"The philosophy of nature and the grotto in the Renaissance garden", [w:] "Journal of Garden History" IX, 1989, nr 2, Małgorzata Szafrańska : [recenzja].
During the Renaissance, the garden moves away from an involvement with weighty ethico-religious metaphors in order to discover new spheres of subject matter. After the earthly paradise, the locus amoenus, the viridarium of the Virgin Mary, and the garden of Christ's agony, the time had come for a different way of formulating the symbolic properties of the garden. This change involved the two basic problems of the garden: space and subject matter. The garden came to be considered as a model of a specific space: a city, a region, the world, the Cosmos. Additionally, the very rapid developments in natural sciences, in the philosophy of nature and in methods of investigating natural processes led to the exhaustion of existing concepts of the laws of nature, and thence to the elaboration of allegorical schemas inspired by such methods of working with and upon nature as the arts of gardening and agriculture.