Deep breathing heart rate variability is associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in chronic heart failure.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
There is a synchronism between the respiratory and cardiac cycles. However, the relationship of inspiratory muscle weakness in chronic heart failure (CHF) on cardiac autonomic modulation is unknown. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the impact of inspiratory muscle strength on the magnitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.


METHODS
Ten CHF (62 ± 7 years--left ventricle eject fraction of 40 ± 5% and New York Heart Association class I-III) and nine matched-age healthy volunteers (64 ± 5 years) participated in this study. Heart rate variability (HRV) was obtained at rest and during deep breathing manoeuvre (DB-M) by electrocardiograph.


RESULTS
CHF patients demonstrated impaired cardiac autonomic modulation at rest and during DB-M when compared with healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant and positive correlations between maximal inspiratory pressure and inspiratory-expiratory differences (r = 0.79), expiratory/inspiratory ratio (r = 0.83), root mean square of the successive differences (r = 0.77), standard deviation of NN intervals (r = 0.77), low frequency (r = 0.77), and high frequency (r = 0.70) were found during DB-M. At rest, significant correlations were found also.


CONCLUSION
Patients with CHF presented impaired cardiac autonomic modulation at rest. In addition, cardiac autonomic control of heart rate was associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in CHF. Based on this evidence, recommendations for future research applications of respiratory muscle training can bring to light a potentially valuable target for rehabilitation.