Geology and deep verticals: Case study from the Maganik Mts., Montenegro
The formation of deepest karst vertical shafts in the world has been probably controlled by similar geological factors. Universal factors include convenient lithology and hydrological or precipitation potential. The study from Maganik Mts. shows substantial difference between the “density” of deep vertical shafts at the area of flat, subhorizontal beds and the area of duplexes, folds and faults. The first area displays dense network of deep vertical shafts the depth of which is controlled by thickness of flat bedded limestones and by subvertical joint sets. When the vertical shafts bottomed at caciturbidites with shale rhythmic interbeds, the shape of cave quickly changed to meanders and lower vertical steps.