled channel access protocols often incur extra hardware cost (e.g., require multiple transceivers). Furthermore, they do not fully exploit the potential of power control due to the heuristic nature of power allocation. In this paper, we propose a distributed, single-channel MAC protocol (GMAC) that is inspired by game theory. In GMAC, each transmitter computes a utility function that maximizes the link's achievable throughput. The utility function includes a pricing factor that accounts for energy consumption. GMAC allows multiple potential transmitters to contend through an admission phase that enables them to determine the transmission powers that achieve the Nash equilibrium (NE). Simulation results indicate that GMAC significantly improves the network throughput over the 802.11 scheme and over another single-channel power-controlled MAC protocol (POWMAC). These gains are achieved at no extra energy cost. Our results also indicate that GMAC performs best under high node densities and large data packet sizes.
159036
Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks
In this paper, we present a novel joint power/channel allocation scheme that uses a distributed pricing strategy to improve the network's performance. According to this scheme, the spectrum allocation problem is modeled as a non-cooperative game. A price-based iterative water-filling (PIWF) algorithm is proposed, which allows users to converge to the Nash Equilibrium (NE). This PIWF algorithm can be implemented distributively, with CRs repeatedly negotiating their best transmission powers and spectrum. We propose a protocol that implements our price- based resource allocation algorithm. The proposed MAC protocol allows multiple CR pairs to first contend through an admission phase, and then to iteratively negotiate their transmission powers and spectrum via control-packet exchanges. Subsequently, CRs proceed concurrently with their data transmissions. Simulations are used to study the performance of our protocol and demonstrate its effectiveness in improving the overall network throughput and reducing the average transmission power.
10478649
WiMAX Overview and System Performance
In this paper, the performance of WiMax network with DL SIMO, DL MIMO and UL SIMO is analyzed via system simulations. Two data traffic models are considered, namely Web browsing (HTTP) and full buffer sessions, operating in multi path fading channels such as the ITU pedestrian-B and vehicular-A channels. The control channel coverage and reliability of WiMAX using realistic overhead is also analyzed in this paper.
17991333
k-Center problems with minimum coverage
In this work, we study an extension of the k-center facility location problem, where centers are required to service a minimum of clients. This problem is motivated by requirements to balance the workload of centers while allowing each center to cater to a spread of clients. We study three variants of this problem, all of which are shown to be N P-hard. In-approximation hardness and approximation algorithms with factors equal or close to the best lower bounds are provided. Generalizations, including vertex costs and vertex weights, are also studied.
15473023
Query Planning for Searching Inter-dependent Deep-Web Databases
Increasingly, many data sources appear as online databases, hidden behind query forms, thus forming what is referred to as the deep web. It is desirable to have systems that can provide a high-level and simple interface for users to query such data sources, and can automate data retrieval from the deep web. However, such systems need to address the following challenges. First, in most cases, no single database can provide all desired data, and therefore, multiple different databases need to be queried for a given user query. Second, due to the dependencies present between the deep-web databases, certain databases must be queried before others. Third, some database may not be available at certain times because of network or hardware problems, and therefore, the query planning should be capable of dealing with unavailable databases and generating alternative plans when the optimal one is not feasible. 
 
This paper considers query planning in the context of a deep-web integration system. We have developed a dynamic query planner to generate an efficient query order based on the database dependencies. Our query planner is able to select the topKquery plans. We also develop cost models suitable for query planning for deep web mining. Our implementation and evaluation has been made in the context of a bioinformatics system, SNPMiner. We have compared our algorithm with a naive algorithm and the optimal algorithm. We show that for the 30 queries we used, our algorithm outperformed the naive algorithm and obtained very similar results as the optimal algorithm. Our experiments also show the scalability of our system with respect to the number of data sources involved and the number of query terms.
38387680
An Adaptive MIMO System Based on Unified Belief Propagation Detection
An adaptive multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) system based on the unified belief propagation (BP) detection is proposed. A BP detector composed of a serial of component detectors is first presented. With a unified design of the BP detector, a multi-rate MIMO system adaptive to channel variations is then developed, which aims at achieving the maximal throughput performance. The usage of the unified BP detector eliminates the multiple detector modules at the receiver in conventional multi-mode adaptive MIMO systems. Further, the linear complexity to space time block length and parallel operation of the unified BP detection provide the advantages of low complexity, low detection delay and smooth switching between different data rates. With the average receiving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based switching mechanism, the proposed adaptive MIMO framework adaptively chooses the appropriate rate for the transmission. Simulation results are provided to show the BER and complexity performance of a specific BP detector as well as the throughput performance of the adaptive scheme.
18498536
A high-resolution electron momentum spectroscopy and density functional theory study into the complete valence electronic structure of allene
A study of the electronic structure of the complete valence shell of allene (1,2-propadiene) is reported. New high-resolution binding-energy spectra were measured in the energy regime 6–34.5 eV over a range of different target electron momenta, so that momentum distributions (MDs) could be determined for each molecular orbital. These data supersede the low-resolution work of Braidwood et al. [J Phys B 27 (1994) 2075–2087], and also clarify some ambiguities with the earlier results. Theoretical MDs were calculated using a plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) model for the reaction mechanism and density functional theory (DFT) for the wave function. Three basis sets, at the local spin density (LSD) approximation level and, additionally, incorporating nonlocal corrections such as the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), were studied. A critical comparison between the experimental and theoretical MDs was made, and it allowed us to determine the “optimum” wave function for allene from the basis sets we considered. This wave function is then used to derive allene's chemically interesting molecular properties. A summary of some of these results and a comparison of them with those of other workers is also presented with the level of agreement typically being good. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1321–1333, 2001