Early recovery of aggressive cytotoxic cells and improved immune resurgence with post-transplant immunotherapy for multiple myeloma
A phase I/II trial evaluated early administration and dose escalation of interleukin (IL)-2 with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) post-transplant. Following melphalan (200 mg/m2) and an autologous transplant, IL-2 was initiated (day 0) and continued for 4 weeks. GM-CSF (250 mcg/m2/day) began on day 5. Fifteen of 19 patients completed therapy. No treatment-related deaths occurred. IL-2 (1 × 106 IU/m2/day) was not tolerated in two of six patients due to ⩾grade 3 fatigue/diarrhea (n=1) or supraventricular tachycardia (n=1). The maximum tolerated dose of IL-2 was 6 × 105 IU/m2/day; this dose was well tolerated by 11 of 13 patients. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment occurred on day 13 (median; range 10–17 days) and day 13 (median; range 0–74 days), respectively. When compared to control patients, there was a marked increase in the number of CD3+ T cells (P=0.005), CD4+ T cells (P=0.01), CD8+ T cells (P=0.001) and CD4+CD25+Treg cells (P=0.015) post-transplant. Cytotoxicity directed against myeloma cells was markedly increased when compared to control patients (P=0.017). This unique trial design using early administration of IL-2 with GM-CSF during the period of lymphodepletion, demonstrated a marked increase in the number and function of early cytotoxic effector T cells, without suppression of engraftment.