54024672
Focusing of relativistic electron bunches at the wake-field excitation in plasma
Analytical and numerical investigations of the trajectories of probing beam electrons in a two dimensional wake-field, generated in a plasma by a dense bunch of relativistic electrons with Gaussian longitudinal and transverse distributions of density have been carried out. Based on the calculations of probing beam deviations, the diagnostic instruments are developed for the parameters of experiments conducted at NSC KIPT. The diagnostic instruments include an electron gun generating a 10 keV electron beam with a current of 10 /spl mu/A and 2 mm in diameter, which passes through the chamber of interaction and falls on the collector of 10 mm diameter. The collector (screen) is placed in front of the first plate of a microchannel amplifier which consists of three microchannel plates (MCP) with sizes between 20 and 30 mm. The 3 kV voltage was applied to each plate. The total amplification of MCP amplifier is 10/sup 4/ to 10/sup 5/ depending on the number of particles incident on the first plate. As a result of probing beam deviations due to the excited wake-field, the electrons fall on the first plate of the amplifier and are registered by its anode located behind the third plate. The calculated probing beam deviations and the amplification attained with the MCP amplifier permit one to detect and investigate the electrical wake-fields excited by a sequence of relativistic bunches ( number of particles in a bunch is 2/spl middot/10/sup 9/, energy is 14 MeV) in a plasma of 10/sup 11/-10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ density. The intensity of the fields registered by this technique is no less than 2 kV/cm.
55477668
Numerical investigation of high-current ion beam acceleration and charge compensation in two accelerating gaps of induction linac
The numerical investigation of the hollow high-current ion beam (HHCIB) dynamics in two magnet-isolated accelerating gaps of induction linac are presented. It has been shown that the applied electric field destroys partially the charge and current compensations, and impairs the brightness of the ion beam when the electron beam energy is not sufficient to overcome the potential difference. The acceleration, the charge and current compensations, and the stability of the high-brightness ion beam can be achieved under the optimum parameters choice.<<ETX>>
118450922
2.5D numerical simulation of relativistic electron bunches (REB) interaction with underdense and overdense plasmas
The results of REB-plasma interaction numerical simulation by means of our relativistic particle EM code-are presented. Nonlinear evolution of a single REB injected into underdense and overdense plasmas is studied in detail for cylindrical geometry. It is found that in case of comparable bunch and plasma densities an instantaneous amplitude of excited longitudinal electric field substantially depends on density ratio, relativistic factor and space density distribution of REB. Transversal electric field can considerably exceed the longitudinal one, causing more severe restrictions to initial phase and radial position of particles to be accelerated.<<ETX>>
119803488
Numerical modelling of time-space behavior of high-current relativistic electron beam in plasma waveguide
The physical processes in a magnetized plasma waveguide, in which a high-current relativistic electron beam (Sudan parameter S>1) is injected, are investigated by the developed 2.5-D relativistic electromagnetic code. The computer study has shown that the charge and current compensations of the high-current beam are considerably different from those of the low-current beam. In addition the self-consistent electromagnetic fields generated by a beam at the initial state radically alter both the linear and the nonlinear instability stages.<<ETX>>
55265061
Kinetic simulation of fields excitation and particle acceleration by laser beat wave in non-homogeneous plasmas
Resonance excitation of longitudinal plasma electrostatic wave by double-frequency laser radiation is investigated numerically to study in detail conditions of particle beat wave acceleration. The computer simulation is based on the highly specialized code SUR, using splitting technique. Both the space uniform and slightly non-uniform cases are investigated. Maintaining of phase synchronism between accelerated particles and excited longitudinal wave is provided by a choice of density plasma profile.
56265136
2,5-dimensional numerical simulation of propagation of the finite sequence of relativistic electron bunches (REB) in tenuous and dense plasmas
Particle simulation results on the wake-field excitation with the programmed finite sequence of REB in tenuous and dense plasmas are presented. The REB/background plasma configuration is described by full set of 2D3V relativistic Vlasov equations for each plasma species and nonlinear Maxwell equations for self-consistent electromagnetic field. The physical parameters in runs carried out are close to those used in laboratory experiment at Kharkov IPT (Ya. Fainberg et al., 1994). The simulation points to the fact that the reached value of electric field depends on charge distribution and choice of intervals between bunches in programmed sequence.
117686242
The Hot and Energetic Universe: The close environments of supermassive black holes
Most of the action in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) occurs within a few tens of gravitational radii from the supermassive black hole, where matter in the accretion disk may lose up to almost half of its energy with a copious production of X-rays, emitted via Comptonization of the disk photons by hot electrons in a corona and partly reflected by the accretion disk. Thanks to its large effective area and excellent energy resolution, Athena+ contributions in the understanding of the physics of accretion in AGN will be fundamental - and unique - in many respects. It will allow us to map the disk-corona system - which is crucial to understand the mechanism of energy extraction and the relation of the corona with winds and jets - by studying the time lags between reflected and primary photons. These lags have been recently discovered by XMM-Newton, but only Athena+ will have the sensitivity required to fully exploit this technique. Athena+ will also be able e.g. to determine robustly the spin of the black hole in nearby sources (and to extend these measurements beyond the local Universe), to establish the nature of the soft X-ray components, and to map the circumnuclear matter within the AGN inner parsec with unprecedented details.
122780948
Charge compensation and acceleration of a thick-walled high-current ion beam in induction linac
The authors carried out systematic investigations of the dynamics of relativistic electron and nonrelativistic ion beam propagation in both an electric field and an axisymmetric nonuniform magnetic field. In previous papers, the investigation results of the acceleration, and the charge and current compensation of HHCIBs in one and two linac cusps are reported. These results have shown that both in the presence and in the absence of an accelerating electric field, the following effects take place: (1) charge and current compensation of HHCIB in the accelerating gaps, (2) stability of the ion beam during times that substantially exceed the inverse ion Langmuir and Larmor frequencies. The performed numerical simulations have also shown that a required charge neutralization of the ion beam is only achieved within accelerating gaps of linac. This investigation is directed towards: (1) reaching of the optimal relation between the external electric field parameters and the compensating electron beam parameters; (2) defining of the optimal thickness of annular beam at which the ion beam is effectively accelerated and at a time is remaining compensated and not losing a stability.
17033667
Enhanced activity of massive black holes by stellar capture assisted by a self-gravitating accretion disc
Aims. We study the probability of close encounters between stars from a nuclear cluster and a massive black hole (10 4 MM• 10 8 M� ). The gravitational field of the system is dominated by the black hole in its sphere of influence. It is further modified by the cluster mean field (a spherical term) and a gaseous disc/torus (an axially symmetric term) causing a secular evolution of stellar orbits via Kozai oscillations. Intermittent phases of high eccentricity increase the chance that stars become damaged inside the tidal radius of the central hole. Such events can produce debris and lead to recurring episodes of enhanced accretion activity. Methods. We introduce an effective loss cone and associate it with tidal disruptions during the high-eccentricity phases of the Kozai cycle. By numerical integration of the trajectories forming the boundary of the loss cone, we determine its shape and volume. We also include the effect of a relativistic advance of the pericentre. Results. The potential of the disc has the efffect of enlarging the loss cone, therefore, the predicted number of tidally disrupted stars should grow by factor of � 10 2 . On the other hand, the effect of the cluster mean potential, together with the relativistic pericentre advance, act against the eccentricity oscillations. In the end we expect the tidal disruption events to be approximately ten times more frequent in comparison with the model in which the three effects - the cluster mean field, the relativistic pericentre advance, and the Kozai mechanism - are all ignored. The competition of different influences suppresses the predicted star-disruption rate as the black hole mass increases. Hence, the process under consideration is more important for intermediate-mass black holes, M• � 10 4 M� .
119260820
Role of electric charge in shaping equilibrium configurations of fluid tori encircling black holes
Astrophysical fluids may acquire nonzero electrical charge because of strong irradiation or charge separation in a magnetic field. In this case, electromagnetic and gravitational forces may act together and produce new equilibrium configurations, which are different from the uncharged ones. Following our previous studies of charged test particles and uncharged perfect fluid tori encircling compact objects, we introduce here a simple test model of a charged perfect fluid torus in strong gravitational and electromagnetic fields. In contrast to ideal magnetohydrodynamic models, we consider here the opposite limit of negligible conductivity, where the charges are tied completely to the moving matter. This is an extreme limiting case which can provide a useful reference against which to compare subsequent more complicated astrophysically motivated calculations. To clearly demonstrate the features of our model, we construct three-dimensional axisymmetric charged toroidal configurations around Reissner-Nordstroem black holes and compare them with equivalent configurations of electrically neutral tori.
118861283
Retro-lensing light curves near a black hole
We model the light-curves from radiation-driven clouds near an accreting black hole. Taking into account the multiple images due to strong gravitational lensing, we find that sharp spikes can significantly enhance the observed flux. Following our previous work (Horak & Karas 2006a,b) we assume that scattering of ambient light takes place in a cloud that is in radial motion under a combined influence of black hole gravity and the radiation field. The retro-lensed photons give rise to peaks in the observed signal that follow with a characteristic time lag after the direct-image photons. Duration of these features is very short and the predicted polarization varies abruptly on the time-scale comparable with the light-crossing time of the system -- a signature of the photon orbit. We also consider the polarization properties of scattered light.