2161032
Metallic Absorbers and the Evolution of Galaxy Haloes and the Metagalactic Ionizing Background
An extremely careful separation of the weak metal-line systems relating to the Lyman forest absorbers into individual ``single-phase ionization'' components with accurate parameters has yielded a large sample in the wide redshift range 1.9 < z < 4.4. The systems typically span several hundred km/s and within each the components show a strong coherence in their ionization properties. No sudden evolution is found in the column density ratio N(Si IV)/N(C IV), contrary to previous indication of a large change near z = 3, although there is an apparent rise below z~2.2 and above z~3.8. A smooth not sudden spectral evolution is reflected in the z distribution of N(N V)/N(C IV). Comparisons of N(Si IV)/N(C IV) vs N(C II)/N(C IV) from the observations with CLOUDY derived values using several model ionizing spectra show the general dominance of a QSO ionizing background at the lower redshifts while an additional strong and eventually dominating stellar contribution is required progressively to higher redshifts.
17692963
The Detection of Oxygen in the Low-Density Intergalactic Medium
The abundances of metals in the intergalactic medium (IGM) can be used to constrain the amount of star formation at high redshift and the spectral shape of the ionizing background radiation. For both purposes, it is essential to measure the abundances in regions of low density, away from local sources of metals and ionizing photons. Here we report the first detection of O VI in the low-density IGM at high redshift. We perform a pixel-by-pixel search for O VI absorption in eight high-quality quasar spectra spanning the redshift range z = 2.0-4.5. At 2 z 3, we clearly detect O VI in the form of a positive correlation between the H I Lyα optical depth and the optical depth in the corresponding O VI pixel, down to τ ~ 10-1. This is an order of magnitude lower in τ than the best C IV measurements can probe, and it constitutes the first clear detection of metals in underdense gas. The nondetection of O VI at z > 3 is consistent with the enhanced photoionization from a hardening of the UV background below z ~ 3 but could also be caused by the high level of contamination from Lyman series lines.
7156607
Gravitational collapse of small scale structure as the origin of the Lyman alpha forest
If gravitational clustering is a hierarchical process, the present large-scale structure of the galaxy distribution implies that structures on smaller scales must have formed at high redshift. We simulate the formation of small-scale structure (average cell mass: (delta) bar m(sub b) = 10(sup 4.2) solar mass) and the evolution of photoionized gas, in the specific case of the CDM + Lambda model. The photoionized gas has a natural minimal scale of collapse, the Jeans scale (m(sub b,J) is approximately equal to 10(exp 9) solar mass). We find that low column density (N(sub HI) is less than or equal to 10(exp 14)/sq cm) lines originate in regions resembling Zel'dovich pancakes, where gas with overdensities in the range 3-30 is enclosed by two shocks but is typically reexpanding at approximately the Hubble velocity. However, higher column density lines stem from more overdense regions where the shocked gas is cooling. We show that this model can probably account for the observed number of lines, their distribution in column density and b-parameters, as well as the cloud physical sizes as observed in gravitationally lensed quasars. We find a redshift evolution that is too steep; however, this may be due to insufficient dynamical range in the simulation or because the specific model is incorrect. The model predicts that high signal-to-noise observations should find systematic deviations from Voigt profiles, mainly in the form of broad wings in the line profiles, and that a fluctuating Gunn-Peterson effect will be detected, which can be modeled as a superposition of weak lines with a wide range of b-parameters.
119386569
The Observed Probability Distribution Function, Power Spectrum, and Correlation Function of the Transmitted Flux in the Lyα Forest*
A sample of eight quasars observed at high resolution and signal-to-noise ratio is used to determine the transmitted flux probability distribution function (TFPDF), and the power spectrum and correlation function of the transmitted flux in the Lyα forest, in three redshift bins centered at z = 2.41, 3.00, and 3.89. All the results are presented in tabular form, with full error covariance matrices, to allow for comparisons with any numerical simulations and with other data sets. The observations are compared with a numerical simulation of the Lyα forest of a ΛCDM model with Ω = 0.4, known to agree with other large-scale structure observational constraints. There is excellent agreement for the TFPDF if the mean transmitted flux is adjusted to match the observations. A small difference between the observed and predicted TFPDF is found at high fluxes and low redshift, which may be due to the uncertain effects of fitting the spectral continuum. Using the numerical simulation, we show how the flux power spectrum can be used to recover the initial power spectrum of density fluctuations. From our sample of eight quasars, we measure the amplitude of the mass power spectrum to correspond to a linear variance per unit ln k of Δ(k) = 0.72 ± 0.09 at k = 0.04(km s-1)-1 and z = 3, and the slope of the power spectrum near the same k to be np = -2.55 ± 0.10 (statistical error bars). The results are statistically consistent with those of Croft et al., although our value for the rms fluctuation is lower by a factor of 0.75. For the ΛCDM model we use, the implied primordial slope is n = 0.93 ± 0.10, and the normalization is σ8 = 0.68 + 1.16(0.95 - n) ± 0.04.
15226196
QSO Metal Absorption Systems at High Redshift and the Signature of Hierarchical Galaxy Formation
In a hierarchical cosmogony, galaxies build up by continuous merging of smaller structures. At z = 3, the matter content of a typical present-day galaxy is dispersed over several individual clumps embedded in sheetlike structures, often aligned along filaments. We have used hydrodynamical simulations to investigate the spatial distribution and absorption properties of metal-enriched gas in such regions of ongoing galaxy formation. The metal and hydrogen absorption features produced by the collapsing structures closely resemble observed QSO absorption systems over a wide range in H I column density. Strong C II and Si IV absorption occurs for lines of sight passing the densest regions close to the center of the protogalactic clumps, while C IV is a good tracer of the prominent filamentary structures and O VI becomes the strongest absorption feature for lines of sight passing through low-density regions far away from fully collapsed objects. The observed column density ratios of the different ionic species at z = 3 can be well reproduced if a mean metallicity [Z/H] = -2.5, relative abundances as found in metal-poor stars, a UV background with intensity J-22 = 3 at the Lyman limit, and either a power-law spectrum (J ∝ ν-1.5) or the spectral shape proposed by Haardt & Madau are assumed. The observed scatter in [C/H] is about a magnitude larger than that in the simulations, which suggests an inhomogeneous metal distribution. Observed and simulated Doppler parameter distributions of H I and C IV absorption lines are in good agreement, which indicates that shock heating due to gravitational collapse is a second important heating agent in addition to photoionization heating. The large velocity spreads seen in some C IV systems may be due to the occasional alignments of the observer's line of sight with expanding large-scale filaments. Both high-ionization multicomponent heavy-element absorbers and damped Lyα systems can arise from groups of moderately sized protogalactic clumps (Mbaryon ~ 109 M☉). Recent detections of star-forming galaxies at similar redshifts are consistent with this picture.
116980402
Omega (baryon) and the geometry of intermediate redshift Lyman alpha absorption systems
Estimates of Omega_baryon from primordial nucleosynthesis together with standard assumptions about the ionization state of low column density Lyman alpha forest clouds can be used to determine an upper limit for the cloud thickness along the line of sight. This upper limit provides significant constraints on the axis ratio of the absorbers and on the overall fraction of the baryonic matter contained in these objects if the recently measured large values for their transversal size are representative. The absorbers have to be considerably flattened structures and may possibly contain a substantial fraction of the baryonic matter at high redshift.
61909290
SFitter : Determining Supersymmetric Parameters
If supersymmetry (or similar complex models) is found at the LHC, the goal for all colliders over the coming decades will be to extract its fundamental parameters from the measurements. Dedicated state–of–the–art tools will be necessary to link a wealth of measurements to an e.g. 20–dimensional MSSM parameter space. Starting from a general log–likelihood function of this hig hdimensional parameter space we show how we can find the best–fit paramete r values and determine their errors. Beyond a single best–fit point we illustra te how distinct secondary minima occur in complex parameter spaces. In cases where there are flat dimensions in the likelihood we comment on the benefits and limitations of marginalizing over additional dimensions.
96477885
ZZ + jet production via gluon fusion at the LHC
A bstractPair production of Z bosons in association with a hard jet is an important background for new physics searches at the LHC. The loop-induced gluon-fusion process $ gg $ → ZZg contributes formally only at the next-to-next-to-leading order. Nevertheless, it can get enhanced by the large gluon flux at the LHC, and thus should be taken into account in relevant experimental searches. We provide the details and results of this calculation, which involves the manipulation of rank-5 pentagon integrals. Our results show that the gluon-fusion process can contribute more than 10% to the next-to-leading order QCD result and increases the overall scale uncertainty. Moreover, interference effects between Higgs and non-Higgs contributions can become large in phase-space regions where the Higgs is far off-shell.
119270209
Measuring supersymmetry with heavy scalars
Supersymmetry with heavy scalars is a model where, at the LHC we have to rely on rate measurements to determine the parameters of the underlying new physics. For this example we show how to combine rate measurements with kinematic endpoints properly, taking into account statistical, systematic and theoretical uncertainties. Provided we observe a sizeable number of events, the LHC should be able to determine many model parameters with small enough error bars to, for example, test unification patterns.
119165718
Wall-Crossing Holomorphic Anomaly and Mock Modularity of Multiple M5-Branes
Using wall-crossing formulae and the theory of mock modular forms we derive a holomorphic anomaly equation for the modified elliptic genus of two M5-branes wrapping a rigid divisor inside a Calabi–Yau manifold. The anomaly originates from restoring modularity of an indefinite theta-function capturing the wall-crossing of BPS invariants associated to D4-D2-D0 brane systems. We show the compatibility of this equation with anomaly equations previously observed in the context of $${{\mathcal{N}}=4}$$N=4 topological Yang–Mills theory on $${{\mathbbm{P}}^2}$$P2 and E-strings obtained from wrapping M5-branes on a del Pezzo surface. The non-holomorphic part is related to the contribution originating from bound-states of singly wrapped M5-branes on the divisor. We show in examples that the information provided by the anomaly is enough to compute the BPS degeneracies for certain charges. We further speculate on a natural extension of the anomaly to higher D4-brane charge.
119278159
Measuring extended Higgs sectors as a consistent free couplings model
A bstractExtended Higgs sectors appear in many models for physics beyond the Standard Model. Current Higgs measurements at the LHC are starting to significantly constrain them. We study their Higgs coupling patterns at tree level as well as including quantum corrections. Our benchmarks include a dark singlet-doublet extension and several twodoublet setups. Using SFitter we translate the current Higgs coupling measurements for one light Higgs state into their respective parameter spaces. Finally, we show how twoHiggs-doublet models can serve as a consistent ultraviolet completion of an assumed single Standard-Model-like Higgs boson with free couplings.