A randomized trial comparing two low-intensity psychological interventions for distressed patients with cancer and their caregivers.
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To compare the effectiveness of two low-intensity approaches for distressed patients with cancer and caregivers who had called cancer helplines seeking support. Baseline distress was hypothesized as a moderator of intervention effect.


DESIGN
Randomized trial.


SETTING
Community-based cancer helplines in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia.


SAMPLE
354 patients with cancer and 336 caregivers.


METHODS
Participants were randomized to either a single session of nurse-led self-management intervention or a five-session psychologist cognitive behavioral intervention delivered by telephone. Assessments were undertaken at baseline (preintervention) and at 3, 6, and 12 months.


MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Psychological and cancer-specific distress and post-traumatic growth.


FINDINGS
No significant moderation by baseline cancer-specific distress was noted. For low-education patients, only the psychologist intervention was associated with a significant drop in distress. For all other participants, distress decreased over time in both arms with small to large effect sizes (Cohen's ds = 0.05-0.82). Post-traumatic growth increased over time for all participants (Cohen's ds = 0.6-0.64).


CONCLUSIONS
Many distressed patients with cancer and their caregivers may benefit significantly from a single session of a nurse psychoeducation intervention that can be delivered remotely by telephone and supported by self-management materials. Research is needed to develop an algorithm that moves beyond the use of distress as the only indicator for referral to specialist psychological services. Survivors and caregivers with low education and low literacy may require more in-depth and targeted support.


IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Brief nurse psychoeducation and stress management for cancer survivors and caregivers should be considered as part of a tiered approach to psychosocial care.