120296339
Mass limit for the standard model Higgs boson with the full LEP I ALEPH data sample
Abstract The reaction e + e − → HZ ∗ is used to search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H ν ν and the Hl + l − channels. The data sample corresponds to about 4.5 million hadronic Z decays collected by the ALEPH experiment at LEP from 1989 to 1995 at centre-of-mass energies at and around the Z peak. Three candidate events are found in the H μ + μ − channel, in agreement with the expected background from the electroweak process e + e − l + l − q q . This search results in a 95% C.L. lower limit on the Higgs boson mass of 63.9 GeV/ c 2 .
122188618
Charged particle pair production associated with a lepton pair in Z decays. indication of an excess in the tau channel
In a sample of 200 000 Z decays, events with two leptons and an additional pair of charged particles are studied. The 35 events found show a possible excess in the tau channel compared with the expectation from electroweak processes. The features of the events are consistent with radiation of virtual photons.
122041721
Production of excited beauty states inZ decays
AbstractA data sample of about 3.0 million hadronicZ decays collected by the ALEPH experiment at LEP in the years 1991 through 1994 is used to make an inclusive selection of B hadron events. In this event sample 4227±140±252B* mesons in the decayB*→Bγ and 1944±108±161B**u,d mesons decaying into a B meson and a charged pion are reconstructed. Here and in the followingB**u,d denotes the eightL=1(bū) and (bd) states and their charge conjugate.For the well establishedB* meson the following quantities are obtained:ΔM=MB*−MB=(45.30±0.35±0.87) MeV/c2 andNB*/(NB+NB*)=(77.1±2.6±7.0)%. The angular distribution of the photons in theB* rest frame is used to measure the relative contribution of longitudinalB* polarization states to beσL/(σL+σT)=(33±6±5)%.In theM(Bπ)−M(B) mass difference resonance structure is observed at (424±4±10) MeV/c2, for which the shape and position is consistent with the expectation forB**u,d states decaying intoB(*)π±. The relative production rate is determined to be
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{{BR(Z \to b \to B_{u,d}^{ * * } )}}{{BR(Z \to b \to B_{u,d} )}} \hfill \\ = [27.9 \pm 1.6(stat) \pm 5.9(syst) {}_{ - 5.6}^{ + 3.9} (model)]\% \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
 where the third error reflects the uncertainty due to different production and decay models for the broadB**u,d states.
123101518
Studies of quantum chromodynamics with the ALEPH detector
Abstract Previously published and as yet unpublished QCD results obtained with the ALEPH detector at LEP1 are presented. The unprecedented statistics allows detailed studies of both perturbative and non-perturbative aspects of strong interactions to be carried out using hadronic Z and tau decays. The studies presented include precise determinations of the strong coupling constant, tests of its flavour independence, tests of the SU(3) gauge structure of QCD, study of coherence effects, and measurements of single-particle inclusive distributions and two-particle correlations for many identified baryons and mesons.
122204997
First measurement of the quark-to-photon fragmentation function
Earlier measurements at LEP of isolated hard photons in hadronic Z decays, attributed to radiation from primary quark pairs, have been extended in the ALEPH experiment to include hard photon productioninside hadron jets. Events are selected where all particles combine democratically to form hadron jets, one of which contains a photon with a fractional energyz≥0.7. After statistical subtraction of non-prompt photons, the quark-to-photon fragmentation function,D(z), is extracted directly from the measured 2-jet rate. By taking into account the perturbative contributions toD(z) obtained from anO(ααs) QCD calculation, the unknown non-perturbative component ofD(z) is then determined at highz. Provided due account is taken of hadronization effects nearz=1, a good description of the other event topologies is then found.
122230572
A measurement of the ratio of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in neutrino interactions between 30 and 200 GeV
Abstract A new measurement of the ratio R = σ L / σ T of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in neutrino interactions on iron between 30 and 190 GeV neutrino energy is reported. The result is given as a function of the scale parameter x and the inelasticity ν of the interaction. The average value is R = 0.10 ± 0.07 around ν ≈ 50 GeV and is in accordance with a prediction from the QCD theory.
15393287
Explosive field emitter processing in superconducting rf cavities
Superconducting niobium radiofrequency cavities for e + e accelerators presently are limited to accelerating gradients of 25 MV/m — far less than their theoretical capability of 50 MV/m. Field emission presents the main impediment to higher gradients. In many cases, in situ high-pulsed-power processing is used to explode emission sites (rf processing), thereby improving the cavity performance. Thermometric and microscopic results summarized here are used to develop a qualitative theory of the events leading up to rf processing. It is demonstrated that the ionization of gases from the emitter is crucial to the initiation of the explosion, similar to past observations made with dc emitters. This fact is underscored by the examination of emitters processed with intentionally administered helium gas in the cavity (helium processing). Numerical simulations of rf processing, including the ionization of gases by the field emission current, illustrate the conditions required for emitter explosion, and they confirm the importance of a plasma during such events. Most importantly, the calculations demonstrate that the positive space charge of the ions enhances the field emission current, and that the production of ions is a self amplifying process. A runaway situation can ensue, which explains the submicrosecond rf processing times observed experimentally. The rapid release of monolayer surface adsorbates at the emission site, in particular, can play a critical role in initiating voltage breakdown.
122142909
Analysis and active compensation of microphonics in continuous wave narrow-bandwidth superconducting cavities
Many proposals for next generation light sources based on single pass free electron lasers or energy recovery linac facilities require a continuous wave (cw) driven superconducting linac. The effective beam loading in such machines is very small and in principle the cavities can be operated at a bandwidth of a few Hz and with less than a few kW of rf power. However, a power reserve is required to ensure field stability. A major error source is the mechanical microphonics detuning of the niobium cavities. To understand the influence of cavity detuning on longitudinal beam stability, a measurement program has been started at the horizontal cavity test facility HoBiCaT at HZB to study TESLA-type cavities. The microphonics detuning spectral content, peak detuning values, and the driving terms for these mechanical oscillations have been analyzed. In combination with the characterization of cw-adapted fast tuning systems based on the piezoelectric effect this information has been used to design a detuning compensation algorithm. It has been shown that a compensation factor between 2‐7 is achievable, reducing the typical detuning of 2‐3 Hz rms to below 0.5 Hz rms. These results were included in rf-control simulations of the cavities, and it was demonstrated that a phase stability below 0.02 � can be achieved.
121377634
RF superconductivity for accelerators
BASICS Introductory Overview Cavity Fundamentals and Cavity Fields Superconductivity Essentials Electrodynamics of Normal and Superconductors Maximum Surface Fields PERFORMANCE OF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITIES Cavity Fabrication and Preparation Multicell Field "Flatness" Tuning Cavity Testing Residual Resistance Multipacting Thermal Breakdown Field Emission The Quest for High Gradients Alternate Materials to Solid Niobium COUPLERS AND TUNERS Mode Excitation and Its Consequences Higher Order Mode Couplers Coupling Power to the Beam Input Power Couplers and Windows Tuners and Frequency Related Issues FRONTIER ACCELERATORS High-Current Accelerators High-Energy Accelerators Problems References Index
36916632
Basic Concepts of Measurements Made on Superconducting RF Cavities
Presented here is an introduction to some of the concepts used in the tests performed on superconducting RF cavities in the SRF group at Cornell. It is intended for the 'novice' to this field and by no means attempts a rigorous derivation. Assumed is some previous exposure to the physics of waveguides and cavities. Explained is the concept of the Quality (Q) of a cavity, the coupling parameters and how these quantities are determined by experiment. Furthermore a short overview of the results obtained for a typical cell is presented.
31537972
First Considerations Concerning an Optimized Cavity Design for the Main Linac of BERLinPro
The Berlin Energy Recovery Linac Project (BERLinPro) is designed to develop and demonstrate CW linac technology and expertise required to drive next-generation Energy Recovery Linacs. Strongly HOM-damped multicell 1.3 GHz cavities are required for the main linac. The optimization of the cavities presented here is primarily based on the CEBAF 1.5 GHz 5-cell high-current cavity design, including HOM waveguide couplers. The cavity was scaled to 1.3 GHz and extended to 7 cells. Modifications to the end group design have also been studied. An effort was also made to reduce the ratio Epk/Eacc while still permitting HOMs to propagate.