118127154
Unitarity, ghosts and nonminimal terms in Lorentz violating QED
The unitarity of a Lorentz-invariance violating QED model with higher-order Myers and Pospelov photons coupled to standard fermions is studied. As expected, we find ghost states associated to the higher-order terms that may lead to the loss of unitarity. An explicit calculation to check perturbative unitarity in the process of electron-positron scattering is performed and it is found to be possible to be preserved.
119403956
Alternative approaches to Lorentz violation invariance in loop quantum gravity inspired models
Recent claims point out that possible violations of Lorentz symmetry appearing in some semiclassical models of extended matter dynamics motivated by loop quantum gravity can be removed by a different choice of phase-space variables. In this note we show that such alternative is inconsistent with (i) the choice of variables in the regularized underlying quantum theory from which the effective theories are derived and (ii) the application of the correspondence principle. A consistent choice will violate standard Lorentz invariance, with the exception of trivial zero Planck scale corrections which are allowed by the analysis. Thus, for nontrivial corrections, to preserve a relativity principle in these models, the linear realization of Lorentz symmetry should be extended or superseded.
17397392
The photon sector in the quantum Myers–Pospelov model: An improved description
Abstract The quantization of the electromagnetic sector of the Myers–Pospelov model coupled to standard fermions is studied. Our main objective is to construct an effective quantum theory that results in a genuine perturbation of QED, such that setting zero the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) parameters will reproduce it. This is achieved by introducing an additional low energy scale M , together with a physically motivated prescription to take the QED limit. The prescription is successfully tested in the calculation of the electron self-energy in the one loop approximation. The LIV radiative corrections turn out to be properly scaled by very small factors for any reasonable values of the parameters, no fine-tuning problems are found at this stage and the choice for M to be of the order of the electroweak symmetry breaking scale is consistent with the stringent bounds for the LIV parameters, in particular with those arising from induced dimension three operators.
17885582
Generalized path dependent representations for gauge theories
A set of differential operators acting by continuous deformations on path dependent functionals of open and closed curves is introduced. Geometrically, these path operators are interpreted as infinitesimal generators of curves in the base manifold of the gauge theory. They furnish a representation with the action of the group of loops having a fundamental role. We show that the path derivative, which is covariant by construction, satisfies the Ricci and Bianchi identities. Also, we provide a geometrical derivation of covariant Taylor expansions based on particular deformations of open curves. The formalism includes, as special cases, other path dependent operators such as end point derivatives and area derivatives.
118093404
Higher time derivatives, stability and Fermi Statistics
We show that statistics is crucial for the instability problem derived from higher time derivatives. In fact, and contrary to previous statements, we check that when dealing with Fermi systems, the Hamiltonian is well bounded and the quantum states are normalizable. Although, ghost states are still present, they do not affect unitarity under certain conditions. We first analyze a quantum oscillator involving Grassman variables and then we generalize it to a Dirac field. Finally, we discuss some physical implications
36922503
Flexibility in the ABC transporter MsbA: Alternating access with a twist
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are integral membrane proteins that translocate a wide variety of substrates across cellular membranes and are conserved from bacteria to humans. Here we compare four x-ray structures of the bacterial ABC lipid flippase, MsbA, trapped in different conformations, two nucleotide-bound structures and two in the absence of nucleotide. Comparison of the nucleotide-free conformations of MsbA reveals a flexible hinge formed by extracellular loops 2 and 3. This hinge allows the nucleotide-binding domains to disassociate while the ATP-binding half sites remain facing each other. The binding of the nucleotide causes a packing rearrangement of the transmembrane helices and changes the accessibility of the transporter from cytoplasmic (inward) facing to extracellular (outward) facing. The inward and outward openings are mediated by two different sets of transmembrane helix interactions. Altogether, the conformational changes between these structures suggest that large ranges of motion may be required for substrate transport.