Risk factors for depressive symptoms in a large population on chronic hemodialysis
Despite their significant influence on the quality of life, depressive symptoms are not usually included as a clinical parameter in the evaluation of hemodialysis patients. We aimed to identify depressive symptoms and associated risk factors in a large group of individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on chronic hemodialysis. This was a cross-sectional study of 400 consecutive patients. Cases were analyzed according to the presence/absence of depressive symptoms. All individuals were investigated by interview, and all variables were measured concurrently. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II ≥16) and sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI > 5). Among the 400 patients (59% male), depressive symptoms were present in 77 (19.3%). Depressive symptoms were more common in women and were independently associated with poor sleep quality (P = <0.005), unemployment (P = 0.001), diabetes (P = 0.02), hypoalbuminemia (P = 0.01), low education (P = 0.03), and pruritus (P = 0.04). Women with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis are at increased risk of depression. Furthermore, unemployment and the presence of diabetes, hypoalbuminemia, low education, and pruritus are significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms are also independently associated with poor quality sleep and studies about the effects of sleep hygiene therapy on depressive symptoms are warranted.