Relative importance of risk factors in bladder carcinogenesis: some new results about Mediterranean habits
In the Mediterranean region of France where bladder cancer mortality and incidence are high, a case-control study with 219 male incident cases and 794 randomized, male population-controls was carried out in 1987–89 to investigate bladder cancer risk factors and more specifically, regional factors. A stepwise logistic regression was applied to the data. This investigation confirms the role of tobacco and of certain occupational exposures in bladder carcinogenesis. There was a significant dose-response relationship with lifelong coffee drinking and alcohol consumption; however the risk estimates were only significantly elevated for the heaviest drinkers. The intake of saccharin was not associated with risk of bladder cancer. Infrequent consumption of carrots, spinach, and marrows conferred an increased risk, suggesting a protective effect of vitamin A. Finally, this investigation results in some new hypotheses. The study of residences and birthplaces has revealed a lower risk for those who have lived in a non-Mediterranean area and a higher risk for those born in a Mediterranean area. These features might be explained by some Mediterranean dietary habits, such as a high consumption of spices (odds ratio =3.64, 95 percent confidence interval=2.21–5.98).