18536843
Measurement of the underground atmospheric muon charge ratio using the MINOS Near Detector
The magnetized MINOS Near Detector, at a depth of 225 mwe, is used to measure the atmospheric muon charge ratio. The ratio of observed positive to negative atmospheric muon rates, using 301 days of data, is measured to be 1.266±0.001(stat)_(-0.014)^(+0.015)(syst). This measurement is consistent with previous results from other shallow underground detectors and is 0.108±0.019(stat+syst) lower than the measurement at the functionally identical MINOS Far Detector at a depth of 2070 mwe. This increase in charge ratio as a function of depth is consistent with an increase in the fraction of muons arising from kaon decay for increasing muon surface energies
118469809
Underground muons observed in the Soudan 2 detector from the directions of x-ray sources
We report on observations of underground muons made with the Soudan 2 proton decay detector at a depth of 2090 mwe from the directions of the binaries Hercules X-1 and 1E2259+586 and the Crab pulsar.
119101513
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe
The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.
12668582
The Pierre Auger Observatory V : Enhancements
The southern Pierre Auger Observatory was designed to detect ultrahig h energy cosmic rays above 10 eV with high accuracy exploiting a hybrid detection technique. A surface arra y of 1660 water Cherenkov detectors on a 1500 m triangular grid covers an area of 3000 km. The atmosphere above the array is viewed by 24 wide angle telescopes. These telescopes observe the faint fluorescence light of the extensive air showers at dark moonless nights, i.e. with a duty cycle of about 15 %. As an enhancement to this baseline design o f the Auger Observatory three additional telescopes with elevated field of view were built and now constitute HEAT, the h igh-elevation Auger telescopes. These telescopes are similar to the 24 other fluorescence telescopes (FD) but c an be tilted by29 degrees upward. They cover an elevation range from30 to 58 degrees above horizon to enable the unbiased detection of nearby low en ergy air showers. Especially in combination with the detector information from an infill array of w ater tanks on a750m grid close to the HEAT site the energy range of high quality hybrid air shower measuremen ts is extended down to below 10 eV. HEAT is fully commissioned and is taking data continuously since September 2009. The status and prospects of HEAT are discussed and first (preliminary) data are presented.
21695867
CHerenkov detectors In mine PitS (CHIPS) Letter of Intent to FNAL
This Letter of Intent outlines a proposal to build a large, yet cost-effective, 100 kton fiducial mass water Cherenkov detector that will initially run in the NuMI beam line. The CHIPS detector (CHerenkov detector In Mine PitS) will be deployed in a flooded mine pit, removing the necessity and expense of a substantial external structure capable of supporting a large detector mass. There are a number of mine pits in northern Minnesota along the NuMI beam that could be used to deploy such a detector. In particular, the Wentworth Pit 2W is at the ideal off-axis angle to contribute to the measurement of the CP violating phase. The detector is designed so that it can be moved to a mine pit in the LBNE beam line once that becomes operational.
110729769
ATLAS pixel detector electronics and sensors
The silicon pixel tracking system for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is described and the performance requirements are summarized. Detailed descriptions of the pixel detector electronics and the silicon sensors are given. The design, fabrication, assembly and performance of the pixel detector modules are presented. Data obtained from test beams as well as studies using cosmic rays are also discussed.
120152328
Lie theory and separation of variables. 11. The EPD equation
We show that the Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation {∂tt−∂rr−[(2m+1)/r]∂r}Θ=0 separates in exactly nine coordinate systems corresponding to nine orbits of symmetric second‐order operators in the enveloping algebra of SL(2,R), the symmetry group of this equation. We employ techniques developed in earlier papers from this series and use the representation theory of SL(2,R) to derive special function identities relating the separated solutions. We also show that the complex EPD equation separates in exactly five coordinate systems corresponding to five orbits of symmetric second‐order operators in the enveloping algebra of SL(2,C).
107371126
MPS Data Acquisition System
A description is given of the data acquisition system used with the multiparticle spectrometer facility at Brookhaven. Detailed information is provided on that part of the system which connects the detectors to the data handler; namely, the detector electronics, device controller, and device port optical isolator. (GHT)
110095326
The Cleo III silicon vertex detector
The CLEO collaboration has embarked on an ambitious upgrade of the CLEO detector to match the upgrade of the CESR accelerator to luminosities of 2 × 10 33 cm −2 sec −1 . This will bring a factor ten improvement in the measurement of rare B decays and hence, increased sensitivity to physics at high mass scales and also the possibility of measuring CP violation. The upgrade includes a new four layer double-sided silicon detector. Each double-sided silicon wafer is 2.6 cmx 5.1 cm × 300 μ m . To maximize solid angle coverage with minimal material in the detector volume the detector chains are very long, up to 5 detectors per electronic readout channel, resulting in large series resistance and large detector capacitance. Moderate backgrounds permit the electronics to operate with a 1–3 μ s shaping time. A new front-end low noise preamplifier is being developed to maximize the signal to noise ratio, along with a modified SVX chip used for analog to digital conversion and sparsification. The detectors are connected to the electronics hybrid by a thin double sided kapton flex circuit. The length of the detector chains also requires novel mechanical support structures — CVD diamond beams axe the baseline solution. We are currently near the end of the prototype stage for all aspects for the project and will move into production by late summer. The detector will be installed in early 1998.
15532764
Quadrics on complex Riemannian spaces of constant curvature, separation of variables, and the Gaudin magnet
Integrable systems that are connected with orthogonal separation of variables in complex Riemannian spaces of constant curvature are considered herein. An isomorphism with the hyperbolic Gaudin magnet, previously pointed out by one of the authors, extends to coordinates of this type. The complete classification of these separable coordinate systems is provided by means of the corresponding L matrices for the Gaudin magnet. The limiting procedures (or e calculus) which relate various degenerate orthogonal coordinate systems play a crucial role in the classification of all such systems.
121149587
Lie theory and the wave equation in space-time. 4. The Klein-Gordon equation and the Poincaré group
A detailed classification is made of all orthogonal coordinate systems for which the Klein–Gordon equation in space–time, ψtt−Δ3ψ=λψ, admits a separation of variables. We show that the Klein–Gordon equation is separable in 261 orthogonal coordinate systems. In each case the coordinate systems presented are characterized in terms of three symmetric second order commuting operators in the enveloping algebra of the Poincare group. This paper also consitutes an important step in the study of separation of variables for the wave equation in space–time ψtt−Δ3ψ=0, and its relation to the underlying conformal symmetry group O(4,2) of this equation.