Attitudes of judgment and the size-distance invariance hypothesis.
Judgments of the size and distance of standards which were 10, 20, 30, 60, or 120 ft. from O were obtained with the phenomenal, objective, perspective, and projective attitudes. Different Os were assigned to each of 20 combinations of standard distance and attitude. The main purposes of the study were: (a) to verify Carlson's (1962) results concerning the effects of attitude on size judgment; and (b) to determine the effect of attitudes on the size-distance relationship when the possibility for successive comparisons by the sameO at different distances is eliminated. The main findings were: (a) The phenomenal, objective, perspective, and projective attitudes produced size matches which were veridical, overestimations, greater overestimations, and underestimations, respectively, (b) Deviations of size judgments varied with distance, (c) Distance judgments did not vary for the different attitudes of size judgment. However, accuracy of distance judgment varied with the distance judged, (d) Size and distance judgments were not related systematically. These findings were discussed in the context of the size-distance invariance hypothesis.