Deep crustal reflectors under Reydarfjördur, eastern Iceland:crustal accretion above the Iceland mantle plume
Summary 
 
Deep seismic reflection profiling on the Faroe–Iceland Ridge Experiment (FIRE) imaged a sequence of dipping events in the upper to |-crust beneath the Tertiary lava pile in Reydarfjordur, eastern Iceland. These events dip towards the spreading centre at which the crust was formed, and continue down to ∼ 6 s two-way time, corresponding to depths down to 15–18 km. Similar crustal reflections have been observed previously within the crust in other areas of Iceland, although the reflective events located by previous surveys have not been interpreted rigorously. In this study we calculate synthetic seismograms from modelled sequences of lava flows to examine the reflective character of a lava πle. The synthesized lava pile sections are based on field measurements made in the Reydarfjordur area: the 1 km vertical exposures on the sides of the fjord are composed of lava flows within stratigraphic units which have a range of compositions, and some intercalated tuffaceous clastic horizons. 
 
 
 
We compare the synthetic seismograms with our seismic reflection data to test the interpretation that the deep dipping reflections are caused by a gently dipping sequence of subaerially erupted lavas. We conclude that the upper and mid-crustal reflections that we observe can be interpreted as lava flow sequences similar to those seen at the surface, with the main reflections resulting from packets of flows of similar thicknesses. The reflectors that we have imaged beneath Iceland are similar to those defining the seaward-dipping reflectors on the volcanic continental margins, and we therefore suggest that the seaward-dipping reflections commonly result from packets of lavas with similar distributions of thicknesses. 
 
 
 
The occurrence of lavas down to 15–18 km beneath Reydarfjordur can be explained partly by multiple episodes of accretion of the upper crust, although the volcanic processes forming the crust in Iceland generally lead to advection of extrusive material to mid-crustal levels. The production of an average extrusive layer totalling 15 km thickness is within reasonable estimates of the current volcanic productivity. The advection of frozen lava flows to mid-crustal levels contributes to the maintenance of the subsolidus crust that is observed on Iceland, and the zeolite minerals within the extrusive sequence may be responsible for the crustal low resistivity zone that has been observed using magnetotelluric techniques.