Relationship of HIV reservoir characteristics with immune status and viral rebound kinetics in an HIV therapeutic vaccine study.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of therapeutic HIV vaccination on the HIV reservoir and assess the relationship of the viral reservoir with HIV-specific immune status and viral rebound kinetics.


DESIGN
A retrospective analysis of ACTG A5197, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a therapeutic rAd5 HIV-1 gag vaccine.


METHODS
Participants received vaccine/placebo at weeks 0, 4 and 26 prior to a 16-week analytic treatment interruption (ATI) at week 38. Cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and DNA (CA-RNA and CA-DNA) and HIV-1 residual viremia were quantified at weeks 0, 8 and 38. HIV-specific CD4(+)/CD8(+) activity was assessed by an intracellular cytokine staining assay.


RESULTS
At study entry, CA-RNA and CA-DNA levels were correlated inversely with the numbers of HIV-specific CD4(+) interferon-γ producing cells (CA-RNA: r = -0.23, P = 0.03 and CA-DNA: r = -0.28, P < 0.01, N = 93). Therapeutic HIV vaccination induced HIV-specific CD4(+) activity, but did not significantly affect levels of CA-RNA or CA-DNA. Vaccine recipients with undetectable residual viremia at week 8 had higher frequencies of HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) interferon-γ producing cells (undetectable versus detectable residual viremia: 277 versus 161 CD4(+) cells/10(6) lymphocytes, P = 0.03 and 1326 versus 669 CD8(+) cells/10 lymphocytes, P = 0.04). Pre-ATI CA-RNA and CA-DNA were associated with post-ATI plasma HIV set point (CA-RNA: r = 0.51, P < 0.01 and CA-DNA: r = 0.47, P < 0.01).


CONCLUSION
Vaccine-induced T-cell responses were associated with a modest transient effect on residual viremia, but more potent immune responses and/or combination treatment with latency-reversing agents are needed to reduce the HIV reservoir. HIV reservoir measures may act as biomarkers of post-ATI viral rebound kinetics.


CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
NCT00080106.