3019893
An Efficient and Robust Computational Framework for Studying Lifetime and Information Capacity in Sensor Networks
In this paper we investigate the expected lifetime and information capacity, defined as the maximum amount of data (bits) transferred before the first sensor node death due to energy depletion, of a data-gathering wireless sensor network. We develop a fluid-flow based computational framework that extends the existing approach, which requires precise knowledge of the layout/deployment of the network, i.e., exact sensor positions. Our method, on the other hand, views a specific network deployment as a particular instance (sample path) from an underlying distribution of sensor node layouts and sensor data rates. To compute the expected information capacity under this distribution-based viewpoint, we model parameters such as the node density, the energy density and the sensed data rate as continuous spatial functions. This continuous-space flow model is then discretized into grids and solved using a linear programming approach. Numerical studies show that this model produces very accurate results, compared to averaging over results from random instances of deployment, with significantly less computation. Moreover, we develop a robust version of the linear program, which generates robust solutions that apply not just to a specific deployment, but also to topologies that are appropriately perturbed versions. This is especially important for a network designer studying the fundamental lifetime limit of a family of network layouts, since the lifetime of specific network deployment instances may differ appreciably. As an example of this model's use, we determine the optimal node distribution for a linear network and study the properties of optimal routing that maximizes the lifetime of the network.
9147389
Data-gathering wireless sensor networks: organization and capacity
In this paper we study the transport capacity of a data-gathering wireless sensor network under different communication organizations. In particular, we consider using a flat as well as a hierarchical/clustering architecture to realize many-to-one communications. The capacity of the network under this many-to-one data-gathering scenario is reduced compared to random one-to-one communication due to the unavoidable creation of a point of traffic concentration at the data collector/receiver. We introduce the overall throughput bound of λ = W/n per node, where W is the transmission capacity, and show under what conditions it can be achieved and under what conditions it cannot. When those conditions are not met, we constructively show how λ = Θ(W/n) is achieved with high probability as the number of sensors goes to infinity. We also show how the introduction of clustering can improve the throughput. We discuss the trade-offs between achieving capacity and energy consumption, how transport capacity might be affected by considering in-network processing and the implications this study has on the design of practical protocols for large-scale data-gathering wireless sensor networks.
7061079
On the optimality of an index policy for bandwidth allocation with delayed state observation and differentiated services
In this paper we study the optimality of an index policy for a bandwidth allocation problem, where a single server is allocated among N queues in a slotted system based on the queue backlog information. Due to the physical nature of the system this information is delayed, in that when the allocation decision is made, the server only has the backlog information from an earlier time. This results in imperfect and partial state observation. Queues have Bernoulli arrival processes with different probabilities of arrival, as well as different buffering/holding costs to differentiate heterogeneous classes of traffic/service. The objective is to minimize the expected total discounted holding cost over a finite or infinite horizon. We introduce an index policy with indices defined as functions of the state of a queue. We first show that when the state of the system is away from the boundary, i.e., no empty queues, the index policy is optimal. When there are empty queues, we show that under sufficient separation of the indices the index policy is still optimal. We show by example that if the separation does not hold, the index policy is not necessarily optimal. We then formulate the optimal bandwidth allocation as a restless bandit problem and show under what conditions the index policy calculated using Whittle's heuristics, which in general is only asymptotically optimal, is optimal for the finite case
10539524
Optimal controlled flooding search in a large wireless network
In this paper we consider the problem of searching for a node or an object (i.e., piece of data, file, etc.) in a large wireless network. We consider the class of controlled flooding search strategies where query/search packets are broadcast and propagated in the network until a preset TTL (time-to-live) value carried in the packet expires. Every unsuccessful search attempt results in an increased TTL value (i.e., larger search area) and the same process is repeated. We derive search strategies that minimize the search cost in the worst-case, via a performance measure in the form of the competitive ratio between the average search cost of a strategy and that of an omniscient observer. This ratio is shown in prior work to be lower bounded by 4 among all deterministic search strategies. In this paper we show that by using randomized strategies this ratio is lower bounded by e. We derive an optimal strategy that achieves this lower bound, and discuss its performance under other performance criteria.
3779394
Random waypoint considered harmful
This study examines the random waypoint model widely used in the simulation studies of mobile ad hoc networks. Our findings show that this model fails to provide a steady state in that the average nodal speed consistently decreases over time, and therefore should not be directly used for simulation. We show how unreliable results can be obtained by using this model. In particular, certain ad hoc routing metrics can drop by as much as 40% over the course of a 900-second simulation using the random waypoint model. We give both an intuitive and a formal explanation for this phenomenon. We also propose a simple fix of the problem and discuss a few alternatives. Our modified random waypoint model is able to reach a steady state and simulation results are presented.
5439484
Modeling TCP performance with proxies
This paper investigates TCP dynamics and performance over proxies that shorten the TCP feedback loop by segmenting the end-to-end connection. Such proxies are often used to improve the TCP performance, e.g. a splitting/spoofing proxy in satellite communication, and more commonly, a web cache. Through analysis, we attempt to develop a basic understanding of the properties of TCP dynamics when such proxies are used, and further obtain design principles of systems involving such proxies. We present simple models capturing some features of the proxy performance in both the lossless and lossy scenarios. Due to the complexity involved, detailed analysis is only available in the lossless scenario, and our discussion in the lossy scenario is largely limited to steady-state behavior. Nevertheless we are able to obtain useful insight. We identify conditions under which using a proxy provides significant or marginal performance gain by investigating factors including initial window size, congestion level of the proxy, and the level of asymmetry between the segments segregated by the proxy. We also discuss how these conditions affect the deployment and provisioning of such systems.
12646584
An Evaluation of the Use of Problem-Based Learning Software By Middle School Students
Research has shown the potential of a problem-based approach to enhance students' learning. The interactive nature of hypermedia technology and its ability to deliver information in different media formats can provide unique capabilities for implementing problem-based learning (PBL) environments. Yet, we know little about the types of tools that are effective in supporting students' learning in a hypermedia supported PBL environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate both the use of tools and design features in a piece of PBL software and their effectiveness on middle school students' learning. The findings of this study show that students who were exposed to the PBL environment increased their achievement scores from pre to posttest more than those students who learned the same content in the traditional classroom. Students' reading ability was found to be a better predictor for their achievement in PBL than their math ability. However, the brief treatment of the study had only limited impact on students' attitude toward learning science. The findings of the study and their implications are discussed in detail.
19887828
Deploying the Mobile-Agent Technology in Warehouse Management
Mobile agents, a relatively new paradigm for distributed software development, has become an accessible technology in recent years. The potential benefits of this paradigm, including the reduction of network bandwidth consumption and latency, promise to revolutionize distributed applications. 
 
This paper describes a proposed project to deploy the mobile agent technology in warehouse management.
2288132
Applying Design Patterns in Distributing a Genetic Algorithm Application
-This paper describes an experiment that employs an incremental approach to distribute a genetic algorithm application. The incremental approach allows the application to be initially developed for a standalone system, and then extended to run on multiple systems concurrently. For the extension, design patterns are employed wherever appropriate. The use of design patterns in the experiment is described, and the outcome of the experiment, including quantitative measurements, is presented.
8315730
Distributed computing
A distributed computing system consists of a collection autonomous computers connected by a communication network. The motivation for such a distributed system includes resource and load sharing, reduced costs in computation and communication, higher performance and throughput, and increased reliability and availability.