Surgical Research II.
In 2009, we began a previous publication by emphasizing the importance of medical and surgical research, which could be called Surgical Research I. In that work, we defined why research is so important in medicine and surgery and agreed that without research we would not see the advances we are encountering today. We summarized at the time by saying that "research has been the driving force introducing new directions for the improvement of medicine and surgery." In this writing, we extend our commitment to the research sciences, in this case concentrating on the surgical discipline, and searching for the origins of surgical research, which we call Surgical Research II. We highlight the American scene as it pertains to William Beaumont, Samuel Gross, and William Halsted. Other notable surgeon pioneers in the United States are not presented in this work. Great international contributors to the surgical research scene have been portrayed by us in other works, referring to John Hunter and Joseph Lister, and are not considered in this publication.