85510049
How Does Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Affect the performance of megaprojects? Insights from a System Dynamic Simulation
As one of the emerging research fields of sustainability management, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), especially its influence on project performance, has been drawing increased attention both in the academic and industrial areas. Nevertheless, existing studies mainly examine the static relationship between OCB and project performance but fail to explore the dynamic characteristic of the relationship as a project may evolve and proceed over the time. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the dynamic impacts of OCB on the performance of megaprojects with the assistance of a system dynamic model. Four causal feedback loops and a stock-flow diagram were developed to illustrate the dynamic influencing mechanism, and three distinct policies quantitatively simulated the possible impacts arising from the changes of OCB on the whole system and, specifically, on the performance megaproject. The results show that an increase in the AIRPP (actual increasing rate of potential promotion) exerts significant influence on the improvement in OCB and the performance of megaprojects. The higher the AIRPP in the multi-policy scenario, the higher the OCB and the performance. One major contribution is that this study is one of the first studies to explore the potential use of system dynamics to model megaproject organizational behavior and its performance with implications in both the practical and cultural promotion of OCB.
153469512
What you Should Know about Megaprojects and Why: An Overview
This paper takes stock of megaproject management, an emerging and hugely costly field of study, by first answering the question of how large megaprojects are by measuring them in the units of mega, giga, and tera, and concluding with how we are presently entering a new “tera era” of trillion-dollar projects. Second, total global megaproject spending is assessed, at US$6 to US$9 trillion annually, or 8% of the total global gross domestic product (GDP), which denotes the biggest investment boom in human history. Third, four “sublimes”—political, technological, economic, and aesthetic—are identified and used to explain the increased size and frequency of megaprojects. Fourth, the “iron law of megaprojects” is laid out and documented: Over budget, over time, over and over again. Moreover, the “break–fix model” of megaproject management is introduced as an explanation of the iron law. Fifth, Albert O. Hirschman's theory of the “Hiding Hand” is revisited and critiqued as unfounded and corrupting for megaproject thinking in both the academy and policy. Sixth, it is shown how megaprojects are systematically subject to “survival of the unfittest,” which explains why the worst projects get built rather than the best. Finally, it is argued that the conventional way of managing megaprojects has reached a “tension point,” in which tradition is being challenged and reform is emerging.
109594762
Measuring the complexity of mega construction projects in China—A fuzzy analytic network process analysis
Abstract Mega construction projects in China are usually very complicated in nature, thus evaluating and understanding these complexities are critical to the success of these megaprojects. However, empirical studies related to the measurement of the complexity of megaprojects remain lacking. This paper aims to fill this gap by developing a complexity measurement model based on the Shanghai Expo construction project in China using fuzzy analytic network process (FANP). Firstly, a complexity measurement model consisting of 28 factors, which are grouped under six categories, namely, technological, organizational, goal, environmental, cultural and information complexities, is formulated through literature review using the content analysis technique. The model is then refined by a two-round Delphi survey conducted in the case megaproject. Finally, the refined model and suggestions for its application are provided based on the survey results. The model is believed to be beneficial for scholars and serve as reference for professionals in managing megaprojects.
54637054
From Construction Megaproject Management to Complex Project Management: Bibliographic Analysis
AbstractThe rapid growth of construction megaprojects worldwide has triggered a growing number of papers published in this area in the past two decades, suggesting that construction megaproject management has become an emerging area in the field of construction engineering and management (CEM). This study aims to investigate the status and the trends in megaproject research by conducting a structured literature review. A total of 85 relevant articles identified from eight peer-reviewed CEM journals between 2000 and 2010 were analyzed based on the number of articles published annually, institutional and regional contributions, citations, and categorization of research interests and methodologies. Analysis results indicated that developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia, have enjoyed significant advantages in megaproject research because of their greater experience, while megaproject research in developing countries, such as Russia, India, Turkey, and Vietnam, remains...
14564386
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research
The rapid growth of research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has resulted in some conceptual confusion about the nature of the construct, and made it difficult for all but the most avid readers to keep up with developments in this domain. This paper critically examines the literature on organizational citizenship behavior and other, related constructs. More specifically, it: (a) explores the conceptual similarities and differences between the various forms of “citizenship” behavior constructs identified in the literature; (b) summarizes the empirical findings of both the antecedents and consequences of OCBs; and (c) identifies several interesting directions for future research.
146362917
Marching in the Glory: Experiences and Meanings When Working for a Sport Mega-Event
Sport mega-event organizing committees have three uniquely challenging characteristics: They grow rapidly; they are temporary; they are accountable for event symbolisms. Effects of these characteristics are examined via participant observation and in-depth interviews with twelve lower-level employees of the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (BOCOG) two years before the Beijing Olympics. Four themes about their working lives were identified: The daily work is mundane; BOCOG is bureaucratic; privilege has its privileges; my immediate working environment nurtures me. The mega-event context was also important; workers described it using: The Olympics are great and grand; the Olympics are valuable for China; the Olympics illustrate the challenges that China faces in the 21st century; BOCOG is uniquely high profile; BOCOG helps us to understand Chinese society. Employees used four themes to describe the coping strategies they applied to manage the challenges of working for the organizing commit...
150280602
Estimating the environmental costs and benefits of demolition waste using life cycle assessment and willingness-to-pay: A case study in Shenzhen
Abstract Construction and demolition waste is one of the largest contributors to solid waste generation. Recycling is considered an effective strategy to manage construction and demolition waste; however, the environmental costs and benefits of recycling, compared with a traditional landfill strategy, have not been fully investigated. This study uses a life cycle assessment and willingness-to-pay methodology to investigate the environmental impacts of recycling 1 tonne of demolition waste in Shenzhen. The environmental impacts are global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, suspended particulate matter, solid waste, and land consumption. The results show that recycling can bring an environmental benefit of ¥1.21 per tonne while direct landfill leads to an environmental cost of ¥12.04 per tonne. The environmental costs and benefits of recycling concrete, brick, steel, and mortar, which are the most commonly seen types of component from demolition waste, are also investigated. The results can be used by regulatory authorities to establish strategies and policies, such as the provision of monetary incentives, in order to encourage recycling activities. The results can also be used to establish appropriate landfill charges.
109330973
Citizenship behavior and effectiveness in temporary organizations
Abstract Studying temporary organizations from a behavioral perspective, we theorize how Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as a form of cooperative effort may enhance the effectiveness of this type of organization, rendering the temporary organizations vital, even beyond their termination. Building upon such a perspective, a quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted, with 247 project managers and workers participating. Principal component analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were performed. The results reveal that OCB not only facilitates meeting the “iron triangle” (time, budget, quality) of project management but also improves the relationship quality among individual actors beyond the termination of projects. This relationship is partially moderated by project duration. The implications of the findings are discussed.
109996759
What impacts the performance of large-scale government projects?
Abstract Government projects and programs contribute to national growth at a great magnitude. However, records show that they are not well managed, even when project teams follow established project management principles. As a result, this study aimed at identifying key characteristics of government projects and programs, and recommending how they can be used to improve performance. This paper analyzed 39 public projects undertaken in the U.S., UK, and Australia and reviewed officially by the national audit offices and government agencies, including the Los Angeles Metro, London Heathrow's Terminal 5, and the fatal Australia's Homeowner Insulation Program. Based on this analysis the paper suggests six key characteristics, 17 practical recommendations, and six research propositions. These findings can support government project managers to utilize project management approaches according to project characteristics. This paper can support policy makers and government officials in improving the approaches for the management of government projects and programs
144304480
Project citizenship behavior? – An explorative analysis at the project-network-nexus
Summary Studying projects as (more than) temporary systems from a behavioral perspective, we ask what kind of cooperative behaviors project staff perform that go beyond contractual requirements and how these behaviors can be characterized. Based on the concept of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and our own exploratory study, we re-conceptualize OCB as Project Citizenship Behavior (PCB) and employ the concept for interorganizational projects and the networks that they are embedded in. In this context, we discuss how citizenship behaviors within projects relate to citizenship behaviors which occur between a series of several projects, i.e. in project networks, and vice versa.
154408064
ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.
Western scholars have increasingly emphasized the importance of employee actions that are not specifically designated in their formal job duties, or organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Most ...
142984247
Consequences of unit-level organizational citizenship behaviors: A review and recommendations for future research
Summary 
During the past 30 years, interest in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has grown substantially. Although much of the early empirical research in this domain was directed at the individual level of analysis, more recently, researchers have focused their attention on identifying the outcomes of group-level or unit-level OCBs, as well as the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of the relationships between OCBs and unit-level outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a summary of the extant literature in this area. First, we discuss the applicability of the types of OCB to the unit level of analysis. Following this, we provide a summary of the literature examining outcomes of unit-level OCBs, with particular attention paid to the mediators and moderators of the relationship between OCBs and unit effectiveness. Next, we examine the methodological characteristics of studies conducted in this research domain. Finally, we make a series of conceptual and methodological recommendations regarding future research on the consequences of unit-level OCBs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
155144218
Research on Multidimensional Connotations of Megaproject Construction Organization Citizenship Behavior
Based on a literature review and the context characteristics of construction megaprojects (CMPs), a multidimensional connotation model of CMP citizenship behavior was proposed, including definitions, actors, and dimensions. Organizational citizenship behavior includes Cooperation Behavior (CoB), Collaboration Behavior (ClB), Innovation Behavior (IB), Voice Behavior (VB), Conscientiousness & Dedication Behavior (CDB), Benefit Defense Behavior (BDB) and Guanxi (Relations) Main- tenance Behavior (GMB). Actors were divided into three levels that were project managers (individual), participant agents (group) and project organization (network).
145066686
A Confucian Social Model of Political Appointments among Chinese Private-Firm Entrepreneurs
In China, many successful private-firm entrepreneurs hold representational appointments in political councils such as the People's Congress (PC) or People's Political Consultative Conference (PPCC)...
110585089
Impacts of Isomorphic Pressures on BIM Adoption in Construction Projects
AbstractDrawing on institutional theory, this study examines how three types of isomorphic pressures (i.e., coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures) impact building information modeling (BIM) adoption activities in construction projects. The effects of these pressures are empirically tested with survey data collected from 92 construction projects in China. The results from partial least squares analyses indicate that coercive and mimetic pressures both significantly influence the extent of project-level BIM adoption. However, this study does not find support for a significant influence of normative pressures. The results further indicate that client/owner support plays a crucial but varied mediating role in the influences of these different isomorphic pressures. This study reinforces the need to regard project BIM adoption as a complexly socialized activity that is not only motivated by participants’ rational needs to proactively address internal process problems, but also driven by external isomorphic...
111121935
Ethics, Trust, and Governance in Temporary Organizations
We investigate the influence of governance structures of temporary organizations on the ethical issues faced by its managers, how they respond to these issues, and how that influences trust among stakeholders. A global, web-based survey confirmed earlier research that project managers encounter transparency, optimization, and relationship issues, and identified four additional ethical issue types. Managers' behavior in responding to ethical issues varies by governance structure, their willingness to resolve ethical issues themselves, and the trust between stakeholders. Higher levels of trust are found in stakeholder-oriented governance, which can reduce transaction costs. Implications for practitioners and academics are discussed.
144076884
Five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior: Comparing antecedents and levels of engagement in China and the US
The purpose of this article is to investigate differences between the US and China in (1) employees’ level of engagement in the five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) identified by Organ (1988), and (2) the effects of perceived distributive justice and perceived supervisor support on OCB. Results suggest that Chinese respondents have a higher level of sportsmanship and courtesy, but a lower level of civic virtue than the US respondents. In addition, perceived supervisor support is significantly related to all five OCB dimensions for the Chinese sample, whereas for the US sample, perceived distributive justice is significantly related to conscientiousness and sportsmanship and marginally related to altruism. A follow-up study was conducted in the US to examine the direct effects of such cultural factors as individualistic/collectivistic orientation and power distance orientation on each of the five OCB dimensions, and their moderating effects on the relationships of the five OCB dimensions with perceived supervisor support and perceived distributive justice. Results suggest an effect of individualistic/collectivistic orientation on the five OCB dimensions. No relationship was found between power distance orientation and OCB. Moreover, the results did not support our predictions regarding the moderating effects of individualistic/collectivistic orientation and power distance orientation on the relationships between OCB dimensions and perceived supervisor support or perceived distributive justice.
45288224
A system dynamics model for determining the waste disposal charging fee in construction
The waste disposal charging fee (WDCF) has long been adopted for stimulating major project stakeholders’ (particularly project clients and contractors) incentives to minimize solid waste and increase the recovery of wasted materials in the construction industry. However, the present WDCFs applied in many regions of China are mostly determined based on a rule of thumb. Consequently the effectiveness of implementing these WDCFs is very limited. This study aims at addressing this research gap through developing a system dynamics based model to determine an appropriate WDCF in the construction sector. The data used to test and validate the model was collected from Shenzhen of south China. By using the model established, two types of simulations were carried out. One is the base run simulation to investigate the status quo of waste generation in Shenzhen; the other is policy analysis simulation, with which an appropriate WDCF could be determined to reduce waste generation and landfilling, maximize waste recycling, and minimize the waste dumped inappropriately. The model developed can function as a tool to effectively determine an appropriate WDCF in Shenzhen. Further, it can also be used by other regions intending to stimulate construction waste minimization and recycling through implementing an optimal WDCF.
205677937
A system dynamics-based environmental performance simulation of construction waste reduction management in China.
A huge amount of construction waste has been generated from increasingly higher number of construction activities than in the past, which has significant negative impacts on the environment if they are not properly managed. Therefore, effective construction waste management is of primary importance for future sustainable development. Based on the theory of planned behaviors, this paper develops a system dynamic model of construction waste reduction management at the construction phase to simulate the environmental benefits of construction waste reduction management. The application of the proposed model is shown using a case study in Shenzhen, China. Vensim is applied to simulate and analyze the model. The simulation results indicate that source reduction is an effective waste reduction measure which can reduce 27.05% of the total waste generation. Sorting behaviors are a premise for improving the construction waste recycling and reuse rates which account for 15.49% of the total waste generated. The environmental benefits of source reduction outweigh those of sorting behaviors. Therefore, to achieve better environmental performance of the construction waste reduction management, attention should be paid to source reduction such as low waste technologies and on-site management performance. In the meantime, sorting behaviors encouragement such as improving stakeholders' waste awareness, refining regulations, strengthening government supervision and controlling illegal dumping should be emphasized.
168280820
Assessment Model of the Effectiveness of Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction Measures: A Case of Shenzhen
With the continuous development of urbanization, a large number of construction and demolition wastes (CDW) caused by the construction projects have become increasingly prominent, and CDW reduction is one of the effective means to improve the status quo. In recent years, CDW reduction has been one of research focuses in both industrial and academic areas. However, previous researches mainly pay attention to reduction measures while the effectiveness of these measures is seldom. In addition, most of the existing studies use static methods, lacking of consideration of the mutual influences between the various factors in the reduction system. Therefore, based on system dynamics theory, the paper developed a dynamic model to assess the effect of the key measures for CDW reduction. Firstly, on the basis of literature review, this paper identified 11 key measures mainly from the aspects of management, techniques and stakeholders’ motivation. Secondly, a model to evaluate the effectiveness of waste reduction measures was established via Vensim software. Finally, the real data of Shenzhen were used to conduct a case study and a scenario simulation analysis. The simulation results show that the model is valid and robust which can be used for quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of CDW reduction measures and serve as a valuable decision support tool to management departments.
110681968
Measuring the impact of prefabrication on construction waste reduction: An empirical study in China
Abstract Prefabrication has been widely regarded as a sustainable construction method in terms of its impact on environmental protection. One important aspect of this perspective is the influence of prefabrication on construction waste reduction and the subsequent waste handling activities, including waste sorting, reuse, recycle, and disposal. Nevertheless, it would appear that existing research with regard to this topic has failed to take into account its innate dynamic character of the process of construction waste minimization; integrating all essential waste handling activities has never been achieved thus far. This paper proposes a dynamic model for quantitatively evaluating the possible impacts arising from the application of prefabrication technology on construction waste reduction and the subsequent waste handling activities. The resulting model was validated based on an actual building project in Shenzhen, China. The simulation results of the design scenarios indicate that the policy on providing subsidy for each square meter of the prefabrication adopted in the construction would have more significant effect on promoting the use of prefabrication and improving the performance of construction waste reduction compared to the increase of income tax benefits. The results also show that (1) interaction exists among different management measures, and (2) the combined effect of multiple policies is larger than the simple sum of their individual impacts, indicating the need for comprehensive consideration on the combined effect of these potential polices. This paper demonstrates the potential benefits of using a system dynamics approach in understanding the behavior of real-world processes. The developed model not only serves as a practical tool for assessing the impact of off-site prefabrication on construction waste reduction and the corresponding waste handling activities, but also help provide a valuable reference to policy makers through the comparison of simulation results generated under various scenarios such that the best policy mix can be identified prior to production.
154548833
How to do structural validity of a system dynamics type simulation model: The case of an energy policy model
Abstract System dynamics based simulation models are becoming increasingly popular in the analysis of important energy policy issues including global warming, deregulation, conservation and efficiency. The usefulness of these models is predicated on their ability to link observable patterns of behavior of a system to micro-level structures. This paper argues that the structural validity of the simulation model—right behavior for the right reasons—is a stringent measure to build confidence in a simulation model regardless of how well the model passes behavior validity tests. That leads to an outline of formal structural validity procedures available but less explored in system dynamics modeling ‘repertoire’. An illustration of a set of six tests for structural validity of a system dynamics model for energy policy analysis follows. Then using Theil inequality statistics, the behavior validity of the model is also tested. Finally, some conclusions on the increased appeal for simulation models for energy policy analysis and design are presented.
51950380
ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: ITS NATURE AND ANTECEDENTS
Theory and research on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) has presumed OCB as a set of desirable behaviors that contributes to the organizational effectiveness. So far OCB has been connoted as one of the antecedents of organizational performance. However, the antecedents of OCB are not thoroughly investigated. This study explores various existing definitions of OCB and then examines the dimensions of OCB. Based on the discussion on the dimensions of OCB, a number of antecedents were identified. When the antecedents are known, managers would be able to promote OCB among their employees for better performance.
143619632
The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept
Research data on dominant work-related values patterns in 53 countries and regions are used to suggest how definitions of the quality of life are affected by national culture patterns.