Markers of inappropriate placement in acute psychiatric inpatient care: a five hospital study
Background: Previous researchers in the UK have measured the prevalence of the `inappropriateness' of acute adult psychiatric inpatient placements by eliciting the judgements of health professionals. We extended the methodology by identifying inpatient sub-groups with stable characteristics that were associated with elevated risk of inappropriate placement, and by calculating the level of that risk. Methods: A 1-day census was taken in five hospitals. Using a structured instrument, consultant psychiatrists recorded judgements on current placements, recommended alternative placements and stated why alternatives had not been used. Judgements were obtained for 100% of the 261 inpatients. Risk ratios and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to identify sub-groups that were at high risk. Results: Eighty-eight inpatients were inappropriately placed, a point prevalence of 34% (95% CI 28–40%). Consultants recorded that services outside hospital, if available, could have supported most of these inpatients as an alternative to at least part of their hospital stay. Diagnostic rather than socio-demographic or administrative characteristics, in particular primary diagnoses of substance-related disorder, personality disorder, anxiety/stress, and schizophrenia with co-morbid substance misuse, were the strongest markers of elevated risk. Conclusions: The point prevalence of inappropriate placement within the British mental health-care system is considerable. Diagnostic categories are reasonable pragmatic markers. Further research should aim to identify a strong marker of risk within the numerically large sub-group of schizophrenia without substance misuse.