9690053
Robust Delay Estimation for Internet Multimedia Applications
Traffic estimation and modeling has been a crucial issue in many research areas of communication networks. For example, intermediate routers in networks estimate the rate of packet flows via queue size information in order to maximize throughput and provide fairness between flows. Also, many senders in the end system such as multi-media applications estimate end-to-end delay between a sender and a receiver to reduce dropping probability of packet. In this position paper, we propose a robust adaptive estimation scheme for Internet multimedia applications. The proposed scheme adopts an autoregressive (AR) model for the process and identifies the parameters of the AR process via a robust identification algorithm. This robust identification algorithm usually leads to better performance when the noise is correlated and/or non-stationary, and it is also more robust to modeling uncertainties. Here, we consider the problem of end-to-end delay estimation for audio playout mechanisms. We rigorously formulate the proposed scheme in the realm of audio playout mechanisms and give some preliminary simulation result which shows effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Even though we apply the proposed scheme to the estimation of end-to-end delay in audio applications, the scheme itself is very general and we expect that it can be applied to many other estimation problems in Internet multimedia applications.
17340710
Stochastic analysis of packet-pair probing for network bandwidth estimation
In this paper, we perform a stochastic analysis of the packet-pair technique, which is a widely used method for estimating the network bandwidth in an end-to-end manner. There has been no explicit delay model of the packet-pair technique primarily because the stochastic behavior of a packet pair has not been fully understood. Our analysis is based on a novel insight that the transient analysis of the G/D/1 system can accurately describe the behavior of a packet pair, providing an explicit stochastic model. We first investigate a single-hop case and derive an analytical relationship between the input and the output probing gaps of a packet pair. Using this single-hop model, we provide a multi-hop model under an assumption of a single tight link. Our model shows the following two important features of the packet-pair technique: (i) The difference between the proposed model and the previous fluid model becomes significant when the input probing gap is around the characteristic value. (ii) The available bandwidth of any link after the tight link is not observable. We verify our model via ns-2 simulations and empirical results. We give a discussion on recent packet-pair models in relation to the proposed model and show that most of them can be regarded as special cases of the proposed model.
14489739
Robust playout mechanism for Internet audio applications
In Internet audio applications, delay and delay jitter affect mostly the applications' quality of service. Since packet delays are different and changing over time, the receiver needs to buffer some amount of packets before playout. Therefore, the amount of buffered packets and the timing of playout are very important for the performance of applications. We adopt an autoregressive (AR) model for estimation of packet delay and deploy a robust identification algorithm for adjustment of the parameters of the AR process. In our preliminary experiments, this robust algorithm leads to better performance when the noise is correlated and/or non-stationary, and also it is robust to model uncertainties.
16295634
Robust delay estimator for playout buffering in Internet audio applications
In this paper, we propose a robust delay estimation scheme for Internet multimedia applications. The proposed scheme adopts an autoregressive (AR) model for the delay process. The adopted AR model is a natural generalization of the Jacobson's algorithm in TCP retransmission timeout (RTO) estimation. However, unlike fixed parameter values in the Jacobson's algorithm, the parameters of the proposed scheme adapt themselves to the estimation error via a robust identification algorithm. This robust identification algorithm usually leads to better performance when the noise is correlated and/or non-stationary, and it is also more robust to modeling uncertainties. As an application of the proposed algorithm, we consider the problem of delay prediction for audio playout buffering. We rigorously formulate the proposed scheme in the realm of multimedia audio mechanisms and give simulation result which shows its effectiveness.
11301244
On the effectiveness of route-based packet filtering for distributed DoS attack prevention in power-law internets
Denial of service (DoS) attack on the Internet has become a pressing problem. In this paper, we describe and evaluate route-based distributed packet filtering (DPF), a novel approach to distributed DoS (DDoS) attack prevention. We show that DPF achieves proactiveness and scalability, and we show that there is an intimate relationship between the effectiveness of DPF at mitigating DDoS attack and power-law network topology.The salient features of this work are two-fold. First, we show that DPF is able to proactively filter out a significant fraction of spoofed packet flows and prevent attack packets from reaching their targets in the first place. The IP flows that cannot be proactively curtailed are extremely sparse so that their origin can be localized---i.e., IP traceback---to within a small, constant number of candidate sites. We show that the two proactive and reactive performance effects can be achieved by implementing route-based filtering on less than 20% of Internet autonomous system (AS) sites. Second, we show that the two complementary performance measures are dependent on the properties of the underlying AS graph. In particular, we show that the power-law structure of Internet AS topology leads to connectivity properties which are crucial in facilitating the observed performance effects.
17238529
A distributed protocol for multi-class QoS provision in noncooperative many-switch systems
This paper presents an architecture for multi-class quality of service (QoS) provision in wide area networks. Users or applications are assumed to be selfish and end-to-end QoS is determined by the service levels received by an application traffic flow at each router or switch along a path. In previous work, we have given a comprehensive analysis of the noncooperative multi-class QoS provision game for single-switch systems showing when Nash equilibria exist and under what conditions they are Pareto and/or system optimal. In this paper, we propose a specific network architecture for facilitating noncooperative and of provision in many-switch systems such as the Internet with emphasis on realizability. We shield the user from having to choose the service classes on the switches along a route-a hard combinatorial optimization problem even assuming perfect knowledge about network state-while preserving the basic premise of selfishness. This is achieved by employing a set of QoS agents installed at routers which act on behalf of an user's traffic flow. The QoS agent intercepts packets entering a switch implementing generalized processor sharing (GPS) packet scheduling-and using only constant space packet header overhead and zero per-connection state at the routers-determines which service class to assign the packet to to satisfy the user's end-to-end QoS requirement at minimum cost. We present simulation results which show that our architecture is able to provide stable, stratified services to application traffic with diverse QoS requirements.
37635676
Efficient Algorithms for Approximate String Matching with Swaps
Most research on the edit distance problem and thek-differences problem considered the set of edit operations consisting of changes, insertions, and deletions. In this paper we include theswapoperation that interchanges two adjacent characters into the set of allowable edit operations, and we present anO(tmin(m,n))-time algorithm for the extended edit distance problem, wheretis the edit distance between the given strings, and anO(kn)-time algorithm for the extendedk-differences problem. That is, we add swaps into the set of edit operations without increasing the time complexities of previous algorithms that consider only changes, insertions, and deletions for the edit distance andk-differences problems.
29918395
A Work-Time Optimal Algorithm for Computing All String Covers
In recent study of repetitive structures of strings, generalized notions of periods have been introduced. A typical regularity, the period u of a given string x, grasps the repetitiveness of x since x is a prefix of a string constructed by concatenations of u. A substring w of x is called a cover of x if x can be constructed by concatenations and superpositions of w. The notion “cover” is a generalization of periods in the sense that superpositions as well as concatenations are considered to define it, whereas only concatenations are considered for periods. 
 
We consider the all-covers problem, i.e., that of computing all the covers of a given string of length n. We present an optimal O(log log n)-time CRCW PRAM algorithm for the all-covers problem. Since there is an Ω(log log n) lower bound on the time complexity of the all-covers problem, our algorithm is work-time optimal.
14470122
An architecture for noncooperative QoS provision in many-switch systems
With the proliferation of high-speed networks and networked services, provisioning differentiated services to a diverse user base with heterogeneous QoS requirements has become an important problem. The traditional approach of resource reservation and admission control provides both guarantees and graded services, however, at the cost of potentially underutilized resources and limited scalability. We describe a WAN QoS provision architecture that adaptively organizes best-effort bandwidth into stratified services with graded QoS properties such that the QoS needs of a diverse user base can be effectively met. This architecture-SBS (stratified best-effort service)-promotes a simple user/simple network realization where neither the user nor the network is burdened with complex computational responsibilities. SBS is scalable, efficient, and adaptive, and it complements the guaranteed service architecture, sharing a common network substrate comprised of GPS routers. It is also a functional complement, provisioning QoS efficiently commensurate with user needs, albeit at the cost of weaker protection. SBS is suited to noncooperative network environments where users behave selfishly and resource contention resolution is mediated by the principle of competitive interaction. A principal feature of SBS is the transformation of user-centric QoS provision mechanisms-a defining characteristic of competitive interaction entailing intimate user control of internal network resources-into network-centric mechanisms while preserving the former's resource allocation paradigm. End-to-end QoS control is facilitated by decentralized control based on Lagrangian optimization-achieve a target end-to-end QoS at minimum cost or resource usage-which, in turn, is amenable to distributed implementation. SBS achieves per-flow QoS control with zero per-flow state at routers and a packet header whose size is independent of hop count. SBS, in spite of foregoing both resource reservation and admission control, is able to provision stable, graded QoS.