Comparison of a vitamin E-rich diet and supplemental vitamin E on measures of vitamin E status and lipoprotein profile
Objective: To determine whether dietary modification rather than use of supplements can raise indices of vitamin E status to potentially cardioprotective levels.Design: Eight week randomised controlled trial with parallel treatments to compare increased use of vitamin E-rich foods, supplementation with 200 IU of vitamin E, and a placebo.Setting: Dunedin, New Zealand.Subjects: Ninety subjects were recruited, of whom 82 non-smoking, free-living individuals aged 22–72 y with plasma cholesterol <7.5 mmol/l completed the trial.Main outcome measures: Dietary intakes, plasma alpha tocopherol, plasma alpha tocopherol/cholesterol ratio and lipoprotein cholesterol.Results: Consumption of an additional 12 mg of vitamin E (alpha tocopherol equivalents) from dietary sources was primarily achieved through the replacement of saturated fat-rich foods with unsaturated fats rich in vitamin E, nuts and vegetables. This resulted in a 3.4 μmol/l increase in plasma alpha tocopherol at week 6 (95% CI 1.6–5.3), and 0.9 μmol/mmol in plasma alpha tocopherol/cholesterol at weeks 4 and 6 (95% CI 0.3–1.4 and 0.4–1.4, respectively) when compared with the placebo group. In the supplement group, plasma alpha tocopherol and plasma alpha tocopherol/cholesterol were significantly increased within 2 weeks and remained so throughout the 8 week intervention.Conclusion: Increasing dietary vitamin E intake can increase plasma alpha tocopherol levels, although factors other than dietary intake are also important determinants. The extent of dietary modification required to achieve potentially cardioprotective levels of plasma alpha tocopherol is difficult in practice.Sponsorship: The study was supported through the Otago Medical Research Foundation Laurenson Award.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2001) 55, 555–561