3398727
Semantic Adaptation of Schema Mappings when Schemas Evolve
Schemas evolve over time to accommodate the changes in the information they represent. Such evolution causes invalidation of various artifacts depending on the schemas, such as schema mappings. In a heterogenous environment, where cooperation among data sources depends essentially upon them, schema mappings must be adapted to reflect schema evolution. In this study, we explore the mapping composition approach for addressing this mapping adaptation problem. We study the semantics of mapping composition in the context of mapping adaptation and compare our approach with the incremental approach of Velegrakis et al [21]. We show that our method is superior in terms of capturing the semantics of both the original mappings and the evolution. We design and implement a mapping adaptation system based on mapping composition as well as additional mapping pruning techniques that significantly speed up the adaptation. We conduct comprehensive experimental analysis and show that the composition approach is practical in various evolution scenarios. The mapping language that we consider is a nested relational extension of the second-order dependencies of Fagin et al [7]. Our work can also be seen as an implementation of the mapping composition operator of the model management framework.
32686
Querying Complex Structured Databases
Correctly generating a structured query (e.g., an XQuery or a SQL query) requires the user to have a full understanding of the database schema, which can be a daunting task. Alternative query models have been proposed to give users the ability to query the database without schema knowledge. Those models, including simple keyword search and labeled keyword search, aim to extract meaningful data fragments that match the structure-free query conditions (e.g., keywords) based on various matching semantics. Typically, the matching semantics are content-based: they are defined on data node inter-relationships and incur significant query evaluation cost. Our first contribution is a novel matching semantics based on analyzing the database schema. We show that query models employing a schema-based matching semantics can reduce query evaluation cost significantly while maintaining or even improving result quality. 
 
The adoption of schema-based matching semantics does not change the nature of those query models: they are still schema-ignorant, i.e., users express no schema knowledge (except the labels in labeled keyword search) in the query. While those models work well for some queries on some databases, they often encounter problems when applied to complex queries on databases with complex schemas. Our second contribution is a novel query model that incorporates partial schema knowledge through the use of schema summary. This new summary-aware query model, called Meaningful Summary Query (MSQ), seamlessly integrates summary-based structural conditions and structure-free conditions, and enables ordinary users to query complex databases. We design algorithms for evaluating MSQ queries, and demonstrate that MSQ queries can produce better results against complex databases when compared with previous approaches, and that they can be efficiently evaluated.
8794785
Understanding Human Behaviors Based on Eye-Head-Hand Coordination
Action recognition has traditionally focused on processing fixed camera observations while ignoring non-visual information. In this paper, we explore the dynamic properties of the movements of different body parts in natural tasks: eye, head and hand movements are quite tightly coupled with the ongoing task. In light of this, our method takes an agent-centered view and incorporates an extensive description of eye-head-hand coordination. With the ability to track the course of gaze and head movements, our approach uses gaze and head cues to detect agent-centered attention switches that can then be utilized to segment an action sequence into action units. Based on recognizing those action primitives, parallel hidden Markov models are applied to model and integrate the probabilistic sequences of the action units of different body parts. An experimental system is built for recognizing human behaviors in three natural tasks: "unscrewing a jar", "stapling a letter" and "pouring water", which demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach.
15689940
The emergence of links between lexical acquisition and object categorization: a computational study
Language is about symbols, and those symbols must be grounded in the physical world. Children learn to associate language with sensorimotor experiences during their development. In light of this, we first provide a computational account of how words are mapped to their perceptually grounded meanings. Moreover, the main part of this work proposes and implements a computational model of how word learning influences the formation of object categories to which those words refer. This model simulates the bi-directional relationship between word and object category learning: (1) object categorization provides mental representations of meanings that are mapped to words to form lexical items; (2) linguistic labels help object categorization by providing additional teaching signals; and (3) these two learning processes interplay with each other and form a developmental feedback loop. Compared with the method that performs these two tasks separately, our model shows promising improvements in both word-to-world mapping and perceptual categorization, suggesting a unified view of lexical and category learning in an integrative framework. Most importantly, this work provides a cognitively plausible explanation of the mechanistic nature of early word learning and object learning from co-occurring multisensory data.
6537688
Personalized Web search for improving retrieval effectiveness
Current Web search engines are built to serve all users, independent of the special needs of any individual user. Personalization of Web search is to carry out retrieval for each user incorporating his/her interests. We propose a novel technique to learn user profiles from users' search histories. The user profiles are then used to improve retrieval effectiveness in Web search. A user profile and a general profile are learned from the user's search history and a category hierarchy, respectively. These two profiles are combined to map a user query into a set of categories which represent the user's search intention and serve as a context to disambiguate the words in the user's query. Web search is conducted based on both the user query and the set of categories. Several profile learning and category mapping algorithms and a fusion algorithm are provided and evaluated. Experimental results indicate that our technique to personalize Web search is both effective and efficient.
53235167
A multimodal learning interface for grounding spoken language in sensory perceptions
Most speech interfaces are based on natural language processing techniques that use pre-defined symbolic representations of word meanings and process only linguistic information. To understand and use language like their human counterparts in multimodal human-computer interaction, computers need to acquire spoken language and map it to other sensory perceptions. This paper presents a multimodal interface that learns to associate spoken language with perceptual features by being situated in users' everyday environments and sharing user-centric multisensory information. The learning interface is trained in unsupervised mode in which users perform everyday tasks while providing natural language descriptions of their behaviors. We collect acoustic signals in concert with multisensory information from non-speech modalities, such as user's perspective video, gaze positions, head directions and hand movements. The system firstly estimates users' focus of attention from eye and head cues. Attention, as represented by gaze fixation, is used for spotting the target object of user interest. Attention switches are calculated and used to segment an action sequence into action units which are then categorized by mixture hidden Markov models. A multimodal learning algorithm is developed to spot words from continuous speech and then associate them with perceptually grounded meanings extracted from visual perception and action. Successful learning has been demonstrated in the experiments of three natural tasks: "unscrewing a jar", "stapling a letter" and "pouring water".
3879547
Determining Text Databases to Search in the Internet
Text data in the Internet can be partitioned into many databases naturally. Efficient retrieval of desired data can be achieved if we can accurately predict the usefulness of each database, because with such information, we only need to retrieve potentially useful documents from useful databases. In this paper, we propose two new methods for estimating the usefulness of text databases. For a given query, the usefulness of a text database in this paper is defined to be the number of documents in the database that are sufficiently similar to the query. Such a usefulness measure enables naive-users to make informed decision about which databases to search. We also consider the collection fusion problem. Because local databases may employ similarity functions that are different from that used by the global database, the threshold used by a local database to determine whether a document is potentially useful may be different from that used by the global database. We provide techniques that determine the best threshold for a given local database.