44599964
Airway obstruction in lungs obtained from an asthmatic donor complicating heart-lung transplantation.
21528406
Management of donors for heart and heart-lung transplantation.
The quality of donor organs will determine the quality of life for the recipient and the importance of optimal management of the multi-organ donor is that the organs may benefit up to five, critically ill, patients. The basic principle is to maintain sufficient preload to minimise the need for inotropic support and it is recommended that all multiple organ donors should have central venous and arterial pressure monitoring in addition to adequate venous access. The importance of the choice of fluid for volume expansion and the management of the hormonal disturbances which follow brain death are considered.
30007332
Dopexamine hydrochloride: pharmacology and use in low cardiac output states.
T HE TERM “INOTROPE” is broadly used to describe agents that enhance cardiac performance, although the mechanism by which some of these drugs improve myocardial function may be attributable less to their effect on myocardial contractility than to the other hemodynamic changes that are associated with their use. In the treatment of cardiac failure, agents with pharmacodynamic profiles that combine relatively mild direct effects on the myocardium with those resulting from a relatively greater effect on preload and afterload offer potential benefits from the standpoint of myocardial energy use. This is of prime concern in both the acutely or chronically ischemic heart and following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) when cardiac failure can, on occasion, be ascribed more to unavailability of energy reserves than to persisting ischemia. Dopexamine hydrochloride, a synthetic analog of dopamine, is characterized by just such a profile of action and may offer a favorable alternative to the more established therapeutic regimens of dopamine and dobutamine. The pharmacology of dopexamine and its use in the treatment of chronic or postoperative cardiac failure is reviewed here.
12424757
Endotoxin-induced organ injury.
OBJECTIVE
To review the effects of endotoxemia on the major organ systems of the body and discuss potential mechanisms of tissue injury.


DESIGN
Appraisal of 60 articles representing a cross section of studies relating to in vivo and in vitro responses to endotoxin.


MAIN METHODS
Cell cultures, isolated tissue preparations, animal and human studies.


RESULTS
Endotoxemia results in the activation of numerous cellular and hematogenous mediators. These mediators range from prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, to complement components. Tumor necrosis factor may be responsible for initiating many of the observed responses to endotoxin. Species and tissue specificity are a prominent feature of the response to endotoxin.


CONCLUSIONS
No single agent can yet be implicated as the common mediator of endotoxin-induced organ injury. Endotoxin initiates the elaboration of a cascade of secondary mediators that amplify the response to the initial insult. The relative importance of individual agents as mediators of the response to endotoxin varies with the experimental model studied.
18650249
The Papworth BiVent tube: a feasibility study of a novel double-lumen endotracheal tube and bronchial blocker in human cadavers.
BACKGROUND
A novel double-lumen endotracheal tube, the Papworth BiVent tube, has been designed to allow the rapid passage of a blocker into either main bronchus, without fibreoptic endoscopic guidance.


METHODS
The feasibility of lung isolation and one-lung ventilation (OLV) in human cadavers is examined, along with displacement of the bronchus blocker during head and neck movement.


RESULTS
Cadaveric endotracheal intubation with the Papworth BiVent tube was straightforward and comparable with intubation with a conventional single-lumen tube (SLT). Reliable lung isolation was achieved considerably faster using the Papworth BiVent tube than with a bronchoscopically guided bronchial blocker through an SLT (mean 7.75 s BiVent tube vs 128.2 s SLT). The Papworth BiVent tube also prevented displacement of the blocker from its position in the bronchus on head movement.


CONCLUSIONS
This study in human cadavers has shown that it is feasible to use the Papworth BiVent tube to attain rapid and secure lung isolation for OLV. Further work is required in clinical settings.
24414715
The Papworth BiVent tube: a new device for lung isolation.
Provision of one lung ventilation can be technically challenging, particularly for anaesthetists who are only occasionally required to isolate one lung from the other. A new double lumen endotracheal tube, the Papworth BiVent Tube, has been designed to enable rapid and reliable lung isolation using any bronchus blocker without the need for fibreoptic endoscopic guidance. In this study, an airway-training manikin was used to assess ease of tracheal intubation and lung isolation using the Papworth BiVent tube. Ease of intubation was compared to a single lumen endotracheal tube and a conventional double lumen endobronchial tube. Ease of lung isolation when using a bronchus blocker was compared to a single lumen tube combined with a bronchial blocker. Tracheal intubation using the Papworth BiVent tube was found to be easier than when using a conventional double lumen endobronchial tube. Lung isolation using the Papworth BiVent tube used in combination with a bronchus blocker was achieved more reliably and rapidly than when using a single lumen tube and bronchus blocker.
18909565
A nonparametric regression-based linkage scan of rheumatoid factor-IgM using sib-pair squared sums and differences
Parametric linkage methods for quantitative trait locus mapping require explicit specification of the probability model of the quantitative trait and hence can lead to misleading linkage inferences when the model assumptions are not valid. Ghosh and Majumder developed a nonparametric regression method based on kernel-smoothing for linkage mapping of quantitative trait locus using squared differences in trait values of independent sib pairs, which is relatively more robust than parametric methods with respect to violations in distributional assumptions. In this study, we modify the above mentioned nonparametric regression method by considering local linear polynomials instead of the Nadaraya-Watson estimator and squared sums of sib-pair trait values in addition to squared differences to perform a genome-wide scan of rheumatoid factor-IgM levels on sib pairs in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 simulated data set. We obtain significant evidence of linkage very close to the quantitative trait locus controlling for RF-IgM. We find that the simultaneous use of squared differences and squared sums increases the power to detect linkage compared to using only squared differences. However, because of all the sib pairs are selected for rheumatoid arthritis, there is reduced variance of RF-IgM values, and empirical power to detect linkage is not very high. We also compare the performance of our method with two linear regression approaches: the classical Haseman-Elston method using squared sib-pair trait differences and its extension proposed by Elston et al. using mean-corrected sib-pair cross-products. We find that the proposed nonparametric method yields more power than the linear regression approaches.
26971533
Evidence for a new rotavirus subgroup in India.
Monoclonal antibodies specific for rotavirus subgroup 1 (SG1) and subgroup 2 (SG2) were used to analyse by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) the subgroups of human rotavirus isolates obtained from three different parts of India during the period September 1985 to July 1987. We identified one isolate which failed to react with either SG1 or SG2 specific monoclonal antibodies, although it reacted well with a monoclonal antibody specific for group A rotaviruses. This finding suggests that it belongs to a new rotavirus subgroup. Further, another isolate was found to belong to SG1 although it had a 'long' electropherotype.
22775693
Instructive role of aPKCζ subcellular localization in the assembly of adherens junctions in neural progenitors
In the neurogenic phase of CNS development, the proliferating progenitors are found medially within the neuroepithelium. The adherens junctions on the apical membrane of proliferating neural progenitors allow for cell–cell adhesion and medial stratification. In contrast, differentiating neuronal precursors delaminate and migrate laterally, establishing the laminar layers. Apical adherens junctions also establish the apical–basal polarity in neural progenitors, which in turn is postulated to lead to asymmetric inheritance of cell fate determinants during neurogenic divisions. The signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms that regulate the assembly and asymmetric localization of adherens junctions in neural progenitors remain elusive. Here we show that atypical PKCζ/λ (aPKCζ/λ) localizes at the apical membrane of proliferating neural stem cells, but not postmitotic neuronal precursors, in the developing chicken neural tube. This precise subcellular compartmentalization of the kinase activity provides an instructive signal for apical assembly of adherens junctions in a PI3K, Rac/Cdc42 signaling-dependent pathway. Apical aPKCζ coordinates neural stem cell proliferation and the overall stratification of cell types within the neural tube.
33723180
Glycogen content & structure & some enzymes of glycogen metabolism in human foetal organs.
The glycogen content, and its structure and the enzymes involved in glycogenolysis in human foetal organs were studied at different periods of gestation. Of all the tissues studied glycogen content was found to be the highest in cardiac muscle. Very little glycogen was present in the foetal liver at 9-12 wk of gestation, this increased progressively to nearly 2 per cent at 24 wk. Glycogen content of placenta was lower than that of skeletal muscle and liver. The level of glycogen in adipose tissue, placenta and cerebrum was not high enough to play any role in glucose homeostasis of the foetus. Human foetal liver and skeletal muscle glycogen showed the normal branched structure while the liver glycogen was found to be unusually stable. Glycogen phosphorylase activity in the foetal liver and muscle was found to be low, i.e., about a fifth and a fourth of adult liver and muscle activity respectively. The stability of foetal liver glycogen and phosphorolytic activity in the liver and muscle indicate negligible glycogenolysis during foetal development. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity in foetal liver was undetectable below 12 wk of gestation, the activity increasing progressively up to 24 wk.
4046829
Existence of cholinephosphotransferase in mitochondria and microsomes of liver and lung of guinea pig and rat
We reported earlier on the occurrence of cholinephosphotransferase in the mitochondria of guinea pig lung. In order to determine whether organ and/or species specificities exist in regard to the cholinephosphotransferase activity in mitochondria, we have compared the subcellular distribution of the enzyme in the liver and lungs of rats and guinea pigs. Even though the activity of the enzyme was higher in microsomes than it was in mitochondria, the mitochondrial activity was authentic in both tissues of both species. The authenticity of mitochondrial activity was established by marker enzyme studies and ultrastructural examination of mitochondrial preparations.