45479366
Efficient Interprocedural Array Data-Flow Analysis for Automatic Program Parallelization
Since sequential languages such as Fortran and C are more machine-independent than current parallel languages, it is highly desirable to develop powerful parallelization tools which can generate parallel codes, automatically or semi-automatically, targeting different parallel architectures. Array data-flow analysis is known to be crucial to the success of automatic parallelization. Such an analysis should be performed interprocedurally and symbolically and it often needs to handle the predicates represented by IF conditions. Unfortunately, such a powerful program analysis can be extremely time-consuming if it is not carefully designed. How to enhance the efficiency of this analysis to a practical level remains an issue largely untouched to date. This paper presents techniques for efficient interprocedural array data-flow analysis and documents experimental results of its implementation in a research parallelizing compiler. Our techniques are based on guarded array regions and the resulting tool runs faster, by one or two orders of magnitude, than other similarly powerful tools.
15170626
New tiling techniques to improve cache temporal locality
Tiling is a well-known loop transformation to improve temporal locality of nested loops. Current compiler algorithms for tiling are limited to loops which are perfectly nested or can be transformed, in trivial ways, into a perfect nest. This paper presents a number of program transformations to enable tiling for a class of nontrivial imperfectly-nested loops such that cache locality is improved. We define a program model for such loops and develop compiler algorithms for their tiling. We propose to adopt odd-even variable duplication to break anti- and output dependences without unduly increasing the working-set size, and to adopt speculative execution to enable tiling of loops which may terminate prematurely due to, e.g. convergence tests in iterative algorithms. We have implemented these techniques in a research compiler, Panorama. Initial experiments with several benchmark programs are performed on SGI workstations based on MIPS R5K and R10K processors. Overall, the transformed programs run faster by 9% to 164%.
833146
Experience in the Automatic Parallelization of Four Perfect-Benchmark Programs
This paper discusses the techniques used to hand-parallelize, for the Alliant FX/80, four Fortran programs from the Perfect-Benchmark suite. The paper also includes the execution times of the programs before and after the transformations. The four programs considered here were not effectively parallelized by the automatic translators available to the authors. However, most of the techniques used for hand parallelization, and perhaps all of them, have wide applicability and can be incorporated into existing translators.
5807481
Compiler algorithms for event variable synchronization
Event variable synchronization is a well known mecha nism for enforcing data dependences in a program that runs in parallel on a shared memory multiprocessor This paper presents compiler algorithms to automati cally generate event variable synchronization code Pre viously published algorithms dealt with single parallel loops in which dependence distances are constant and known by the compiler However loops in real appli cation programs are often arbitrarily nested Moreover compilers are often unable to determine dependence dis tances In contrast our algorithms generate synchro nization code based directly on array subscripts and do not require constant distances in data dependences The algorithms are designed for arbitrarily nested loops in cluding triangular or trapezoidal loops
20563509
A theoretical foundation for program transformations to reduce cache thrashing due to true data sharing
Cache thrashing due to true data sharing can degrade the performance of parallel programs significantly. Our previous work showed that parallel task alignment via program transformations can be quite effective for the reduction of such cache thrashing. In this paper, we present a theoretical foundation for such program transformations. Based on linear algebra and the theory of numbers, our work analyzes the data dependences among the tasks created by a fork-join parallel program and determines at compile time how these tasks should be assigned to processors in order to reduce cache thrashing due to true data sharing. Our analysis and program transformations can be easily performed by compilers for parallel computers.
31492830
On Reducing Data Synchronization in Multiprocessed Loops
In this correspondence we present and prove the correctness of an algorithm for reducing the number of synchronized memory references to shared data elements in multiprocessed loops. Optimizing compilers for shared memory multiprocessors can use this algorithm to reduce synchronization overhead. The algorithm has been implemented as a new module in the multiprocessors version of Parafrase, the restructuring system of the University of Illinois. We present a brief discussion of experiments we performed to asses the effectiveness of this algorithm in reducing the synchronization overhead for the 61 subroutines of EISPACK, a package for computing matrix eigenvectors and eigenvalues.
15936335
A divide-and-conquer 2.5-D floorplanning algorithm based on statistical wirelength estimation
An efficient and effective divide-and conquer 2.5D floorplanning algorithm is proposed for wirelength optimization. Modules are pre-partitioned into different dies with respect to the statistical wirelength estimation result. Then a floorplan is generated on each die for wirelength optimization. The new partitioning method successfully solves the conflict between wirelength minimization and inter-die via constraints. Experimental results show that our algorithm could provide noticeable improvement in the total wirelength compared to both 2D design and the previous 2.5D floorplanning algorithm.
62540162
Longest-path selection for delay test under process variation
Under manufacturing process variation, a path through a net is called longest if there exists a process condition under which the path has the maximum delay among all paths through the net. There are often multiple longest paths for each net, due to different process conditions. In addition, a local defect, such as resistive open or a resistive bridge, increases the delay of the affected net. To detect delay faults due to local defects and process variation, it is necessary to test all longest paths through each net. Previous approaches to this problem were inefficient because of the large number of paths that are not longest. This paper presents an efficient method to generate the set of longest paths for delay test under process variation. To capture both structural and process correlation between path delays, we use linear delay functions to express path delays under process variation. A novel technique is proposed to prune paths that are not longest, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of paths. In experiments on International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) circuits, our number of longest paths is 1-6% of the previous best approach, with 300/spl times/ less running time.
130258
Longest-path selection for delay test under process variation
Under manufacturing process variation, a path through a fault site is called longest for delay test if there exists a process condition under which the path has the maximum delay among all paths through that fault site. There are often multiple longest paths for each fault site in the circuit, due to different process conditions. To detect the smallest delay fault, it is necessary to test all longest paths through the fault site. However, previous methods are either inefficient or their results include too many paths that are not longest.This paper presents an efficient method to generate the longest path set for delay test under process variation. To capture both structural and systematic process correlation, we use linear delay functions to express path delays under process variation. A novel path-pruning technique is proposed to discard paths that are not longest, resulting in a significantly reduction in the number of paths compared with the previous best method. The new method can be applied to any process variation as long as its impact on delay is linear.
3173724
Buffer insertion in large circuits with constructive solution search techniques
Most existing buffer insertion algorithms, such as van Ginneken's algorithm, consider only individual nets. As a result, these algorithms tend to over buffer when applied to combinational circuits, since it is difficult to decide how many buffers to insert in each net. Recently, Sze, et al. (Sze, 2005) proposed a path-based algorithm for buffer insertion in combinational circuits. However their algorithm is inefficient for large circuits when there are many critical paths. In this paper, we present a new buffer insertion algorithm for combinational circuits such that the timing requirements are met and the buffer cost is minimized. Our algorithm iteratively inserts buffers in the circuit to improve the circuit delay. The core of this algorithm is simple but effective technique that guides the search for a good buffering solution. Experimental results on ISCAS85 circuits show that our new algorithm on average uses 36% less buffers and runs 3 times faster than Sze's algorithm
44301072
WDEE: Web Data Extraction by Example
Web data extraction systems in use today transform semi-structured Web documents and deliver structured documents to end users. Some systems provide a visual interface to users to generate the extraction rules. However, to end users, the visual effect of Web documents is lost during the transformation process. In this paper, we propose an approach that allows a user to query extracted documents without knowledge of formal query language. We bridge the gap between visual effect of Web documents and structured documents extracted by providing a QBE-like (Query by Example) interface named Wdee. The principle component of our method is the notion of a document schema. Document schemata are patterns of structures embedded in documents. Wdee generates tree skeletons based on schema information and a user may execute queries by input condition in the skeltons. By maintaining the mapping relation among schemata of Web documents and extracted documents, a visual example may be presented to end users. With the example, Wdee allows a user to construct tree skeletons in a manner that resembles the browsing of Web pages.