56174277
Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Background: In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the prognostic role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for survival is still controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the prognostic effect of TILs in HCC. Methods: We identify studies from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to evaluate the prognostic value of TILs in patients with HCC. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate overall survival and disease-free survival. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated employing fixed-effect or random-effect models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. Results: A total of 7905 patients from 46 observational studies were enrolled. For TILs subsets, the density of CD8+, FOXP3+, CD3+, and Granzyme B+ lymphocytes was significantly associated with improved survival (P < .05). The density of FOXP3+ TILs in intratumor (IT) was the most significant prognostic marker (pooled HR = 1.894; 95% CI = 1.659–2.164; P < .001). Patients with high infiltration of CD8+ TILs in IT (pooled HR = 0.676; 95% CI = 0.540–0.845; P = .001) or in margin of tumor (MT) (pooled HR = 0.577; 95% CI = 0.437–0.760; P < .001) had better OS. The pooled analysis revealed that high density of Granzyme B+ T-lymphocytes in IT was statistically significant associated with better OS (pooled HR = 0.621; 95% CI = 0.516–0.748; P < .001) and DFS (pooled HR = 0.678; 95% CI = 0.563–0.815; P < .001). It was interesting that high density of CD3+ in IT foreboded worse OS (pooled HR = 1.008; 95% CI = 1.000–1.015; P = .037), but better DFS (pooled HR = 0.596; 95% CI = 0.374–0.948; P = .029). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that some TIL subsets could serve as prognostic biomarkers in HCC. High-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine if these TILs could serve as targets for immunotherapy in HCC.
35795948
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular biology
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are one of the representative components of host antitumor immune responses. Both the quality and quantity of TIL determine the effect of the antitumor immune reaction. Previous studies have indicated that patients with cancers showing massive infiltration of CD8+ T cells generally have a better clinical outcome. Conversely, patients with marked infiltration of immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells tend to have a worse prognosis for several types of cancer. The density and distribution of TIL are also strongly affected by the trafficking route. Tumor-associated blood vessels in various cancers are structurally and functionally abnormal, and such abnormal vessels reportedly become an obstacle for infiltration of immune effector cells into tumors. Recently, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte trafficking has progressed rapidly. This review focuses on the mechanisms of lymphocyte trafficking to tumor cells and also discusses the importance of blood vessel for TIL trafficking, especially in relation to hepatocarcinogenesis.
27371409
Immune control in hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression: role of stromal cells.
Immune control of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is executed by effector immune cells, which efficiently eliminate malignant transformed cells. However, progression of HCC clearly documents failure of tumor immune control, which led to the concept of immune subversion by the tumor environment.Particularly tumor-associated stromal cells cooperate within an inflammatory network, which is responsible for immune privilege. The stromal cell composition matures during tumor growth and is derived from surrounding noncancerous tissue or from circulating cells recruited to the tumor site. Therefore, immunosuppressive stromal cells represent heterogeneous cell lineages, including myeloid cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, which interact by direct cell contact, secretion of soluble factors, or production of extracellular matrix. As the stromal cells determine tumor immune control and clinical outcome of HCC, they represent a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.
9116233
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma: pathology and clinical management
The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is relatively rare. The prognosis of patients with HCC and marked TILs is better than that of patients with HCC without TILs. TILs in HCC tissues are mainly T cells, and previous reports suggested that TILs might be important antitumor effector cells. TILs have been extensively analyzed, and subpopulations of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells are often present in HCC. Some studies have reported that the percentage of CD8+ T cells, which might have cytotoxic activity, is decreased in tumors with TILs, as compared with noncancerous tissues. Although the antitumor effects of TILs seem to be impaired in HCCs, the underlying mechanism has remained unclear until quite recently. Pathological and in vitro studies have now shown that regulatory T cells play important roles in the deterioration of the antitumor effects of TILs. The aim of this review is to introduce recent pathological findings for TILs in HCC and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies in this field.
5411923
Cancer Immunoediting: Integrating Immunity’s Roles in Cancer Suppression and Promotion
Understanding how the immune system affects cancer development and progression has been one of the most challenging questions in immunology. Research over the past two decades has helped explain why the answer to this question has evaded us for so long. We now appreciate that the immune system plays a dual role in cancer: It can not only suppress tumor growth by destroying cancer cells or inhibiting their outgrowth but also promote tumor progression either by selecting for tumor cells that are more fit to survive in an immunocompetent host or by establishing conditions within the tumor microenvironment that facilitate tumor outgrowth. Here, we discuss a unifying conceptual framework called “cancer immunoediting,” which integrates the immune system’s dual host-protective and tumor-promoting roles.
19354880
Regulatory T Cell Infiltration Predicts Outcome Following Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
BackgroundTumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) counts in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) predict survival following resection. While CD4 and CD8 T cells have been correlated with outcome following CRCLM resection, the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) is not well defined.MethodsTIL in 188 patients who underwent CRCLM resection between 1998 and 2000 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. Correlation between TIL composition and outcome was determined while controlling for established prognostic factors. Total T cells (CD3), helper T cells (CD4), cytotoxic T cells (CD8), and Treg (FoxP3) were analyzed.ResultsMedian follow-up time was 40 months for all patients and 95 months for survivors. Overall survival (OS) at 5 and 10 years was 40 and 25 %, respectively. The CD4 T cell count correlated with OS (p = .02) and recurrence-free survival (p = .04). A high number of CD8 T cells relative to total T cells (CD8:CD3 ratio) predicted longer OS times (p = .05). Analysis of Treg revealed that high FoxP3:CD4 (p = .03) and FoxP3:CD8 (p = .05) ratios were independent predictors of shorter OS. Patients with a high clinical risk score (CRS) were more likely to have a high number of intratumoral Treg, and patients ≥65 years old had a less robust CRCLM T cell infiltration.ConclusionsA high number of Treg relative to CD4 or CD8 T cells predicted poor outcome, suggesting an immunosuppressive role for FoxP3 + TIL. The intratumoral immune response was an independent predictor of outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases.
205648594
T cell infiltrate and outcome following resection of intermediate-grade primary neuroendocrine tumours and liver metastases.
BACKGROUND
Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been shown to predict survival in numerous malignancies. The importance of TILs in primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and NET liver metastases (NETLMs) has not been defined.


METHODS
We identified 87 patients with NETs and 39 with NETLMs who had undergone resection. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine TIL counts. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using the log-rank test.


RESULTS
The median follow-up time was 62 months in NET patients and 48 months in NETLM patients. Vascular invasion and histologic grade were the only independent predictors of outcome for NETs and NETLMs, respectively. Analysis of intermediate-grade NETs indicated that a dense T cell (CD3+) infiltrate was associated with a median RFS of 128 months compared with 61 months for those with low levels of intratumoral T cells (P= 0.05, univariate analysis). Examination of NETLMs revealed that a low level of infiltrating regulatory T cells (Treg, FoxP3+) was a predictor of prolonged survival (P < 0.01, univariate analysis).


CONCLUSIONS
A robust T cell infiltrate is associated with improved RFS following resection of intermediate-grade NETs, whereas the presence of more Treg correlated with shorter OS after treatment of NETLMs. Further study of the immune response to intermediate-grade NETs and NETLMs is warranted.
2757120
The prognostic value of liver tumor T cell infiltrates.
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been demonstrated to predict oncologic outcomes following resection of primary intrahepatic neoplasms and metastatic liver tumors. Despite strong immunosuppressive factors within the intrahepatic space, TIL are frequently demonstrated in liver tumors. The presence of TIL within liver tumors provides evidence of a host immune response that may be protective, but often is rendered ineffective by tumor induced immune dysfunction. In this review, we discuss techniques involved in studying TIL and subsets of TIL commonly identified. We emphasize the unique nature of the intrahepatic milieu that promotes immunosuppression, and how liver TIL and TIL ratios can be used as indicators of prognosis. Several types of primary and metastatic liver tumors are considered to highlight the similarities and important differences in TIL responses, which likely reflect how intrahepatic immunity is influenced by tumor biology. The studies we discuss indicate that tumor infiltration by suppressor cells and expression of immunoinhibitory molecules by TIL limits the anti-tumor immune function of effector T cells. Most patients fail to mount an adequate immune response to liver tumors, which provides compelling rationale for clinical study of immunotherapy for intrahepatic neoplasms.
26001309
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are associated with the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Recent studies have focused on regulatory T cells (Tregs) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and they were also conducted independently of each other.
2020280
Chemokine-driven lymphocyte infiltration: an early intratumoural event determining long-term survival in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Objective Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis and limited methods for predicting patient survival. The nature of the immune cells that infiltrate tumours is known to impact clinical outcome. However, the molecular events that regulate this infiltration require further understanding. Here the ability of immune genes expressed in the tumour microenvironment to predict disease progression was investigated. Methods Using quantitative PCR, the expression of 14 immune genes in resected tumour tissues from 57 Singaporean patients was analysed. The nearest-template prediction method was used to derive and test a prognostic signature from this training cohort. The signature was then validated in an independent cohort of 98 patients from Hong Kong and Zurich. Intratumoural components expressing these critical immune genes were identified by in situ labelling. Regulation of these genes was analysed in vitro using the HCC cell line SNU-182. Results The identified 14 immune-gene signature predicts patient survival in both the training cohort (p=0.0004 and HR=5.2) and the validation cohort (p=0.0051 and HR=2.5) irrespective of patient ethnicity and disease aetiology. Importantly, it predicts the survival of patients with early disease (stages I and II), for whom classical clinical parameters provide limited information. The lack of predictive power in late disease stages III and IV emphasises that a protective immune microenvironment has to be established early in order to impact disease progression significantly. This signature includes the chemokine genes CXCL10, CCL5 and CCL2, whose expression correlates with markers of T helper 1 (Th1), CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells. Inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α, interferon γ) and Toll-like receptor 3 ligands stimulate intratumoural production of these chemokines which drive tumour infiltration by T and NK cells, leading to enhanced cancer cell death. Conclusion A 14 immune-gene signature, which identifies molecular cues driving tumour infiltration by lymphocytes, accurately predicts survival of patients with HCC especially in early disease.
7771837
Liver‐infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes as prognostic factor for tumour recurrence in hepatitis C virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Chronic liver inflammation and immune/inflammatory response promote hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to characterize the immune status of HCV‐related cirrhosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV‐HCC) as compared to HCV patients without hepatocellular carcinoma.
17287555
Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis
BackgroundIn systematic reviews and meta-analyses, time-to-event outcomes are most appropriately analysed using hazard ratios (HRs). In the absence of individual patient data (IPD), methods are available to obtain HRs and/or associated statistics by carefully manipulating published or other summary data. Awareness and adoption of these methods is somewhat limited, perhaps because they are published in the statistical literature using statistical notation.MethodsThis paper aims to 'translate' the methods for estimating a HR and associated statistics from published time-to-event-analyses into less statistical and more practical guidance and provide a corresponding, easy-to-use calculations spreadsheet, to facilitate the computational aspects.ResultsA wider audience should be able to understand published time-to-event data in individual trial reports and use it more appropriately in meta-analysis. When faced with particular circumstances, readers can refer to the relevant sections of the paper. The spreadsheet can be used to assist them in carrying out the calculations.ConclusionThe methods cannot circumvent the potential biases associated with relying on published data for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. However, this practical guide should improve the quality of the analysis and subsequent interpretation of systematic reviews and meta-analyses that include time-to-event outcomes.
8437717
Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force
Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the ‘Immunoscore’ into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
54286
Intratumoral balance of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells is associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection.
PURPOSE
To investigate the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), especially regulatory T cells (Tregs), in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after resection.


PATIENTS AND METHODS
CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, Foxp3-positive, and granzyme B-positive TILs were assessed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays containing HCC from 302 patients. Prognostic effects of low- or high-density TIL subsets were evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis using median values as cutoff.


RESULTS
CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ TILs were associated with neither overall survival (OS) nor disease-free survival (DFS). The presence of low intratumoral Tregs in combination with high intratumoral activated CD8+ cytotoxic cells (CTLs), a balance toward CTLs, was an independent prognostic factor for both improved DFS (P = .001) and OS (P < .0001). Five-year OS and DFS rates were only 24.1% and 19.8% for the group with intratumoral high Tregs and low activated CTLs, compared with 64.0% and 59.4% for the group with intratumoral low Tregs and high activated CTLs, respectively. Either intratumoral Tregs alone (P = .001) or intratumoral activated CTLs (P = .001) alone is also an independent predictor for OS. In addition, high Tregs density was associated with both absence of tumor encapsulation (P = .032) and presence of tumor vascular invasion (P = .031).


CONCLUSION
Tregs are associated with HCC invasiveness, and intratumoral balance of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells is a promising independent predictor for recurrence and survival in HCC. A combination of depletion of Tregs and concomitant stimulation of effector T cells may be an effective immunotherapy to reduce recurrence and prolong survival after surgery.
24586658
[Clinical significance of regulatory T cells proportion in the peripheral blood and tumor tissue in primary hepatocellular carcinoma].
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the clinical significance of the amount of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the peripheral blood CD4+ cells and tumor tissue in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).


METHODS
From January 1999 to December 2000, 63 HCC patients underwent radical resection in Sun Yatsen University Cancer Center. Tregs in those patients were detected in the samples of preoperative peripheral blood by flow cytometry and also in tissue samples of the resected tumors by immunohistochemistry. All patients had been followed up till Dec 30, 2005. The correlations of Treg amount in the peripheral blood CD4+ cells and tumor tissue with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of HCC were analyzed.


RESULTS
The proportion of Treg/CD4+ in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in the patients with HCC than that in those with HBsAg positive (P < 0.01) and in the normal controls (P < 0.01). The mean number of Treg in tumor tissue was (15.69 +/- 13.29)/mm2, but none or very few Treg was detected in the normal liver tissue, para-cancerous liver tissue, and HBV-infected liver tissue. The proportion of Treg/ CD4+ in the peripheral blood was significantly positively correlated with the number of Treg in tumor tissue (P = 0.024). The 5-year survival in patients with high amount of Treg in both peripheral blood and tumor tissue was significantly poorer than that in the patients with low amount of Treg (P = 0.042, 0.019). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was significantly lower in the patients with high amount of Treg in tumor tissue than that in the patients with lower amount (P = 0.001).


CONCLUSION
Regulatory T cells in the circulatory blood and tumor tissue are increased in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The increased amount of regulatory T cells either in peripheral blood or in the tumor tissue is pertaining to poor prognosis. Detection of regulatory T cells both in the preoperative peripheral blood CD4+ cells and tumor tissue may be used as a potential immunological prognostic indicator for the hepatocellular carcinoma patients after radical resection.
23747649
Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
AIMS
CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ T(reg) accumulate in malignant tumors and negatively regulate anti-tumor immunity. To determine the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (T(reg)), we conducted a retrospective study on 164 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent curative hepatic resection.


METHODS
We investigated the number of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3+ T(reg) in formalin-fixed HCC specimens. The number of FOXP3+ T(reg) for each case was calculated as the total number of positive cells per 10 high-power fields (HPF) on light microscopy. Long-term survival rate after resection according to the number of FOXP3+ T(reg) was accessed by univariate and multivariate analyses.


RESULTS
The mean and median numbers of tumor-infiltrating T(reg) were 29.0 and 14 per 10 HPF for FOXP3+ T(reg). The number of FOXP3+ T(reg) was positively correlated with preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. The disease-free survival rate was significantly lower in patients with high T(reg) counts (> or =14, n=84) than in those with low T(reg) counts (<14, n=80) (13.6% vs. 25.7% at 5 years; P=0.02). By multivariate analysis, the high T(reg) counts, presence of portal vein invasion, and elevation of preoperative aspartate aminotransferase level were independent predictive factors of tumor recurrence.


CONCLUSIONS
The high number of tumor-infiltrating T(reg) is an independent predictive factor of tumor recurrence after hepatic resection for HCC.
13902797
Overexpression of PD-L1 Significantly Associates with Tumor Aggressiveness and Postoperative Recurrence in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Purpose: The aberrant expression of programmed cell death 1 ligands 1 and 2 (PD-Ls) on tumor cells dampens antitumor immunity, resulting in tumor immune evasion. In this study, we investigated the expression of PD-Ls in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to define their prognostic significance after curative surgery. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate PD-Ls expression as well as granzyme B+ cytotoxic and FoxP3+ regulatory T cell infiltration on tissue microarrays containing 240 randomly selected HCC patients who underwent surgery. The results were further verified in an independent cohort of 125 HCC patients. PD-Ls expression on HCC cell lines was detected by Western blot assay. Results: Patients with higher expression of PD-L1 had a significantly poorer prognosis than patients with lower expression. Although patients with higher expression of PD-L2 also had a poorer survival, the difference in recurrence was not statistically significant. Multivariate analysis identified tumor expression of PD-L1 as an independent predictor for postoperative recurrence. No correlation was found between PD-Ls expression and granzyme B+ lymphocyte infiltration, whereas a significant positive correlation was detected between PD-Ls expression and FoxP3+ lymphocyte infiltration. In addition, tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic and regulatory T cells were also independent prognosticators for both survival and recurrence. The prognostic value of PD-L1 expression was validated in the independent data set. Conclusion: Our data suggest for the first time that PD-L1 status may be a new predictor of recurrence for HCC patients and provide the rationale for developing a novel therapy of targeting the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway against this fatal malignancy.
680512
Peritumoral activated hepatic stellate cells predict poor clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection.
The inflammatory components of the liver remnant after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection are of prognostic importance. We evaluated prognostic potential of peritumoral activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in 130 HCC cases. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the functional genes in HSCs (ie, seprase, osteonectin, and tenascin-C), quantitated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the density of peritumoral Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and CD68+ macrophages (MPhi), assessed immunohistochemically in tissue microarray sections, were positively correlated with the density of peritumoral activated HSCs. The density (P= .007 for recurrence-free survival [RFS] and P=.021 for overall survival [OS]) and functional genes (seprase, P= .001 for RFS; osteonectin, P= .007 for RFS and P=.021 for OS) of peritumoral activated HSCs independently contributed to high recurrence or death rates, as did peritumoral Tregs or MPhi. Moreover, peritumoral HSCs were related to more early recurrences. It is important to note that the density of peritumoral activated HSCs, in combination with seprase and osteonectin mRNA or density of Tregs and MPhi, might predict prognoses more effectively.
205234985
Combination of peritumoral mast cells and T‐regulatory cells predicts prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
The peritumoral inflammatory environment is critical for the progression of intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after curative resections. Here, we investigated the relevance of peritumoral mast cells (MCs) to HCC outcomes. Peritumoral tryptase+ MCs in addition to Foxp3+ T‐regulatory cells (Tregs) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry enumeration in tissue microarrays containing 207 randomly selected HCC patients. Clinicopathological factors and postoperative outcomes were compared between high and low subgroups of MCs or Tregs. Compared to low denstiy, higher peritumoral MCs were associated with poorer clinical outcomes, and independently related to elevated 5‐year recurrence incidence (54.1%vs 39.2%, P = 0.026). High‐dense MCs were especially related to increased probability of early recurrence (within 2 years) (P = 0.004). We also found that peritumoral Tregs were positively correlated with MCs in density (r = 0.353, P < 0.001) and reversely related to HCC outcomes. Notably, MCs in combination with Tregs displayed better prognostic performances than MCs alone (area under curve [AUC]survival = 0.629 vs 0.589, AUCrecurrence = 0.632 vs 0.591). Moreover, MCs were positively correlated to alanine aminotransferase, a serum inflammatory marker (P = 0.014). Therefore, peritumoral MCs are promising prognostic parameters for HCC mainly through inflammation response–related mechanisms, and we propose that MCs and Tregs may cooperate with each other and result in poorer prognosis. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1267–1274)
44772647
Increased intratumoral regulatory T cells are related to intratumoral macrophages and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Immunosuppression mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a key facilitator of tumor immune evasion, but the source of these Tregs and their contribution to human cancer progression remains unclear. This study investigated the properties of FoxP3+ Tregs, their prognostic value in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms of FoxP3+ Treg intratumoral accumulation. In addition to an increased number of circulating FoxP3+ Tregs, the results also showed that FoxP3+ Tregs gathered in the tumor site, where they suppressed tissue‐derived CD4+CD25− T‐cell activation (p < 0.001), promoting disease progression and poor prognosis in HCC patients (< 0.01). The intratumoral prevalence of FoxP3+ Tregs was associated with a high density of macrophages (Mφ) (p < 0.001). Depletion of tissue Mφ thus attenuated the increase of liver FoxP3+ Treg frequency attributed to in vivo inoculation with hepatoma (p = 0.01), whereas Mφ exposed to tumor culture supernatants from hepatoma‐derived cell lines increased FoxP3+ Treg frequency in vitro (p < 0.001). This increase was partially blocked by antiinterleukin‐10 antibody (p < 0.01). In conclusion, tumor‐associated Mφ may trigger a rise of the intratumoral FoxP3+ Treg population, which in turn may promote HCC progression. © 2009 UICC
36984810
Relationship and clinical significance of TGF-beta1 expression with Treg cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
There are few studies about origins of regulatory T (Treg) cells increased in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue. Studies showed that Treg cells could be induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), but the relation between TGF-beta1 expression and Treg cell infiltration is unclear in HCC tissue. This study was to investigate the expression of TGF-beta1 and correlations with the amount of Treg cells in HCC, and to evaluate their clinical values in predicting the prognosis of HCC.


METHODS
Envision immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of TGF-beta1 and Foxp3 in 102 specimens of HCC tissue and paired adjacent non-tumor liver tissue.


RESULTS
Of the 102 specimens of HCC, 41 showed low TGF-beta1 expression and 61 (59.8%) showed high expression; of the 102 specimens of adjacent non-tumor tissue, 22 showed low TGF-beta1 expression and 80 (78.4%) showed high expression. The high expression rate of TGF-beta1 was significantly lower in HCC than in adjacent non-tumor tissues (P = 0.001). Average Foxp3+ cell density in HCC was 2.98 cells/HP, but there was very few or no expression of Foxp3 in adjacent non-tumor liver tissue. Expression of TGF-beta1 was positively correlated with expression of Foxp3 in HCC tissues (r = 0.228, P = 0.021). The expression of TGF-beta1 was significantly higher in HCC tissues with high preoperative AFP concentration than in those with low preoperative AFP concentration (P = 0.023). TGF-beta1 and Foxp3 expression had no correlations with tumor diameter, tumor capsule, liver cirrhosis, and so on. The 5-year survival rate was not different between HCC tissues with high and low TGF-beta1 expression (P = 0.790); however, it was significantly lower in HCC tissues with high Treg cell infiltration than in those low infiltration (25% vs. 44%, P = 0.007). Cox multivariate analysis showed that the number of Treg cells and tumor capsule were independent prognostic factors (P = 0.021, P = 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Expression of TGF-beta1 may relate to the infiltration of Treg cells in HCC tissues, but the relation need to be further investigated. The number of Treg cells in HCC tissues could be used as a potential immunological prognostic indicator for HCC patients after resection.
10671365
Selective Recruitment of Regulatory T Cell through CCR6-CCL20 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Fosters Tumor Progression and Predicts Poor Prognosis
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are highly prevalent in tumor tissue and can suppress effective anti-tumor immune responses. However, the source of the increased tumor-infiltrating Tregs and their contribution to cancer progression remain poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Finding We here investigated the frequency, phenotype and trafficking property of Tregs and their prognostic value in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our results showed that FoxP3+ Tregs highly aggregated and were in an activated phenotype (CD69+HLA-DRhigh) in the tumor site, where they can suppress the proliferation and INF-γ secretion of CD4+CD25− T cells. These tumor-infiltrating Tregs could be selectively recruited though CCR6-CCL20 axis as illustrated by (a) high expression of CCR6 on circulating Tregs and their selective migration to CCR6 ligand CCL20, and (b) correlation of distribution and expression between tumor-infiltrating Tregs and intratumoral CCL20. In addition, we found that the number of tumor-infiltrating Tregs was associated with cirrhosis background (P = 0.011) and tumor differentiation (P = 0.003), and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 2.408, P = 0.013) and disease-free survival (HR = 2.204, P = 0.041). The increased tumor-infiltrating Tregs predicted poorer prognosis in HCC patients. Conclusions The CCL20-CCR6 axis mediates the migration of circulating Tregs into tumor microenvironment, which in turn results in tumor progression and poor prognosis in HCC patients. Thus, blocking CCL20-CCR6 axis-mediated Treg migration may be a novel therapeutic target for HCC.
207394397
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and the formation of portal vein tumour thrombus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
BACKGROUND
Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have advanced-stage disease at diagnosis. The prognosis for patients with HCC is very poor, especially for those with portal vein tumour thrombi (PVTT). The purpose of our study was to observe the prognostic value of PVTT and tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the correlation between them.


METHODS
We examined 76 HCC specimens by immunohistochemistry for CD4+, CD8+ T cells and Foxp3+ Tregs. The survival of patients was prospectively followed up. Patients with HCC were grouped according to the formation of PVTT or Treg infiltration status. We performed a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to observe the difference in prognosis between the groups. We analyzed the correlation of Treg expression with clinical and pathologic features.


RESULTS
Survival analysis revealed that both the disease-free survival rate and total survival rate after hepatic resection were significantly lower in patients in the PVTT group than those in the non-PVTT group (p=0.026 and p=0.022, respectively). Likewise, both the disease-free survival rate and the total survival rate were significantly lower in patients in the high Treg group than those in the low Treg group (p=0.012 and p=0.023, respectively). We found that intratumoural Tregs were associated with PVTT formation (p=0.001) and that patients with high Treg infiltration had a higher percentage of PVTT formation.


CONCLUSION
Patients with PVTT formation or high intratumoural Treg infiltration tended to have a poor prognosis. Intratumoural Treg was associated with formation of PVTT in patients with HCC.
19935968
Intratumoral regulatory T cells alone or in combination with cytotoxic T cells predict prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) represent the host immune response to cancer. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) have a central role in the elimination of tumors, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress the immune reaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of TILs, especially Tregs and CTLs, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after resection. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and FoxP3+ TILs were assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue from 141 randomly selected HCC patients. Prognostic effects of low- or high-density TIL subsets were evaluated by Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analysis using the median values as cutoff. The density of intratumoral Tregs (P = 0.040) and peritumoral CTLs (P = 0.004) were an independent factor for overall survival (OS), but not for disease-free survival (DFS). The density of CD3+ and CD4+ TILs, and the prevalence of Tregs and CTLs were associated with neither OS nor DFS. The presence of low intratumoral Tregs with high intratumoral CTLs was a negative independent prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.001), while that of low intratumoral Tregs and low peritumoral CTLs independently correlated with improved DFS (P = 0.008). Moreover, the combined analysis of Tregs and CTLs displayed better prognostic performances than any of them alone. Additionally, higher density of intratumoral Tregs correlated with both the presence of liver cirrhosis (P = 0.025) and increased tumor size (P = 0.050). Tregs within tumor environment are promising prognostic parameters for HCC patients, and their combination with CTLs can predict prognosis more effectively.
27572724
Tumor-Infiltrating FoxP3+ Tregs and CD8+ T Cells Affect the Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Purpose: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are considered to represent a host immune response against tumor. This study was carried out to analyze the effect of both FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ T lymphocytes in prognostic value of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods: Expressions of FoxP3, CD4, CD8 and CD34 in patient-matched tumors and peritumoral tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry for 54 HCC patients. The prognostic effect of groups with high and low numbers was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier and Cox model analysis using median values as a cutoff. Results: Compared with the corresponding peritumoral tissue, the density of intratumoral Tregs was significantly higher, while the density of intratumoral CD8+ T cells was lower (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). In addition, tumor-infiltrating Tregs were positively correlated with microvessel density in tumors (r = 0.334, p = 0.020). The high intratumoral Tregs density group showed a significantly lower survival rate (overall survival, p = 0.018; disease-free survival, p = 0.029). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that intratumoral Tregs density was an independent prognostic factor for HCC. Conclusions: Tumor-infiltrating Tregs may promote HCC progression by fostering angiogenesis and decreasing CD8+ T cells. High tumor-infiltrating Tregs are thought to be an unfavorable prognostic indicator for HCC.
820199
Prediction of Recurrence and Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Two Cox Models Mainly Determined by FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis and limited methods to predict patient survival. Immune cells infiltrating tumors is known to impact clinical outcome. Here, we investigated the prognostic significance of immune infiltration within the tumor microenvironment in 245 specimens from two independent cohorts by immunohistochemical analyses. A Cox regression model was constructed using a training cohort and validated in an independent cohort. The diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve. The activation, function, and chemotaxis of intratumoral regulatory T cells (Treg) were analyzed using flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, and chemotaxis assay. We identified that the proportion of FoxP3+ cells within tumors is negatively associated with patient prognosis, whereas the proportion of interleukin (IL)-17+ cell and the number of trypase+ cells are positive predictor. The two Cox models, composed of independent predictors in multivariate analysis, provided a high diagnostic accuracy of prognosis for patients with HCC. The proportion of FoxP3+ cells showed the most significant predictive power, with the highest Cox score in the two models. Furthermore, we found Tregs from tumor with high FoxP3+ proportion were more active and powerful than the counterparts from tumor with low FoxP3+ proportion. In conclusion, two Cox models are established that have considerable clinical value in predicting tumor recurrence and survival of patients with HCC, respectively. In the both models, the proportion of Tregs among CD4+ T cells plays a central role. Cancer Prev Res; 6(6); 594–602. ©2013 AACR.
17473626
Overexpression of CD39 in hepatocellular carcinoma is an independent indicator of poor outcome after radical resection
AbstractNucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1/CD39) is the rate-limiting enzyme in a cascade leading to the generation of immunosuppressive adenosine and plays an important role in tumor progression. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of CD39 and CD39+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and to determine their prognostic role in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radical resection.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and double IHC were used to analyze CD39 expression or the expression of CD39 and Foxp3 in a cohort of 324 HCC patients who underwent curative resection. The quantification of CD39 expression levels was determined using a computerized image analysis system and was evaluated by mean optical density (MOD), which corresponded to the positive staining intensity of CD39. The number of positive Foxp3 cells and both CD39 and Foxp3 positive cells in each 1-mm-diameter cylinder were counted under high-power magnification (×400). The “minimum P value” approach was used to obtain the optimal cutoff value for the best separation between groups of patients in relation to time to recurrence (TTR) or overall survival (OS). The expression of CD39 in HCC cell lines with stepwise metastatic potential and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. The SPSS 17.0 statistical package was used for statistics.CD39 was principally expressed on vascular endothelial cells, macrophagocytes, Tregs, and tumor cells in HCC. Compared with paired peritumoral tissues, tumoral tissues had a significantly higher expression level of CD39 (P < 0.0001). Overexpression of tumoral CD39 was related to increased tumor recurrence and shortened overall survival. Furthermore, the expression level of peritumoral CD39 showed a prognostic role in TTR and OS. Double IHC showed that tumoral tissues had significantly higher Foxp3+Tregs and CD39+Foxp3+Tregs count per 1 mm core (14.1659 vs 4.9877, P = 0.001; 11.5254 vs 3.3930, P < 0.001) and a higher CD39+Foxp3+/Foxp3+ ratio compared with paired peritumoral tissues. CD39+Foxp3+Tregs were a better prognosticator than CD39+Tregs for TTR.Overexpression of CD39 protein in HCC was an independent predictor of poor outcome after radical resection. The CD39+Foxp3+Tregs count added prognostic power to Foxp3+Tregs, providing a potential target for tumor immunotherapy.
17841034
Overexpression of interleukin-35 associates with hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness and recurrence after curative resection
Background:Aberrant expression of interleukin-35 (IL-35) has been implicated in dampening antitumour immunity. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic significance of IL-35 expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following curative resection. Furthermore, we aimed to formulate an effective prognostic nomogram for HCC after hepatectomy.Methods:Immunohistochemistry was applied to explore IL-35 expression as well as CD39+Foxp3+ and Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration in tissue microarrays in primary cohort comprising 210 randomly selected HCC patients who underwent curative resection. The results were further verified in an independent validation cohort of 138 HCC patients.Results:Patients with higher expression of IL-35 are more likely to suffer postoperative recurrence. Interleukin-35 was also identified as an independent prognostic factor for recurrence free survival in multivariate analysis. No correlation was detected between IL-35 expression and Foxp3+ Treg infiltration, whereas significant positive correlation was found between IL-35 expression and CD39+Foxp3+ Treg infiltration. In addition, CD39+Foxp3+ Treg infiltration was also an independent predictor for postoperative recurrence. The nomogram comprising tumour size, tumour vascular invasion, IL-35 and CD39+Foxp3+ Tregs had better predictive accuracy when compared with BCLC stage for RFS. These results were further validated in the validation cohort.Conclusions:Our data suggest for the first time that IL-35 expression correlates with HCC aggressiveness and emerged as a novel independent prognostic factor for recurrence, thus conferring the rationale to develop a novel therapy of targeting IL-35. Furthermore, IL-35 should be incorporated into nomogram to generate a more accurate predictive model.
8271775
Prognostic Role of Immune Cells in Hepatitis B-associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Surgical Resection Depends on Their Localization and Tumor Size
This study aims to evaluate localized expression of CD4, interleukin (IL)-17, Foxp3, and CD8 in hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) and to explore their potential effects on outcome following surgical resection. This prospective study includes 66 HBV-HCC surgical resection patients enrolled from 2008 to 2013. CD4, IL-17, Foxp3, and CD8 mRNA in 4 regions of the resection specimens (center of the tumor, periphery of the tumor, non-neoplastic liver bordering tumor, non-neoplastic liver distant from tumor) was quantitated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The tumoral regions had lower CD4 and CD8 expression as compared with paired non-neoplastic regions, whereas the expression of IL-17 and Foxp3 did not differ. High Foxp3 in all regions except non-neoplastic liver distant from tumor was associated with poor overall survival, whereas low CD8 expression in distant non-neoplastic liver may be associated with high HCC recurrence rate. Although the expression of almost all molecules did not differ between small (⩽3 cm) and large HCC (>3 cm), high IL-17 in periphery of tumor, high CD8 in center of tumor, or low CD8 in distant non-neoplastic liver was associated with high HCC recurrence rate in patients with small HCC, but not in those with large HCC. The effect of immune cells on HCC progression therefore depends on the expression level, localization, and tumor size, and an imbalance toward regulatory T cells is associated with poor outcome.
24791711
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Induce Regulatory T Cells and Lead to Poor Prognosis via Production of Transforming Growth Factor-β1
Background/Aims: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are associated with a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of the study was to explore the mechanisms of Tregs accumulation in HCC. Methods: We analyzed the frequency of Tregs in HCC by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We also established a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-knockdown cell line by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference. Mouse CD4+CD25- T cells were cultured in supernatants from various cell lines. Results: HCC patients had a high frequency of Tregs, and high numbers of Tregs correlated with a poor prognosis. Liver cancer cells induced Treg production by secreting TGF-β1. In vivo experiments indicated that knockdown of TGF-β1 reduced the numbers of Tregs and metastatic nodules in mice. Conclusions: These results indicate that cancer-secreted TGF-β1 may increase Tregs, and TGF-β1 knockdown might impair immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by decrease Tregs.
45491076
CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AIMS
Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play a role in local anti-tumour immunity. Tumour cells may escape from immune surveillance by expressing RCAS1, a receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells, which inhibits T cell growth. In this study, the correlation between the density of CD8+ TILs, tumour cell apoptosis, and tumour RCAS1 expression was investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).


METHODS
We obtained tissues from 60 patients with surgically resected HCCs. CD8+ TILS, apoptotic cancer cells, and RCAS1 expressing cancer cells were identified by immunohistochemistry.


RESULTS
The density of CD8+ T cells in tumours (mean: 9.5/HPF, HPF: high power field) was significantly less than in non-cancerous hepatic lobules (17.8/HPF, p<0.001) and in relation to the progression of tumour stage. The density of CD8+ T cells in tumours positively correlated with the occurrence of tumour cell apoptosis, but did not correlate with RCAS1 protein expression.


CONCLUSIONS
CD8+ TILs may play a role in the occurrence of tumour cell apoptosis in HCC, but CD8+ TILs may not be controlled by RCAS1 in HCC.
24364341
Interleukin-2 Gene Expression Is a New Biological Prognostic Marker in Hepatocellular Carcinomas
Background: Cytokines produced by tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) appear to regulate tumor cell growth. The present study analyzed the correlation between local immune responses and cytokine gene expression levels in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Material and Methods: The gene expression levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and -12 (IL-12) were evaluated quantitatively by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and compared with the density of CD8+ TIL detected by immunohistochemistry in 59 surgically resected HCCs. Results: IL-2 gene expression was detected in 33 (56%) and IL-12 gene expression in 39 (66%) of 59 HCCs. Tissueinfiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes in tumors were significantly suppressed compared with noncancerous liver tissues. The CD8+ T cell density of tumors with IL-2 gene expression was higher than that of tumors without IL-2 gene expression (p = 0.002). However, such a correlation was not detected in tumors with or without expression of IL-12 genes. Patients with IL-2 positive tumors had a favorable prognosis. IL-2 gene expression was detected as an important prognostic factor independent of tumor stage. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in HCCs, tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells might be activated by IL-2 produced by TIL and IL-2 gene expression in tumors may be an important prognostic biomarker in HCC.
11511020
FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells Affect the Development and Progression of Hepatocarcinogenesis
Purpose: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes represent the host immune response to cancer. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the immune reaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance and roles of Tregs and CD8+ T cells during hepatocarcinogenesis. Experimental Design: We examined the infiltration of FOXP3+ Tregs and CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma and nontumorous liver parenchyma using 323 hepatic nodules including precursor lesions, early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and advanced HCC, along with 39 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and 59 metastatic liver adenocarcinomas. We did immunohistochemical comparative studies. Results: The prevalence of Tregs was significantly higher in HCC than in the nontumorous liver (P < 0.001). The patient group with a high prevalence of Tregs infiltrating HCC showed a significantly lower survival rate (P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis revealed that the prevalence of Tregs infiltrating HCC was an independent prognostic factor. The prevalence of Tregs increased in a stepwise manner (P < 0.001) and that of CD8+ T cells decreased during the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis (P < 0.001). Regardless of the presence of hepatitis virus infection or histopathologic evidence of hepatitis, the prevalence of Tregs was significantly increased in nontumorous liver bearing primary hepatic tumors. Conclusions: Tregs play a role in controlling the immune response to HCC during the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. It has been suggested that primary hepatic cancers develop in liver that is immunosuppressed by a marked infiltration of Tregs. A high prevalence of Tregs infiltrating HCC is thought to be an unfavorable prognostic indicator.
12850947
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma
Increasing evidence indicates the immunosuppressive nature of the local environment in tumor. The present study was focused on analyzing the immune status within hepatocellular carcinoma. In contrast to the increasing number of CD4+ T cells, CD8+, CD3−CD56+, CD3+CD56+, and γδT cells were all found to be under-represented in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Notably, the relative abundance of CD3+CD56+ cells appeared to be correlated with patient survival. Functional analysis demonstrated that CD4+ cells in the tumor tended to produce more IL-10 but less IFN-γ, whereas CD8+ cells showed impaired capacity for the production of both IFN-γ and perforin. Consistent with previous reports, we observed a significant increase of Foxp3+ cells in the tumor tissue. Intriguingly, although over 90% of CD4+CD25high cells were found to be Foxp3+, the majority of Foxp3+ cells were identified in the CD4+CD25medium and CD4+CD25− subsets. In support of its role as a negative regulator, CD4+CD25high cells suppressed the proliferation of CD4+CD25− cells isolated from the same tissues in an APC dependent manner. In conclusion, the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma is featured by the presence of multiple immunosuppressive factors.
7666971
Intratumoral neutrophils: a poor prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma following resection.
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Neutrophil infiltration has been linked to clinical outcome of various cancer types. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. In this study, we investigated prognostic values for intratumoral and peritumoral neutrophils in HCC patients undergoing curative resection.


METHODS
The expression of CD66b, CD8, TGF-beta, and CD34 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays containing paired intratumoral and peritumoral tissues from 197 patients receiving curative resection for HCC. Prognostic values for these and other clinicopathologic factors were evaluated.


RESULTS
Intratumoral CD66b(+) neutrophils significantly correlated with CD8(+) T cells (r=0.240, p=0.004), TGF-beta expression (p=0.012), BCLC stage (p=0.016), and early recurrence (p=0.041). Increased intratumoral neutrophils were significantly associated with decreased RFS/OS (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) in univariate analysis and were identified as an independent prognostic factor (HR=1.845, 95% CI=1.169-2.911, p=0.008 for RFS; HR=2.578, 95% CI=1.618-4.106, p<0.001 for OS) in multivariate analysis. Intratumoral neutrophil-to-CD8(+) T cell ratio (iNTR) better predicted the outcome in terms of minimum p values. Intratumoral neutrophils were also demonstrated to be statistically predictive for RFS/OS in the normal AFP subgroup, small HCC subgroup, and validation cohort. However, peritumoral neutrophils were not associated with the outcome of HCC.


CONCLUSIONS
The presence of intratumoral neutrophils was a poor prognostic factor for HCC after resection. Intratumoral neutrophil-to-CD8(+) T cell ratio was a better predictor of outcome.
13292653
Tumor‐infiltrating, interleukin‐33–producing effector‐memory CD8+ T cells in resected hepatocellular carcinoma prolong patient survival
Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33), a cytokine with pleiotropic functions, is elevated in serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated the effects of local IL‐33 expression in resected HCC on patient survival and on the immunological and molecular tumor microenvironment. Tissue of resected HCCs was stained for hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, alpha‐smooth muscle actin, IL‐33, CD8, and IL‐13 and analyzed by flow cytometry. Besides histomorphologic evaluation, the immunohistochemical stainings were analyzed for the respective cell numbers separately for tumor area, infiltrative margin, and distant liver stroma. These findings were correlated with clinical data and patient outcome. Further, gene expression of different HCC risk groups was compared using microarrays. In multivariable analysis, infiltration of HCCs by IL‐33+ cells (P = 0.032) and CD8+ cells (P = 0.014) independently was associated with prolonged patient survival. Flow cytometry demonstrated that cytotoxically active subpopulations of CD8+ cells, in particular CD8+CD62L–KLRG1+CD107a+ effector‐memory cells, are the main producers of IL‐33 in these HCC patients. Using infiltration by IL‐33+ and CD8+ cells as two separate factors, an HCC immune score was designed and evaluated that stratified patient survival (P = 0.0004). This HCC immune score identified high‐ and low‐risk patients who differ in gene expression profiles (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Infiltration of HCCs by IL‐33+ and CD8+ cells is independently associated with prolonged patient survival. We suggest that this is due to an induction of highly effective, cytotoxically active CD8+CD62L–KLRG1+CD107a+ effector‐memory cells producing IL‐33. Based on these two independent factors, we established an HCC immune score that provides risk stratification for HCC patients and can be used in the clinical setting. (Hepatology 2015;61:1957‐1967)
89242802
Phenotype and distribution of infiltrating lymphocytes in liver cancer tissues
3 Liver Cancer Institute and Zhong- shan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China. Abstract Objective: To identify the signature of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subtypes that may affect cytokine expres- sion between different outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients by analyzing the CD molecular expression profiles of non- cancerous hepatic tissues. Methods: Surface markers of TIL in noncancerous hepatic tissues from 146 HCC patients were determined by using immunohistochemical method and flow cytometry. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan- Meier method were used to analyze the association of their expression levels with tumor recurrence and survival. Results: More than 86.4% of TILs in patients were quiescent, as measured via CD4+ or Foxp3 expression. Meanwhile, more than 90% of CD3+T cells ex- pressed CD8+. The proportion of T cells was low compared with CD8+ T cells. The proportion of CD19 and CD20 in distant nontumor tissues almost was zero. The proportion of T cell subgroups isolated from HCC circulating whole blood did not show a significant shift compared with the normal control, as follows: CD4+T/CD8+T = 1.167 ± 1.04, CD8+ T/CD3+T = 0.288 ± 0.116, and CD4+T/CD3+T = 0.429 ± 0.178. The proportion of CD8+T cells in noncancerous hepatic tissues was higher than that in blood (P<0.001).Conclusion: TILs in HCC noncancerous hepatic tissues are increased and contain a subpopulation of CD3+CD8+T cells. CD8+T cells in cancerous tissues, rather than noncancerous tissues, show significant differences between different prognostic groups.
16988209
The predictive value of centre tumour CD8+ T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with Immunoscore
The increasing evidences suggest that Immunoscore(IS), a combinatorial density analysis of CD8+ and CD3+ cells in the centre and invasive margin of tumour (CT and IM), has an advantage over the currently used tumour staging methods in a variety of tumours; however, IS in hepatocellular carcinoma remains unreported. In this study, IS was performed on serial sections from two HCC cohorts (total 449) and compared with current tumour staging systems. Kaplan–Meier curves illustrate a positive association between a higher IS (IS≥2) and longer survival of HCC patients. Although the IS was highly related to the outcome of patients, however, IS seems not to be the optimal prognostic factor when compared with the CD8CT. As noted, among CD8CT, CD8IM, CD3CT, CD3IM and IS, CD8CT, as an independent indicator, demonstrated the highest prognostic impact on both DFS and OS in our Cox multivariate regression analysis (P< 0.0001). In our study, the minimum cut-off value was 93 CD8CT cells per mm2, to be used to divide the patients into CD8CTHi group and CD8CTLo group in clinical settings. Our results suggest that CD8CT densities analysis notably improved the accuracy of survival prediction with convenience of clinical manipulation in HCC.
19044703
Intratumoral CD3 and CD8 T-cell Densities Associated with Relapse-Free Survival in HCC
Tumor immune infiltration is a prognostic marker for relapse in patients with colorectal cancer. The Immunoscore methodology was extended to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The Immunoscore could predict the risk of postsurgical relapse and duration of relapse-free survival. Immune cells that infiltrate a tumor may be a prognostic factor for patients who have had surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The density of intratumoral total (CD3+) and cytotoxic (CD8+) T lymphocytes was measured in the tumor interior and in the invasive margin of 65 stage I to IV HCC tissue specimens from a single cohort. Immune cell density in the interior and margin was converted to a binary score (0, low; 1, high), which was correlated with tumor recurrence and relapse-free survival (RFS). In addition, the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was correlated with the density of CD3+ and CD8+ cells and clinical outcome. High densities of both CD3+ and CD8+ T cells in both the interior and margin, along with corresponding Immunoscores, were significantly associated with a low rate of recurrence (P = 0.007) and a prolonged RFS (P = 0.002). In multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for vascular invasion and cellular differentiation, both CD3+ and CD8+ cell densities predicted recurrence, with odds ratios of 5.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6–21.8] for CD3+ and 3.9 (95% CI, 1.1–14.1) for CD8+. Positive PD-L1 staining was correlated with high CD3 and CD8 density (P = 0.024 and 0.005, respectively) and predicted a lower rate of recurrence (P = 0.034), as well as prolonged RFS (P = 0.029). Immunoscore and PD-L1 expression, therefore, are useful prognostic markers in patients with HCC who have undergone primary tumor resection. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 419–30. ©2016 AACR.
42278523
Programmed death ligand 1 as an indicator of pre-existing adaptive immune responses in human hepatocellular carcinoma
ABSTRACT It is well known that the aberrant expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells impairs antitumor immunity. To date, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the relationship between PD-L1 expression and host-tumor immunity is not well defined. Here, the expression levels of PD-L1 and CD8+ T cell infiltration were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) specimens from 167 HCC patients undergoing resection. A significant positive association was found between PD-L1 expression and the presence of CD8+ T cell (p < 0.0001). Moreover, constitutive PD-L1 protein expression was not detected by western blot in HepG2, Hep3B, and 7402 HCC cancer cell lines; but co-cultured these cell lines with INFγ, a cytokine produced by activated CD8+ T cells, remarkably upregulated PD-L1 expression. In fresh frozen HCC specimens, INFγ was found to be significantly correlated with PD-L1 and CD8+ gene expression, as evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These findings indicate that increased PD-L1 level may represent an adaptive immune resistance mechanism exerted by tumor cells in response to endogenous antitumor activity. Both increased intratumoral PD-L1 and CD8+ were significantly associated with superior DFS (CD8+: p = 0.03; PD-L1: p = 0.023) and OS (CD8+: p = 0.001 and PD-L1: p = 0.059), but PD-L1 expression was not independently prognostic. In conclusions, PD-L1 upregulation is mainly induced by activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells pre-existing in HCC milieu rather than be constitutively expressed by the tumor cells, and it is a favorable prognostic factor for HCC.
47551405
Relationship Between PD-L1 Expression and CD8+ T-cell Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
As PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors exhibited promising clinical outcomes in various types of solid tumors, PD-1/PD-L1 blockades have been explored for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the association of PD-L1 with antitumor immunoregulation is not clearly defined in HCC. Here, we evaluated the characteristics of PD-L1 expression, CD8 T-cell infiltration and their relationship in HCC. A total of 411 resected tumor specimens from HCC patients were immunostained for PD-L1 and CD8. Only 78 (19%) cases showed ≥5% membranous PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, although a significantly positive correlation was found between PD-L1 expression and CD8 T-cell densities. Moreover, patients with higher tumor PD-L1 expression also showed a higher hepatitis B virus load, which was also related to increased CD8 infiltration. Survival analysis suggested that both tumor and stroma PD-L1 status did not significantly affect overall survival or recurrence-free survival in patients. Although high CD8 T-cell density was overall associated with better overall survival and recurrence-free survival, its favorable prognostic value was eliminated by high tumor PD-L1 expression. Further flow cytometric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results from the coculture of HCC cell lines with specific CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) demonstrated that CD8 CTLs remarkably upregulated PD-L1 expression on tumor cell lines by HLA class-I specificity, and the overexpression of tumor PD-L1 impaired interferon-γ secretion by CD8 CTLs in a negative feedback regulation mechanism. In conclusion, our findings reveal an interaction between PD-L1 expression and CD8 T-cell immunity in HCC, although PD-L1 is not a prognostic factor for the patients.
20961115
PD-L1, Galectin-9 and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with survival in hepatocellular carcinoma
ABSTRACT Novel systemic treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are strongly needed. Immunotherapy is a promising strategy that can induce specific antitumor immune responses. Understanding the mechanisms of immune resistance by HCC is crucial for development of suitable immunotherapeutics. We used immunohistochemistry on tissue-microarrays to examine the co-expression of the immune inhibiting molecules PD-L1, Galectin-9, HVEM and IDO, as well as tumor CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration in HCC, in two independent cohorts of patients. We found that at least some expression in tumor cells was seen in 97% of cases for HVEM, 83% for PD-L1, 79% for Gal-9 and 66% for IDO. In the discovery cohort (n = 94), we found that lack of, or low, tumor expression of PD-L1 (p < 0.001), Galectin-9 (p < 0.001) and HVEM (p < 0.001), and low CD8+TIL count (p = 0.016), were associated with poor HCC-specific survival. PD-L1, Galectin-9 and CD8+TIL count were predictive of HCC-specific survival independent of baseline clinicopathologic characteristics and the combination of these markers was a powerful predictor of HCC-specific survival (HR 0.29; p <0.001). These results were confirmed in the validation cohort (n = 60). We show that low expression levels of PD-L1 and Gal-9 in combination with low CD8+TIL count predict extremely poor HCC-specific survival and it requires a change in two of these parameters to significantly improve prognosis. In conclusion, intra-tumoral expression of these immune inhibiting molecules was observed in the majority of HCC patients. Low expression of PD-L1 and Galectin-9 and low CD8+TIL count are associated with poor HCC-specific survival. Combining immune biomarkers leads to superior predictors of HCC mortality.
13687667
VISTA expression associated with CD8 confers a favorable immune microenvironment and better overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma
BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often arises in the setting of chronic inflammation with multiple inhibitory immune signals. V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is identified as a novel negative checkpoint regulator. This study sought to determine the expression and prognostic value of VISTA in HCC and classify tumor microenvironments (TMEs) based on VISTA and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).MethodsThe expression of VISTA and CD8 proteins was assessed in 183 HCC tissue microarrays (TMAs) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). VISTA and CD8A mRNA extracted from 372 patients with HCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was included as a validation cohort. Associations between the VISTA, clinicopathological variables, and survival were analyzed.ResultsVISTA expression was detected in 29.5% HCC tissues, among which 16.4% tissues were positive for tumor cells (TCs), and 16.9% tissues were positive for immune cells (ICs). VISTA expression was significantly associated with tissues with a high pathological grading (p = 0.038), without liver cirrhosis (p = 0.011), and with a high density of CD8 + TILs (p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that patients with VISTA-positive staining in TCs (p = 0.037), but not in ICs, (p = 0.779) showed significantly prolonged overall survival (OS) than those with VISTA-negative expression. Classification of HCC TME-based VISTA and CD8 + TILs showed 4 immune subtypes: VISTA+/CD8+ (16.9%), VISTA+/CD8- (12.6%), VISTA-/CD8+ (16.4%), and VISTA-/CD8+ (54.1%). The dual positive VISTA+/CD8+ subtype showed significantly prolonged OS than other subtypes (p = 0.023).ConclusionsVISTA protein expression in HCC showed cell specific and displayed different prognosis. VISTA expression was significantly associated with CD8 + TILs, Dual positive VISTA+/CD8+ showed favorable TME and better OS.
3469734
Interaction between tumour-infiltrating B cells and T cells controls the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
Objective The nature of the tumour-infiltrating leucocytes (TILs) is known to impact clinical outcome in carcinomas, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of tumour-infiltrating B cells (TIBs) remains controversial. Here, we investigate the impact of TIBs and their interaction with T cells on HCC patient prognosis. Design Tissue samples were obtained from 112 patients with HCC from Singapore, Hong Kong and Zurich and analysed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RNA expression of CD19, CD8A, IFNG was analysed using quantitative PCR. The phenotype of freshly isolated TILs was analysed using flow cytometry. A mouse model depleted of mature B cells was used for functional study. Results Tumour-infiltrating T cells and B cells were observed in close contact with each other and their densities are correlated with superior survival in patients with HCC. Furthermore, the density of TIBs was correlated with an enhanced expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ, as well as with reduced tumour viability defined by low expression of Ki-67, and an enhanced expression of activated caspase-3 on tumour cells. CD27 and CD40 costimulatory molecules and TILs expressing activation marker CD38 in the tumour were also correlated with patient survival. Mice depleted of mature B cells and transplanted with murine hepatoma cells showed reduced tumour control and decreased local T cell activation, further indicating the important role of B cells. Conclusions The close proximity of tumour-infiltrating T cells and B cells indicates a functional interaction between them that is linked to an enhanced local immune activation and contributes to better prognosis for patients with HCC.
7532843
Impairment of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells predicts poor survival and high recurrence rates in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
The role of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains obscure. This study characterized CD4+ CTLs in HCC patients and further elucidated the associations between CD4+ CTLs and HCC disease progression. In all, 547 HCC patients, 44 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, 86 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, and 88 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. CD4+ CTLs were defined by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and lytic granule exocytosis assays. A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Circulating and liver‐infiltrating CD4+ CTLs were found to be significantly increased in HCC patients during early stage disease, but decreased in progressive stages of HCC. This loss of CD4+ CTLs was significantly correlated with high mortality rates and reduced survival time of HCC patients. In addition, the proliferation, degranulation, and production of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin of CD4+ CTLs were inhibited by the increased forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (FoxP3+) regulatory T cells in these HCC patients. Further analysis showed that both circulating and tumor‐infiltrating CD4+ CTLs were independent predictors of disease‐free survival and overall survival after the resection of the HCC. Conclusion: The progressive deficit in CD4+ CTLs induced by increased FoxP3+ regulatory T cells was correlated with poor survival and high recurrence rates in HCC patients. These data suggest that CD4+ CTLs may represent both a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
23564731
Prognostic impact of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 expression in human leukocyte antigen class I-positive hepatocellular carcinoma after curative hepatectomy
AbstractBackground
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common solid tumors worldwide. Surgery is potentially curative, but high recurrence rates worsen patient prognosis. The interaction between the proteins programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important immune checkpoint. The significance of PD-L1 expression and human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA class I), recognized by CD8 T cells, in the prognosis of patients with HCC remains to be determined.MethodsWe assessed the levels of PD-L1 and HLA class I expression on HCC samples from 80 patients who had undergone hepatectomy at our institution, and evaluated the correlations between PD-L1 and HLA class I expression and patient prognosis.ResultsHigh HLA class I expression was correlated with significantly better recurrence-free survival (RFS), but not overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis showed that high HLA class I expression was an independent predictor of improved RFS. Low expression of PD-L1 on HCC tended to predict better OS, but the difference was not statistically significant. PD-L1 expression on HCC correlated with the number of CD163-positive macrophages and HLA class I expression with CD3-positive cell infiltration. Univariable and multivariable analyses showed that combined PD-L1 low/HLA class I high expression on HCCs was prognostic for improved OS and RFS.ConclusionsPD-L1 status may be a good predictor of prognosis in HCC patients with high HLA class I expression. Novel therapies targeting the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway may improve the prognosis of patients with HCC.
29178254
[Prognostic significance of natural killer cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma].
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Several studies have Shown the correlation of high numbers of tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells with a good prognosis for cancer patients. This study was to investigate the impact of NK cell infiltration on the survival and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after resection.


METHODS
The proportion of infiltrating NK cells of HCC patients was measured using flow cytometry, and the expression of CD56+ (NK) cells was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Prognostic values of intratumoral and peritumoral NK cell densities were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression.


RESULTS
The level of NK cells was significantly lower in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) of HCC patients than in nontumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (NIL) [(11.8 +/- 8.1)% vs. (18.0+/-7.9)%, P=0.002]. The density of NK cells was also significantly lower in cancer nests than in peritumoral lesions (2.3 +/- 2.6 vs. 8.5 +/- 4.5 cells per field, P<0.001). Patients with low intratumoral NK cells had shorter disease-free survival (P=0.027) and overall survival (P=0.005) than patients with high intratumoral NK cells. In contrast, NK cells in the peritumoral area showed no prognostic significance for either disease-free survival or overall survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that intratumoral NK cell density was an independent prognostic factor of prolonged overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.658, P=0.019).


CONCLUSION
Low NK cells infiltration could predict poor prognosis in patients with HCC.
26761097
CD169 identifies an anti‐tumour macrophage subpopulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Macrophages are a major component of most solid tumours and can exert both anti‐ and pro‐tumourigenic functions. Although the immunosuppressive/pro‐tumour roles of macrophages have been widely examined, significantly less is known about macrophage subpopulations that have potential anti‐tumour properties in humans. In the present study, a population of CD169+ macrophages with relatively high expression levels of HLA‐DR and CD86 was identified in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. The frequency of CD169‐expressing macrophages within cancer nests was significantly lower than that found in paired non‐tumour areas. In vitro experiments revealed that in the presence of anti‐CD3 stimulation, CD169+ macrophages could significantly enhance the proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production capacity of CD8+ T cells in a CD169 molecule‐dependent manner. Autocrine TGF‐β produced by tumour‐stimulated macrophages was involved in the down‐regulation of CD169 expression on these cells. Moreover, the accumulation of CD169+ macrophages in tumour tissues was negatively associated with disease progression and predicted favourable survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, which was in contrast to the trend observed for total CD68+ macrophages. Therefore, CD169 might act as a co‐stimulatory molecule for cytotoxic T‐cell activation, and could define a population of tumour‐infiltrating macrophages with potential anti‐tumour properties in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4535918
Regulatory T cells, especially ICOS+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells, are increased in the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment and predict reduced survival
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumour, especially in Asia. Its prognosis is poor, and there are limited methods for predicting patient survival. This study was carried out to analyse the prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), especially regulatory T cells (Tregs), in HCC patients. TILs were analysed in 57 randomly selected HCC patients. The prognostic effects of groups with high and low numbers were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier and Cox model analyses. Although higher densities of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) as well as CD56+ NK cells and CD68+ macrophages were observed in peritumoural tissue, increased numbers of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor P3+ (FOXP3+) Tregs were found in intratumoural tissue. Additionally, regarding ICOS+ FOXP3+ Tregs, an increased prevalence in carcinoma was not only associated with the absolute number but also with the percentage of FOXP3+ cells. Higher Treg levels in tumour tissues indicated a worse prognosis, and the FOXP3+ Tregs/CD4+ T cells ratio was an independent prognostic factor for OS. Therefore, FOXP3+ Tregs, especially ICOS+ FOXP3+ Tregs, contribute to the immunosuppressive HCC microenvironment. High tumour-infiltrating Tregs are thought to be an unfavourable prognostic indicator of HCC.
34448550
Increased regulatory T cells correlate with CD8 T-cell impairment and poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Recent studies have suggested that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) are increased and linked to compromised immune responses in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study attempted to further characterize CD4(+)CD25(+) forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (FoxP3)(+) Treg in blood, tumor, and nontumor liver tissues of HCC patients, and to understand how the Treg affects immune responses and contributes to disease progression.


METHODS
A total of 123 HCC patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 21 HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, and 47 normal controls were enrolled randomly. Flow cytometric, immunohistochemical, and immunosuppressive assays were used for analyses of properties of Treg. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model.


RESULTS
Circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg frequency was increased significantly and correlated with disease progression in HCC patients. An abundant accumulation of Treg concurrent with significantly reduced infiltration of CD8(+) T cells was found in tumor regions compared with nontumor regions. Expression of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin was decreased dramatically in tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, Treg of HCC patients inhibited proliferation, activation, degranulation, and production of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin of CD8(+) T cells induced by anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. Importantly, an increased quantity of circulating Treg was associated with high mortality and reduced survival time of HCC patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Increased CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg may impair the effector function of CD8(+) T cells, promote disease progression, and represent both a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC individuals.
16533927
Margin-Infiltrating CD20+ B Cells Display an Atypical Memory Phenotype and Correlate with Favorable Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Purpose: The role of infiltrating B cells in hepatocellular carcinoma has been overlooked for many years. This study is aimed to delineate the distribution, prognostic value, and functional status of B cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Experimental design: Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the distribution and clinical significance of infiltrating CD20+ B cells in a series of 120 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The results were further tested in an independent series of 200 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The functional status of CD20+ B cells was determined by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and in vitro coculture assay. Results: Infiltrating CD20+ B cells were predominantly concentrated in the tumor invasive margin, compared with the peri- and intratumor areas. High density of margin-infiltrating B lymphocytes (MIL-B) positively correlated with small tumor size, absence of vascular invasion, and increased density of CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05). Survival analyses revealed that increased number of MIL-Bs and their penetration through the tumor capsule were significantly associated with improved overall and recurrence-free survival, and were identified as independent prognosticators for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (P < 0.05). Importantly, the results were further validated in another independent hepatocellular carcinoma cohort. Moreover, we found that MIL-Bs featured an atypical memory phenotype (IgD−IgG+CD27−CD38−), expressed surface markers characteristic of antigen-presenting cells, possessed tumor-killing potential by producing IFN-γ, interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), granzyme B, and TRAIL, and acted in cooperation with CD8+ T cells. Conclusions: The profile of CD20+ B cells in situ is a new predictor of prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and provides a novel target for an optimal immunotherapy against this fatal malignancy. Clin Cancer Res; 19(21); 5994–6005. ©2013 AACR.
5848540
Interleukin-37 Mediates the Antitumor Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role for CD57+ NK Cells
The biological role of interleukin-37 (IL-37) in cancer is large unknown. Through immunohistochemical detection using 163 primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical specimens, we found the expression of IL-37 was decreased in tumor tissues, and the expression level was negatively correlated with tumor size. High expression of IL-37 in HCC tumor tissues was associated with better overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). IL-37 expression in tumor tissues was positively associated with the density of tumor-infiltrating CD57+ natural killer (NK) cells, but not with the CD3+ and CD8+ T cells. Consistently, in vitro chemotaxis analysis showed that IL-37- overexpressing HCC cells could recruit more NK cells. The in vivo mouse model experiments also revealed that overexpression IL-37 in HCC cells significantly delayed tumor growth and recruited more NK cells into tumors tissues. Our finding suggested that IL-37 might play an important role for the prognosis of HCC patients via regulating innate immune-action.
32711126
Systemic and intratumoral balances between monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes predict prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after surgery
The peripheral neutrophil-monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (NMLR) and intratumoral CD16/CD8 ratio (iMLR) may have prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after curative resection. In this study, the circulating NMLR was examined 387 HCC patients who underwent curative resection between 2006 and 2009. Intratumoral levels of CD4, CD8, CD16 and CD68 and the CD16/CD8 ratio were determined immunohistologically. The prognostic values of clinicopathological parameters, including NMLR and iMLR, were evaluated. NMLR was predictive of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) when patients in the training cohort (n = 256) were separated into high (> 1.2) and low (≤ 1.2) NMLR subgroups. NMLR was also an independent predictor of low alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) expression and early recurrence. High NMLR was associated with increases in clinicopathological variables, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor number, tumor size and BCLC stage. In addition, iMLR strongly predicted risk of recurrence and patient survival, and was positively correlated with NMLR. These findings were confirmed in an independent validation patient cohort (n = 131). Peripheral NMLR and iMLR may thus be useful prognostic markers, and anti-inflammatory treatment may be beneficial in HCC patients after curative hepatectomy.
15325048
Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating FoxP3+ T Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Meta Analysis
Purpose Tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells have been reported in various human tumors, which impaired cell-mediated immunity and promoted disease progression. However, its prognostic value for survival in patients with different gastrointestinal cancers [hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC)] remains controversial. Methods Relevant literature was searched using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Ovid Medline and Chinese wanfang databases. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled survival and recurrence ratios. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated employing fixed- or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. Results For HCC and GC, the overall survival at 1, 3 and 5-year of high FoxP3+ T cells infiltration patients were lower than low FoxP3+ T cells infiltration patients (P<0.05). The recurrences at 1, 3 and 5-year of high FoxP3+ T cells infiltration patients were higher than low FoxP3+ T cells infiltration patients (P<0.001). But for CRC, the overall survival at 1, 3 and 5-year of high FoxP3+ T cells infiltration patients were higher than low FoxP3+ T cells infiltration patients (P<0.001). There were no differences in 1, 3 and 5-year recurrences between high and low FoxP3+ T cells infiltration patients (P>0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggested that tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells were a factor for a poor prognosis for HCC and GC, but a good prognosis for CRC.
23310171
Prognostic impact of B-cell density in cutaneous melanoma
Studies on the prognostic importance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have mainly focused on T cells, while little is known about the role of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes. We investigated the prevalence of CD20+ B cells by immunohistochemistry in primary melanoma samples of 106 patients and analyzed in relation to clinicopathological parameters and patients’ survival. The majority of samples contained a significant amount of B lymphocytes, predominantly dispersed in the stroma surrounding tumor deposits (mean peritumoral and intratumoral densities: 178.7 ± 156.1 vs. 4.9 ± 6.9 cells/mm2, respectively). B cells organized in follicle-like aggregates were also observed in 26% of the samples. B-cell density correlated with that of activated (CD25+ or OX40+) T lymphocytes. Infiltration by CD20+ lymphocytes did not correlate with tumor thickness, while the presence of B-cell aggregates was observed more frequently in thick melanomas. On the other hand, B-cell infiltration was more pronounced in nonmetastatic or lymph node metastatic tumors, compared to visceral metastatic ones. Accordingly, high number of these cells provided significant survival advantage (P = 0.0391 and P = 0.0136 for intra- and peritumoral infiltration, respectively). Furthermore, combination of peritumoral B-cell density with the number of activated T lymphocytes identified patient subgroups with different disease outcome, which was most favorable in the case of high density, while very poor in the case of low density of both cell types. Multivariate survival analysis identified tumor thickness and CD20+/OX40+ cell density combination as significant independent prognostic factors. Taken together, our results show correlation between low number of CD20+ B lymphocytes and melanoma progression, indicating a possible role of tumor-infiltrating B cells in antitumoral immune response. It was also reflected in better outcome of the disease since the density of B lymphocytes alone as well as in combination with that of activated T cells proved of prognostic importance in patients with malignant melanoma.
31903118
The prognostic significance of B lymphocytes in invasive carcinoma of the breast
Although the favourable role of T lymphocyte populations in different tumour types is established, that of B cells is still a matter of debate and needs further clarification. The presence of tumour-infiltrating B cells may represent an antibody response against breast tumour antigens. We used immunohistochemistry to investigate the density and localisation of B lymphocytes infiltrating 1470 breast tumours and to identify any prognostic significance and relationship to various clinicopathological factors. Higher numbers of CD20+ cells were found in the stroma away from the carcinoma (mean 12 cells) compared with either intratumoural or adjacent stromal compartments (mean 1 cell). The majority of tumours showed a diffuse pattern of B cells rather than aggregates. There was a positive correlation between higher numbers of total CD20+ B cells and higher tumour grade (rs = 0.20, P < 0.001), ER and PgR negativity (P < 0.001), and basal phenotype (P < 0.001) subclass. In univariate survival analysis, higher total number of infiltrating CD20+ cells, irrespective of location, was associated with significantly better BCSS (P = 0.037) and longer DFI (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, total CD20+ B cell count (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.58–0.96 for BCSS and HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58–0.89, for DFI), tumour size, nodal stage, grade, vascular invasion, HER-2 status, and total CD8+ T cell count were independently associated with outcome. This suggests that humoral immunity, in addition to the cell mediated immunity, may be important in breast cancer. This should be considered in breast cancer immunotherapy and vaccine strategies.
30485
The adaptive immunologic microenvironment in colorectal cancer: a novel perspective.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies, often presenting with a poor prognosis. To date, the anatomic extent of disease has been by far the most important prognostic factor. Recently, we obtained evidence that the type, density, and location of immune cells in colorectal cancer could provide a prognostic factor superior and independent to that of criteria related to the anatomic extent of the tumor. Here, we discuss the meaning and potential implications of this novel finding.
4778913
The predictive value and role of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
ABSTRACT Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that the presence of tumor infiltrating immune cells has shown predictive significance for many solid tumors. Present study was performed to evaluate the predictive value of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for the presence of liver metastasis and overall survival in PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) patients after complete resection and to explore the potential role of lymphocytes in PDAC. A total of 155 resectable patients with PDAC were enrolled in our study. Stromal TIL density was investigated in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of surgical specimens and scored. The effect and possible mechanism of lymphocytes on cancer cells was evaluated using co-culture techniques and ELISA test. Stromal TIL negative status (HR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.75-4.48, P < 0.01) was not only an independent predictor of worse OS (HR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.80-4.06, P = <0.01) but also a significant independent predictor of liver metastasis. Higher CEA (P = 0.01) or CA19-9 (P = 0.01) levels were associated with low stromal TIL density. Stromal TIL negative patients appeared to develop tumors with a higher CEA (P = 0.01), larger diameter (P = 0.05) and advanced stage (P = 0.02). The co-culture experiment suggests that lymphocytes can inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Further ELISA and cell culture test indicate that lymphocytes may cause pancreatic cancer cells apoptosis through TNF-alpha secretion. Our data suggest a potential favorable role of stromal TILs in predicting liver metastasis and overall survival of patients with PDAC after complete resection. Lymphocytes may inhibit the growth of PDAC through TNF-alpha secretion, which suggest a potential therapeutic approach against PDAC.