17397392
The photon sector in the quantum Myers–Pospelov model: An improved description
Abstract The quantization of the electromagnetic sector of the Myers–Pospelov model coupled to standard fermions is studied. Our main objective is to construct an effective quantum theory that results in a genuine perturbation of QED, such that setting zero the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) parameters will reproduce it. This is achieved by introducing an additional low energy scale M , together with a physically motivated prescription to take the QED limit. The prescription is successfully tested in the calculation of the electron self-energy in the one loop approximation. The LIV radiative corrections turn out to be properly scaled by very small factors for any reasonable values of the parameters, no fine-tuning problems are found at this stage and the choice for M to be of the order of the electroweak symmetry breaking scale is consistent with the stringent bounds for the LIV parameters, in particular with those arising from induced dimension three operators.
119403956
Alternative approaches to Lorentz violation invariance in loop quantum gravity inspired models
Recent claims point out that possible violations of Lorentz symmetry appearing in some semiclassical models of extended matter dynamics motivated by loop quantum gravity can be removed by a different choice of phase-space variables. In this note we show that such alternative is inconsistent with (i) the choice of variables in the regularized underlying quantum theory from which the effective theories are derived and (ii) the application of the correspondence principle. A consistent choice will violate standard Lorentz invariance, with the exception of trivial zero Planck scale corrections which are allowed by the analysis. Thus, for nontrivial corrections, to preserve a relativity principle in these models, the linear realization of Lorentz symmetry should be extended or superseded.
16905647
The scalar sector in the Myers-Pospelov model
We construct a perturbative expansion of the scalar sector in the Myers‐Pospelov model, up to second order in the Lorentz violating parameter and taking into account its higher‐order time derivative character. This expansion allows us to construct an hermitian positive‐definite Hamiltonian which provides a correct basis for quantization. Demanding that the modified normal frequencies remain real requires the introduction of an upper bound in the magnitude |k| of the momentum, which is a manifestation of the effective character of the model. The free scalar propagator, including the corresponding modified dispersion relations, is also calculated to the given order, thus providing the starting point to consider radiative corrections when interactions are introduced.
17885582
Generalized path dependent representations for gauge theories
A set of differential operators acting by continuous deformations on path dependent functionals of open and closed curves is introduced. Geometrically, these path operators are interpreted as infinitesimal generators of curves in the base manifold of the gauge theory. They furnish a representation with the action of the group of loops having a fundamental role. We show that the path derivative, which is covariant by construction, satisfies the Ricci and Bianchi identities. Also, we provide a geometrical derivation of covariant Taylor expansions based on particular deformations of open curves. The formalism includes, as special cases, other path dependent operators such as end point derivatives and area derivatives.
118543585
Causality and stability for Lorentz-CPT violating electrodynamics with dimension-5 operators
Stringent limits on the Myers-Pospelov timelike parameter for photons ξ < 10 -15 coming from astrophysical tests suggest exploring more general preferred backgrounds, such as spacelike and lightlike. We take some steps in this direction. We allow the external four vector n characterizing the Lorentz symmetry breaking to have arbitrary directions in spacetime. We study the consistency for the effective field theories in each privileged frame by demanding causality, stability, and analyticity. When specializing to a timelike background we found runaway solutions leading to causality and unitarity violations. We show that the lightlike theory is a higher-derivative theory with more degrees of freedom and nonanalytic solutions leading to instabilities when interactions are turned on. We demonstrate by explicit calculation that both stability and analyticity are preserved for the purely spacelike case while micro-causality is highly suppressed. This new anisotropic model opens the possibility to play a role in the search for Planck-scale effects.
118647842
Unitarity in higher-order Lorentz-invariance violating QED
The unitarity in Lorentz invariance violating QED consisting of standard fermions and higher-order photons of the Myers-Pospelov theory is studied. We find ghost states associated to the higher-order character of the theory which could render the $S$ matrix nonunitary. An explicit calculation to check perturbative unitarity in the process of electron-positron scattering is performed and it is found to be possible to preserve unitarity.
37250061
Structure of the ABC Transporter MsbA in Complex with ADP·Vanadate and Lipopolysaccharide
Select members of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family couple ATP binding and hydrolysis to substrate efflux and confer multidrug resistance. We have determined the x-ray structure of MsbA in complex with magnesium, adenosine diphosphate, and inorganic vanadate (Mg·ADP·Vi) and the rough-chemotype lipopolysaccharide, Ra LPS. The structure supports a model involving a rigid-body torque of the two transmembrane domains during ATP hydrolysis and suggests a mechanism by which the nucleotide-binding domain communicates with the transmembrane domain. We propose a lipid “flip-flop” mechanism in which the sugar groups are sequestered in the chamber while the hydrophobic tails are dragged through the lipid bilayer.