Mental health of postgraduate orthodontic students in India: a multi-institution survey.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mental health of postgraduate orthodontic students in India by assessing the extent of three common negative affective states: depression, anxiety, and stress. Three hundred and thirty postgraduate students from thirty-two dental colleges across India anonymously completed the short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21). The statistical analysis included summary statistics, nonparametric tests for intergroup comparisons, and logistic regressions to evaluate the influence of age, gender, year of study, and marital status on these mental states. In comparison to the general population, the students experienced mildly elevated levels of depression and anxiety (11±5.1 and 8.2±4.1, respectively) and a moderately elevated level of psychological stress (22±5.2). A moderate or higher level of coexisting symptoms of all three affective states was seen in 15.8 percent of the students. Female students reported a higher level of depression than males and were two and half times more likely to experience depression to a moderate or higher level. First-year students exhibited lower levels in all three states than those in the second and third years and had lower odds than third-year students of developing a moderate or higher level of any of the three affective states. Marriage had a significant buffering potential against all these states. The results clearly indicate a suboptimal level of mental health in these postgraduate students of the specialty and the need to improve their mental resilience and the academic climate.