Timing of first cannulation and vascular access failure in haemodialysis: an analysis of practice patterns at dialysis facilities in the DOPPS.
BACKGROUND
Optimal waiting time before first use of vascular access is not known.


METHODS
Two practices-first cannulation time for fistulae and grafts, and blood flow rate-were examined as potential predictors of vascular access failure in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Access failure (defined as time to first failure or first salvage intervention) was modelled using Cox regression.


RESULTS
Among 309 haemodialysis facilities, 2730 grafts and 2154 fistulae were studied. For grafts, first cannulation typically occurred within 2-4 weeks at 62% of US, 61% of European and 42% of Japanese facilities. For fistulae, first cannulation occurred <2 months after placement in 36% of US, 79% of European and 98% of Japanese facilities. Overall, the relative risk (RR) of graft failure in Europe was lower compared with the USA (RR = 0.69, P = 0.04). The RR of graft failure (reference group = first cannulation at 2-3 weeks) was 0.84 with first cannulation at <2 weeks (P = 0.11), 0.94 with first cannulation at 3-4 weeks (P = 0.48) and 0.93 with first cannulation at >4 weeks (P = 0.48). The RR of fistula failure was 0.72 with first cannulation at <4 weeks (P = 0.08), 0.91 at 2-3 months (P = 0.43) and 0.87 at >3 months (P = 0.31) (reference group = first cannulation at 1-2 months). Facility median blood flow rate was not a significant predictor of access failure.


CONCLUSIONS
Earlier cannulation of a newly placed vascular access at the haemodialysis facility level was not associated with increased risk of vascular access failure. Potential for confounding due to selection bias cannot be excluded, implying the importance of clinical judgement in determining time to first use of vascular access.