55654332
A vacuum tolerant high voltage system with a low noise and low power Cockcroft–Walton photomultiplier base
Abstract We developed a high voltage system for the electromagnetic calorimeter of the KOTO detector. The system is designed around a low noise, low power Cockcroft–Walton (CW) photomultiplier tube base with a high gain preamplifier. The low power makes it suitable for operations in vacuum. The low noise and high gain allow detecting signals in the 1 MeV range. We achieved a final noise level below 180 μ V rms for a preamplifier gain of more than 40. A vacuum tolerant control system for the CW bases power distribution was also designed. This system is able to control and monitor the high voltage of each individual base.
119213988
Quantum entanglement from the holographic principle
It is suggested that quantum entanglement emerges from the holographic principle stating that all of the information of a region (bulk bits) can be described by the bits on its boundary surface. There are redundancy and information loss in the bulk bits that lead to the nonlocal correlation among the bulk bits. Quantum field theory overestimates the independent degrees of freedom in the bulk. The maximum entanglement in the universe increases as the size of the cosmic horizon and this could be related with the arrow of time and dark energy.
118903338
Radiation Damping at a Bubble Wall
The first order phase transition proceeds via nucleation and growth of true vacuum bubbles. When charged particles collide with the bubble they could radiate electromagnetic wave. We show that, due to an energy loss of the particles by the radiation, the damping pressure acting on the bubble wall depends on the velocity of the wall even in a thermal equilibrium state.
118704582
Dark energy from forgetting
We suggest that dark energy has a quantum informational origin. Landauer's principle associated with the erasure of quantum information at a cosmic horizon implies the non-zero vacuum energy having effective negative pressure. Assuming the holographic principle, the minimum free energy condition, and the Gibbons-Hawking temperature for the cosmic event horizon we obtain the holographic dark energy with the parameter $d\simeq 1$, which is consistent with the current observational data. It is also shown that both the entanglement energy and the horizon energy can be related to Landauer's principle.
118674685
Zero cosmological constant and nonzero dark energy from the holographic principle
The first law of thermodynamics and the holographic principle applied to an arbitrary large cosmic causal horizon are shown to naturally demand a zero cosmological constant and a non-zero dynamical dark energy in the form of the holographic dark energy. A semiclassical analysis shows that the holographic dark energy has a parameter d = 1 and an equation of state comparable to current observational data if the entropy of the horizon saturates the Bekenstein-Hawking bound. This result indicates that quantum field theory should be modified on a large scale to explain the dark energy. The relations among the dark energy, the quantum vacuum energy and the entropic gravity are also discussed.
17111859
Black Hole as an Information Eraser
We discuss the identity of black hole entropy and show that the first law of black hole thermodynamics, in the case of a Schwarzschild black hole, can be derived from Landauer's principle by assuming that the black hole is one of the most efficient information erasers. The term "most efficient" implies that maximal information will be erased for a given amount of work. We calculate the discrete mass spectra and the entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole assuming that the black hole processes information in unit of bits. The black hole entropy acquires a subleading contribution proportional to the logarithm of its mass-squared in addition to the usual mass-squared term without an artificial cutoff. We also argue that the minimum of the black hole mass is $\sqrt{\log 2/(8\pi)}M_{\rm P}$.
118577370
Lattice Monte Carlo calculations for unitary fermions in a finite box
We perform lattice Monte Carlo simulations for up to 66 unitary fermions in a finite box using a highly improved lattice action for nonrelativistic spin 1/2 fermions. We obtain a value of $0.366^{+0.016}_{-0.011}$ for the Bertsch parameter, defined as the energy of the unitary Fermi gas measured in units of the free gas energy in the thermodynamic limit. In addition, for up to four unitary fermions, we compute the spectrum of the lattice theory by exact diagonalization of the transfer matrix projected onto irreducible representations of the octahedral group for small to moderate size lattices, providing an independent check of our few-body simulation results. We compare our exact numerical and simulation results for the spectrum to benchmark studies of other research groups, as well as perform an extended analysis of our lattice action improvement scheme, including an analysis of the errors associated with higher partial waves and finite temporal discretization.
15179947
CP violating B decays with R -parity violation
We study CP violating B decays in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with R-parity violation. We estimate how much R-parity violation modifies the SM predictions for CP asymmetries in B decays within the present bounds. The effects of R-parity- and lepton-number-violating couplings on the ratio of the decay amplitude due to R-parity violation to that of the SM can differ by one or two orders of magnitudes depending on the models of the left-handed quark mixing. It is possible to disentangle the R-parity violating effects from those of the SM and R-parity- conserving supersymmetric models within the present bounds comparing different CP violating decay amplitudes. We also study the effects of R-parity- and baryon-number-violating couplings and find that the effects could be large.
119193937
Factorization in exclusive quarkonium production
We present factorization theorems for two exclusive heavy-quarkonium production processes: production of two quarkonia in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation and production of a quarkonium and a light meson in $B$-meson decays. We describe the general proofs of factorization and supplement them with explicit one-loop analyses, which illustrate some of the features of the soft-gluon cancellations. We find that violations of factorization are generally suppressed relative to the factorized contributions by a factor ${v}^{2}{m}_{c}/Q$ for each $S$-wave charmonium and a factor ${m}_{c}/Q$ for each $L$-wave charmonium with $Lg0$. Here, $v$ is the velocity of the heavy quark or antiquark in the quarkonium rest frame, $Q=\sqrt{s}$ for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation, $Q={m}_{B}$ for $B$-meson decays, $\sqrt{s}$ is the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center-of-momentum energy, ${m}_{c}$ is the charm-quark mass, and ${m}_{B}$ is the $B$-meson mass. There are modifications to the suppression factors if quantum-number restrictions apply for the specific process.
119193984
New light‐travel time models and orbital stability study of the proposed planetary system HU Aquarii
In this work we propose a new orbital architecture for the two proposed circumbinary planets around the polar eclipsing binary HU Aquarii. We base the new two-planet, light-travel time model on the result of a Monte Carlo simulation driving a least-squares Levenberg-Marquardt minimization algorithm on the observed eclipse egress times. Our best-fitting model with resulted in high final eccentricities for the two companions leading to an unstable orbital configuration. From a large ensemble of initial guesses, we examined the distribution of final eccentricities and semimajor axes for different parameter intervals and encountered qualitatively a second population of best-fitting parameters. The main characteristic of this population is described by low-eccentric orbits favouring long-term orbital stability of the system. We present our best-fitting model candidate for the proposed two-planet system and demonstrate orbital stability over one million years using numerical integrations.
208868561
A high power liquid hydrogen target for the Mainz A4 parity violation experiment
Abstract We present a new powerful liquid hydrogen target developed for the precise study of parity violating electron scattering on hydrogen and deuterium. This target has been designed to have minimal target density fluctuations under the heat load of a 20 μ A CW 854.3 MeV electron beam without rastering the electron beam. The target cell has a wide aperture for scattered electrons and is axially symmetric around the beam axis. The construction is optimized to intensify heat exchange by a transverse turbulent mixing in the hydrogen stream, which is directed along the electron beam. The target is constructed as a closed loop circulating system cooled by a helium refrigerator. It is operated by a tangential mechanical pump with an optional natural convection mode. The cooling system supports removal of up to 250 W of beam heating removal. Deeply subcooled liquid hydrogen is used to keep the in-beam temperature below the boiling point. The target density fluctuations are found to be at the level of 10 - 3 at a beam current of 20 μ A .