11418029
Synthetic cannabinoids and potential reproductive consequences.
Increases in emergency room visits due to abuse of designer drugs, popularly known by the street names "K2" and "Spice," are a cause for social, judicial, and clinical concerns. The psychoactive components in these herbal drugs mainly consist of different synthetic cannabinoids, and users of these street drugs are primarily within the age group of 12 to 20years old. The abusive use of synthetic cannabinoids results in anxiety, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, tremors, seizures, hallucinations, and paranoid behavior, but the effects of maternal use of synthetic cannabinoids during pregnancy are ambiguous due to limited studies in humans and a relative short history of the drugs. In this review, we discuss the known and potential adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids on human pregnancy using knowledge gathered from studies in mice and limited studies in humans. In mice, multiple sites and stages of pregnancy are potential targets of synthetic cannabinoids, including preimplantation embryo development, oviductal embryo transport, implantation, placentation, and parturition. It is anticipated that maternal use of synthetic cannabinoids would result in severely compromised female fertility and pregnancy outcome.
46050285
Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is critical for conferring uterine receptivity to implantation
A blastocyst will implant only when the uterus becomes receptive. Following attachment, luminal epithelial cells undergo degeneration at the site of the blastocyst. Although many genes critical for uterine receptivity are primarily regulated by ovarian hormones, Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a zinc finger-containing transcription factor, is persistently expressed in epithelial cells independently of ovarian hormones. Loss of uterine Klf5 causes female infertility due to defective implantation. Cox2 is normally expressed in the luminal epithelium and stroma at the site of blastocyst attachment, but luminal epithelial COX2 expression is absent with loss of Klf5. This is associated with the retention of the epithelium around the implantation chamber with arrested embryonic growth. These results suggest that Klf5 is indispensable for normal implantation.
10054183
Uterine deletion of Gp130 or Stat3 shows implantation failure with increased estrogenic responses.
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a downstream target of estrogen, is essential for implantation in mice. LIF function is thought to be mediated by its binding to LIF receptor (LIFR) and recruitment of coreceptor GP130 (glycoprotein 130), and this receptor complex then activates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/3. However, the importance of LIFR and GP130 acting via STAT3 in implantation remains uncertain, because constitutive inactivation of Lifr, Gp130, or Stat3 shows embryonic lethality in mice. To address this issue, we generated mice with conditional deletion of uterine Gp130 or Stat3 and show that both GP130 and STAT3 are critical for uterine receptivity and implantation. Implantation failure in these deleted mice is associated with higher uterine estrogenic responses prior to the time of implantation. These heightened estrogenic responses are not due to changes in ovarian hormone levels or expression of their nuclear receptors. In the deleted mice, estrogen-responsive gene, Lactoferrin (Ltf), and Mucin 1 protein, were up-regulated in the uterus. In addition, progesterone-responsive genes, Hoxa10 and Indian hedgehog (Ihh), were markedly down-regulated in STAT3-inactivated uteri. These changes in uteri of deleted mice were reflected by the failure of differentiation of the luminal epithelium, which is essential for blastocyst attachment.
24839847
Preparation and evaluation of Zr-beta-FeOOH for efficient arsenic removal.
A Zr-beta-FeOOH adsorbent for both As(V) and As(III) removal was prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method. Compared with beta-FeOOH, the addition of Zr enhanced the adsorption capacities for As(V) and As(III), especially As(III). The maximum adsorption capacities for As(III) and As(V) were 120 and 60 mg/g respectively at pH 7.0, much higher than for many reported adsorbents. The adsorption data accorded with Freundlich isotherms. At neutral pH, for As(V), adsorption equilibrium was approached after 3 hr, while for As(III), adsorption equilibrium was approached after 5 hr. Kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo second-order reaction model. As(V) elimination was favored at acidic pH, whereas the adsorption of As(III) by Zr-beta-FeOOH was found to be effective over a wide pH range of 4-10. Competitive anions hindered the adsorption according to the sequence: phosphate > silicate > bicarbonate > sulfate > nitrate, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased the removal of As(III) and As(V) slightly. The high adsorption capability and good performance in other aspects make Zr-beta-FeOOH a potentially attractive adsorbent for the removal of both As(III) and As(V) from water.
8889473
Cannabinoid/Endocannabinoid signaling impact on early pregnancy events.
It has been known for decades that marijuana and its major psychoactive component Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alter both male and female reproductive functions in humans and laboratory animals. The discovery of cannabinoid-like molecules (endocannabinoids), anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2AG), as well as G-protein-coupled cannabinoid/endocannabinoid receptors CB₁ and CB₂, created an opportunity to study the adverse and beneficial effects of cannabinoids/endocannabinoids on fertility using molecular, physiological and genetic approaches. In fact, studies to explore the significance of cannabinoid/endocannabinoid signaling in reproduction have revealed some intriguing physiological roles in early pregnant events. This review summarizes some aspects of these signaling molecules in preimplantation and implantation biology utilizing genetically engineered mouse models.
24110389
[Isolation of a metsulfuron-methyl-resistant bacteria and cloning and expression of the acetohydroxyacid synthase genes ilvlH].
UNLABELLED
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (EC 4.1.3.18) is the enzyme that catalyses the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine in plant, fungi and bacteria, and also is target of the sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine and other acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitor herbicides.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to get the resistant gene, prepare a functional bacteria with acetohydroxyacid synthase, and investigate the relationship between the mutation sites of the acetohydroxyacid synthase and the herbicides-resistant.


METHODS
A metsulfuron-methyl-resistant bacterium Lm10 was isolated from metsulfuron-methyl contaminated soil. Acetohydroxyacid synthase genes ilvIH was amplified from the genome DNA of strains Lm10 by PCR. The ilvI and ilvH were cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET29a(+) respectively.


RESULTS
Strain Lm10 was identified preliminarily as Pseudomonas sp.. It can endure 14000 micromol/L metsulfuron-methyl and showed cross resistance to diffenent acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitor herbicids, such as chlorsulfuron, imazethapyr, flumetsulam and penoxsulam. The alignment result of the ilvIH amino acid sequence showed that ilvI of strains Lm10 differed from that of strain KT2440 by 6 sites, While the ilvH of the two strains were the same. The gene ilvI and ilvH were functional expressed in the Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) respectively. The expressed production pET-I displayed acetohydroxyacid synthase activity and showed resistance to high concentration of metsulfuron-methyl.


CONCLUSION
The ilvI displayed acetohydroxyacid synthase activity. The 6 different sites in ilvI of strains Lml0 probably led to herbicids resistance.
19514569
Determination of tetracyclines in food samples by molecularly imprinted monolithic column coupling with high performance liquid chromatography.
A novel solid phase extraction (SPE) method for determination of tetracyclines (TCs) in milk and honey samples by molecularly imprinted monolithic column was developed. Using tetracycline (TC) as the template, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, methanol as the solvent, cyclohexanol and dodecanol as the mixed porogenic solvents, a TC imprinted monolithic column was prepared by in situ molecular imprinting technique for the first time, and the optimal synthesis conditions and the selectivity of TC imprinted monolithic column were investigated. The interfering substances in food samples and TCs can be separated successfully on imprinted column. Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) coupling with C18 column was used to determinate the TCs in milk and honey. The recoveries of this method for six tetracyclines antibiotics such as tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MINO), chlortetracycline (CTC), metacycline (MTC) and doxycycline (DTC) were investigated, and high recoveries of 73.3-90.6% from milk samples and 62.6-82.3% from honey samples were obtained. A method for determination of TCs at low concentration level in milk and honey samples was successfully developed by using the monolithic column as the precolumn for solid phase extraction of six TCs compounds.
11053511
Angiostatin enhances B7.1-mediated cancer immunotherapy independently of effects on vascular endothelial growth factor expression
Tumors must develop an adequate vascular network to meet their increasing demands for nutrition and oxygen. Angiostatin, a multiple kringle (1–4)–containing fragment of plasminogen, is an effective natural inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. Here we show that gene transfer of angiostatin into small (0.1 cm in diameter) solid EL-4 lymphomas established in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice led to reduced tumor angiogenesis and weak inhibition of tumor growth. In contrast, when angiostatin gene therapy was preceded by in situ gene transfer of the T-cell costimulator B7.1, large (0.4 cm in diameter) tumors were rapidly and completely eradicated, whereas B7.1 and angiostatin monotherapies were ineffective. Combined gene transfer of B7.1 and angiostatin generated potent systemic antitumor immunity that was effective in eradicating a systemic challenge of 107 EL-4 cells. Gene transfer of angiostatin expression plasmids led to overexpression of angiostatin in tumors, increased apoptosis of tumor cells, and decreased density of tumor blood vessels, which may allow the immune system to overcome tumor immune resistance. The latter effects were not the result of a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor expression, as tumoral vascular endothelial growth factor expression increased slightly after angiostatin gene transfer, presumably in response to increasing hypoxia. These results suggest that combining immunogene therapy with a vascular attack by angiostatin is a particularly effective approach for eliciting antitumor immunity. Cancer Gene Therapy (2001) 8, 719–727
22251514
Sonographic evaluation of para- and perirenal fat thickness is an independent predictor of early kidney damage in obese patients
PurposeTo determine whether para- and perirenal fat ultrasonographic thickness (PFUT) is related to increased urinary albumin excretion and whether PFUT is an independent indicator of early kidney damage in obese subjects.MethodSixty-seven nonhypertensive, nondiabetic obese patients and 34 age- and sex-matched normal healthy volunteers were involved in this study. Clinical characteristics, blood biochemistry, PFUT, and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) of the subjects were measured. The intraoperator and interoperator coefficient of variation was 5.6 and 3.2 %, respectively.ResultsACR and PFUT were significantly higher in obese patients than those of normal healthy volunteers. PFUT was higher in obese patients with microalbuminuria than those with normoalbuminuria. Correlation analysis showed PFUT had a positive correlation with body mass index (BMI, r = 0.677, P < 0.01), waist circumference (WC, r = 0.686, P < 0.01), plasma free fatty acids (FFAs, r = 0.589, P < 0.01), and ACR (r = 0.610, P < 0.01). ACR had a positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.444, P < 0.01), WC (r = 0.440, P < 0.01), and plasma FFAs (r = 0.496, P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analyses showed that ACR could be predicted by PFUT.ConclusionsPFUT may be an independent predictor of early kidney damage in nonhypertensive, nondiabetic obese patients, and PFUT could be a useful tool for the assessment of visceral fat and early kidney damage in obese patients.
23880732
Multifarious Roles of Intrinsic Disorder in Proteins Illustrate Its Broad Impact on Plant Biology
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are highly abundant in eukaryotic proteomes. Plant IDPs play critical roles in plant biology and often act as integrators of signals from multiple plant regulatory and environmental inputs. Binding promiscuity and plasticity allow IDPs to interact with multiple partners in protein interaction networks and provide important functional advantages in molecular recognition through transient protein–protein interactions. Short interaction-prone segments within IDPs, termed molecular recognition features, represent potential binding sites that can undergo disorder-to-order transition upon binding to their partners. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the importance of IDPs in plant biology and evaluate the functions associated with intrinsic disorder in five different types of plant protein families experimentally confirmed as IDPs. Functional studies of these proteins illustrate the broad impact of disorder on many areas of plant biology, including abiotic stress, transcriptional regulation, light perception, and development. Based on the roles of disorder in the protein–protein interactions, we propose various modes of action for plant IDPs that may provide insight for future experimental approaches aimed at understanding the molecular basis of protein function within important plant pathways.
29659432
Up-regulation of survivin by AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer.
This study investigated the contribution of survivin and its upstream regulators, AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), to the resistance of gastric cancer cells to cisplatin (CDDP). We found that over-expression of survivin increased the resistance of SGC7901 and BGC823 gastric cancer cells to CDDP. Its over-expression abrogated CDDP-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and CDDP-induced cell apoptosis. In contrast, down-regulation of survivin expression using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors and the small-molecule inhibitor YM155, or inhibition of survivin function using a recombinant cell-permeable dominant-negative survivin protein (dNSur9), promoted CDDP-induced apoptosis. CDDP-resistant sub-lines generated from the parental SGC7901 and BGC823 cells by exposure to increasing concentrations of CDDP expressed higher levels of HIF-1α and survivin in response to hypoxia, and higher levels of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT). Specific inhibition of AKT reduced the expression of HIF-1α and survivin, whereas specific inhibition or depletion of HIF-1α reduced survivin expression but had no effect on the expression of phosphorylated AKT. The expression levels of survivin affected the therapeutic efficacy of CDDP in treating gastric tumors in mice. Specific inhibition of survivin, AKT and HIF-1α enhanced the sensitivity of CDDP-resistant cells to CDDP. Specific inhibition of survivin, AKT and HIF-1α synergized with CDDP to suppress the growth of gastric tumors that had been engineered to overexpress survivin. In summary, the results provide evidence that up-regulation of survivin by AKT and HIF-1α contributes to CDDP resistance, indicating that inhibition of these pathways may be a potential strategy for overcoming CDDP resistance in the treatment of gastric cancer.