54649795
The moderating effect of tourism by-products on the relationship between tourism core products and destination image (Sarawak, Malaysia)
This paper reports an empirical investigation on the moderating effects of the tourism by- products in building Sarawak destination image. Using causal research design through a quantitative method, self-reported and self-administered questionnaire, this study surveyed international tourists who had visited Sarawak and experienced the state core tourism products which include purchasing the local tourism by-products. Through the descriptive and inferential statistics, some useful insights about the issue investigated were significantly obtained. It's interesting to note that besides experiencing the tourism core products, the Sarawak Tourism by-products are also catching the international tourist's attention. The moderating effect of tourism by-products on the relationship between tourism core products (culture, adventure, and nature) and Sarawak destination image was empirically confirmed. In fact, in addition to the core culture, adventure and nature product, the local tourism by- products undeniably building and strengthening the image of Sarawak as a tourist destination. This promising indication is, therefore, should not be ignored by the state government, tourism authority, tour operators, the local government, hotels and other related local authorities.
145348662
Brand personality of tourist destinations: An application of self-congruity theory
The purpose of this research was to investigate the perceived destination personality of Las Vegas and to examine the relationships among destination personality, self-congruity, and tourist’s behavioral intentions. A convenience sample of 382 visitors to Las Vegas was surveyed, and 368 usable questionnaires were analyzed. The findings of the study indicate that tourists ascribe personality characteristics to destinations and that the perceived destination personality of Las Vegas is five dimensional: vibrancy, sophistication, competence, contemporary, and sincerity. These dimensions have a positive influence on tourists’ intention to return and intention to recommend. The study also supports the self-congruity theory within the context of tourism destinations, indicating that both actual congruity and ideal congruity have a positive impact on behavioral intentions. The study concludes that self-congruity is a partial mediator on the relationship between destination personality and tourist’s behavioral intentions. The practical and theoretical implications are discussed within the contexts of destination branding and the self-congruity theory.
56357359
Marketing the competitive destination of the future.
Destination marketing is increasingly becoming extremely competitive worldwide. This paper explains the destination concept and attempts to synthesise several models for strategic marketing and management of destinations. It provides an overview of several techniques widely used and illustrates examples from around the world. The paper also explains that marketing of destinations should balance the strategic objectives of all stakeholders as well the sustainability of local resources. Destinations need to differentiate their products and develop partnerships between the public and private sector locally in order to co-ordinate delivery. Taking advantage of new technologies and the Internet also enables destinations to enhance their competitiveness by increasing their visibility, reducing costs and enhancing local co-operation. Destination marketing must lead to the optimisation of tourism impacts and the achievement of the strategic objectives for all stakeholders.
154532664
Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: a narrative analysis of the literature.
This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Stephen Pike, and Stephen J. Page, ‘Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature’, Tourism Management, Vol. 41: 202-227, April 2014, made available under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The final, definitive Version of Record is available online via DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.09.009
59067401
The Cognitive-Affective-Conative Model of Destination Image: A Confirmatory Analysis
ABSTRACT Destination image influences tourist behavior before, during, and after travel, as it is an important instrument which contributes to tourists’ loyalty. Although Gartner (1993) advocates that the cognitive, affective, and conative dimensions of destination image are hierarchically interrelated, there is no empirical evidence to support the complete model. This study aims to test the hierarchical nature of the relationship between the dimensions of destination image. The results of structural equation modeling confirm Gartner's theoretical model, validating the theory that the influence of the cognitive component on the conative dimension is higher when mediated by the affective component, raising managerial implications.
154737825
Advancing the country image construct
In today's globalized markets a favorable country-of-origin image (CoI) has a considerable impact on consumers' evaluation of products originating from different countries and therefore influences their subsequent buying decisions. The current paper seeks to extend our conceptual understanding of the nature and functioning of the CoI construct. The aim is threefold, namely to provide a succinct state-of-the-art picture of country image research in international marketing, to contribute to a better measurement of the country image construct, and, finally, to develop an agenda for future research.
146633813
Structuring Destination Image: A Qualitative Approach
This article analyzes data derived from conversations with varying groups of residents and visitors in New Zealand with reference to Auckland as a visitor destination. What emerges is a complex, hierarchical pattern of imagery of place, and it is suggested that underlying dimensions are two continua, friendly versus tense/frustrating/threatening and exciting versus relaxing. It is suggested that cognition is a factor influencing image complexity and affective response; hence, images may be both specific to place and characteristics of respondents. This article discusses a number of issues, including the role of visitor familiarity with a site, the modes of analysis used in such studies as these, and the nature of the image construct.
152720264
Ideal Standards and Attitude Formation: A Tourism Destination Perspective
This study investigates the way attributes of an individual's ideal destination influence attitudes towards a holiday destination. Traditionally, ideals are used as comparison standards or to weight perception measures, but literature from outside the tourism and business management domains suggest new possibilities exist. A conceptual model was developed and empirically tested using path analysis, and the results indicate that ideal attributes directly influence perceptions of a holiday destination and indirectly influence attitude components of emotion and conation. The implications of the findings are discussed from both a practical and theoretical perspective and raise a number of interesting future research possibilities.
4500872
Factors influencing destination image
Abstract The aim of this paper is to develop and empirically validate a model which explains the different factors which form the post-visit image of a destination. Based on a literature review, this will involve analyzing the relationship between the different components of the perceived image and the factors which influence its formation. These include both sources of information (primary and secondary) and stimuli influencing the forming of perceptions and evaluations of destinations pre- and post-visit, respectively, and motivation, accumulated touristic experiences and sociodemographic characteristics.
44659814
Destination image: towards a conceptual framework.
Abstract This paper presents a review and discussion of the concept and measurement of destination image, within an intradisciplinary marketing perspective. Both theoretical and methodological aspects of this concept and measurement are treated. Based on the existence of three dimensions of object, subject and attributes, previous studies are analyzed. A taxonomy of the methodological and statistical procedures for measuring the image of the destinations is also proposed in order to help researchers to capture and measure the image construct. The paper proposes a conceptual model featuring its complex, multiple, relativistic and dynamic nature as a more comprehensive framework of destination image.
59460530
Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis
Extant literature is inconclusive on the linkage between destination image and tourist loyalty, due to the multi-dimensional nature of the two concepts. The present study attempts to draw some informative conclusions about the relationship through a meta-analysis. A research framework was proposed in which 14 hypotheses were developed. A total of 66 independent studies were synthesized and analyzed. The findings reveal that the impact of destination image on tourist loyalty is significant, with varying degrees. Specifically, overall image has the greatest impact on tourist loyalty, followed by affective image and cognitive image. Cognitive–affective joint image fails to demonstrate a stable impact on tourist loyalty. Of the three levels of tourist loyalty, destination image has the greatest impact on composite loyalty, and then on attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty, successively. The findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications for destination marketing and management.
154488550
Destination brands vs destination images: Do we know what we mean?
A review of the literature on branding in general, and on destination branding more specifically, raises several questions about the branding of tourist destinations. What is clear is that confusion exists in the concept of ‘brand’ in the tourist destination context. This panel study was designed to explore how experts perceive the meaning of destination branding and its main characteristics. Five propositions were developed and explored in regards to the lack of clear definition of destination brand, the confusion between brand and image, the lack of conception of similarities and differences between branding for consumer products and tourist destinations, the difficulty of identifying one symbol for countries, and the lack of commonly-known brands of tourist destinations. This article then proposes a model of branding and its ramifications in the tourism destination context, as well as providing several methodological, theoretical and practical implications.
145654691
Country-image discourse model: Unraveling meaning, structure, and function of country images
The country-image discourse model provides an alternative theoretical framework to explain the meaning of country-of-origin (COO) effects. Unlike previous work, this research relies on the key principles underlying semiotics and discourse theory. The model integrates the semantic and pragmatic dimension of COO and provides hypotheses regarding the structure and function of country-images. Empirical verification through structural equation modeling indicates that the data offer substantial support for the proposed internal structure of the country-image construct, such that country-specific cognitions influence affect, which influences conation. Country-related conations also represent the predominant influence on subjects' beliefs, evaluation, and purchase intentions.
154629052
Country image, product image and consumer purchase intention: Evidence from an emerging economy
In offering fresh insights on the country-of-origin effect literature, this article provides evidence to suggest that cognitive country image (CI) is not necessarily consistent with affective country image. Based on a large scale consumer survey conducted in China, the findings reported provide empirical support for a hypothesized decomposing effect. In particularly, the results demonstrate that cognitive and affective CI have a different impact on the intention to purchase, with the former influencing purchase through product image, and the latter having a direct influence, independent of product image. Such a decomposing effect has important theoretical and managerial implications surrounding the mechanics of country image and the impact on purchase intention which are extracted from this study along with directions for future research.
154554359
A Strategic Use of the Communication Mix in the Destination Image-Formation Process
National tourist offices and tourism stakeholders are challenged to maintain and secure travel markets. Travelers are constantly bombarded with travel marketing messages. Compounding the challenge is a lack of research on effective, efficient, and optimal methods in convincing tourists to travel to a particular destination. To address this literature gap, a questionnaire survey on destination brand image research was conducted on outbound travelers from four major cities, examining their image perceptions of Macao and the degree of influence that various information sources had on destination selection. Results show that a communication mix strategy could be designed to more effectively manage tourist destination image perceptions. A cross-tabulation of the data revealed that the information sources affecting travel destination choice had varying levels of influence. A “Communication Effectiveness Grid” (CEG) was conceptualized from the research with quadrants indicating marketing resource effectiveness. The CEG has significant implications for destinations with limited budgets wishing to influence travelers.
153882590
Information at tourism destinations. Importance and cross-cultural differences between international and domestic tourists
Abstract Using the survey data from two large samples of international and domestic tourists, this study examines, for the first time, the importance of information available at tourism destinations. The research examines two different forms of information: (1) Abundant pamphlets on local places of interest and available in the hotel reception areas and, (2) a 10/15-minute film on local places of interest available on the hotel room TV. This research highlights the great importance that both groups of tourists attribute to the above mentioned forms of information at tourism destinations while stating some similarities and differences between the international and domestic tourists.
143708327
A closer look at destination: Image, personality, relationship and loyalty
Drawing on brand relationship theory and attitude theory, this study investigates the relationships among destination image, destination personality, tourist–destination relationship and tourist behavior. Using a sample of 428 foreign tourists visiting the Angkor temple area of Cambodia and the structural equation modeling technique, the results reveal that destination image and destination personality have positive effects on the tourist–destination relationship, which in turn affect tourist behavior. The study lends support to brand relationship theory, indicating that tourists form emotional relationships with destinations, and further supports Bagozzi's (1992) reformulation of attitude theory with regard to the cognitive, affective and behavior sequence.
153456515
Exploring tourists’ images of a distant destination
Abstract This work evaluates diverse explorative techniques as tools to identify tourist image perceptions of distant places. The findings demonstrate the importance of employing various techniques in recognising peoples’ knowledge and opinions of places as a first step in analysing tourist images. Further, the findings illustrate that word association, picture association and collage technique in combination acknowledge the similarities and diversities of images that potential tourists hold of a certain destination. The study also analyses tourists from different cultural backgrounds (i.e. various nationalities) and knowledge (i.e. previous visits and other types of information) in terms of image perception of a distant destination. Based on these analyses, the study discusses and suggests potential image characteristics as a foundation for creating a competitive brand image for destinations striving to become successful tourist destinations.
141750234
Of products and tourism destinations: An integrative, cross-national study of place image
Despite recognition that places have images, and that images influence consumers (Rojas-Mendez, 2013), place image research has been challenged by a lack of breadth. Studies are generally limited to the perspective of one field of study, mainly Product-Country Image (PCI) or Tourism Destination Image (TDI), measure the images of individual places without reference to a comparative perspective, and rarely consider the influence of a broader gestalt perception of place (Zeugner-Roth & Zabkar, 2015). To explore the multi-dimensional nature of place image and its influence on buyer behavior, this study adopts an interdisciplinary approach by incorporating product, country, and tourism variables simultaneously. An integrated model is empirically tested in two countries using four target countries in each case, resulting in eight model tests. Results reveal how the subcomponents of place image are related: cognitive country image has the greatest influence on product evaluations; affective country image has the greatest influence on destination evaluations; and notably, product beliefs influence tourism receptivity, supporting the hypothesized cross-over effect from PCI to TDI.
154403653
Perceptions of tourism products
The concept of the tourism product has been rooted in the minds of industry professionals as the industry has rapidly developed. Yet research into the tourism product and its constitution has not been a particular focus. Smith (1994) was one of the first, and remains one of the few, researchers to have decomposed the tourism product into basic elements. His five elements formed a single core and a series of four encapsulating shells. The study reported here first clarified the definition of tourism product and employed Smith's framework to analyze various tourism products in different tourism sectors. A student sample was used in a survey to rate the importance of five elements of tourism products. The results showed that the five elements were prevalent but that they differed in their importance for tourists across a variety of tourism products. Tangible physical plant was considered to be the most important component of nearly all tourism products. Finally, a new model of the tourism product is proposed here, and managerial priorities when creating sustained and satisfying tourist experiences are discussed.
154871292
Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing
Abstract Image is a key factor in the travelers’ destination choice and evaluation process. Understanding and managing destination image sources affecting prospective travelers’ thinking and feeling is thus vital. Holiday postcards—the most widely disseminated tourist icon—received from friends and/or relatives can be one of the important image creators. Despite their wide use, a review of the literature reveals no or limited research assessing effectiveness of postcards in generating favorable affective image and attitudes toward a destination. Present research therefore explores whether images depicted by postcards evoke positive emotions and whether postcard-induced emotions affect recipients’ consideration of the destination for a holiday. Strong associations were evident between postcard-induced emotions and desire to travel. Marketing implications for destinations are discussed.
156196864
An Exploratory Examination of Service Quality Attributes in the Ecotourism Industry
ABSTRACT This study explores service quality attributes of ecolodges in Australia. In-depth interviews were used to develop service quality dimensions that ecotourists believe to be of importance when visiting ecolodges. The performance-based measure of service quality (SERVPERF) was adapted as a generic measure of service quality in order to investigate whether the SERVPERF instrument is applicable to the ecolodge industry. Findings indicate that three additional dimensions are specific to the ecolodge sector: eco-friendly practices, eco-activities, and eco-learning. The findings are significant in assessing guests’ perceptions of service quality in the ecotourism area and can serve as a framework for further empirical research.
146681677
Values of souvenirs as commodities
Although souvenirs have received increased research interest in tourism studies, sociological research in this field still remains limited. This exploratory study aspires to overcome past research negligence on the values identified in social theory for commodities, such as Marx's use and exchange values and Baudrillard's sign-value, as well as introducing an additional one, the spiritual-value. By using a sample of twenty respondents in Veria, a small city in Northern Greece, this study attempts to interpret souvenirs as commodities with certain values and to identify the functions that touristsexpect to receive when purchasing them. Despite its limitations, this study provided a theoretical understanding of the sociological aspects of souvenirs' consumption in relation to the four values.
153659340
Japanese tourism satisfaction: Gold Coast versus Hawaii
The Gold Coast region is one of the major tourism destinations for Japanese tourists to Australia. Hawaii in the USA is the major competitive destination to the Gold Coast for attracting Japanese tourists. The objective of this study was to identify the factors in Japanese tourists’ satisfaction with destination attributes in Hawaii and the Gold Coast, and to determine whether these factors vary. A survey of 300 Japanese tourists departing from Hawaii was compared with a survey of 363 Japanese tourists departing from the Gold Coast. Both surveys were collected over the period August 1998 to March 1999. Twenty-seven elements of satisfaction with destination choice were factor analysed and compared between the Gold Coast and Hawaii. Conclusions from these analyses are discussed and suggestions made regarding the need to make a comparison of satisfaction based on multiple destination factors rather than on individual factors.
154978779
Exploring the Effects of Heritage Site Image on Souvenir Shopping Attitudes: The Moderating Role of Perceived Cultural Difference
ABSTRACT Although tourism image and souvenir shopping play critical roles in travel decisions and tourist behaviors, little is known about the relationship between them. This article seeks to address two deficits in the literature by presenting (1) the linkage between tourism image and souvenir shopping and (2) the direct and moderating effects of perceived cultural difference. Using the data drawn from UNESCO heritage sites, the authors first validated a second-order construct of heritage site image, then tested the effects of this construct and perceived cultural difference on tourists’ attitudes toward souvenir shopping in two structural models. The uncovered direct and moderated results offer important implications for tourism and hospitality theories and practice.
152030380
Yesterday once more? Autobiographical memory evocation effects on tourists' post-travel purchase intentions toward destination products
When tourists return home from a remote tourism destination, it is not uncommon for them to encounter the destination's products being sold in their hometown. Autobiographical memory evocation is likely to affect their purchase intentions. This study aims to examine the effects of autobiographical memory evocation on behavioral responses. A conceptual model was developed to examine the causal relationships of product-destination congruity, travel satisfaction, autobiographical memory, evoked pleasure, destination attachment and purchase intention. Data were obtained from 342 tourists who had visited the heritage city of Lijiang, China. Autobiographical memory is found to lead to pleasure and a positive mood, higher levels of destination attachment, and greater purchase intentions for the product available in the tourist's hometown. Managerial implications are discussed.
166420585
Empirical Investigation on the Determinants of Marketing Sarawak’s Heritage as Tourists Destination
If the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Sarawak’s heritage as tourism product could be identified, marketers (planners) of the industry would be more efficient in the development of a more concerted strategy in the tourism market. The study reveals that the strengths of Sarawak as a tourist destination are the marketing of “Mother Nature” (the heritage) which includes heritage appeals, facilities and services, unique sites, cultural and food, special appeal, cost and environmental considerations, and information center.
54619714
Rural Tourism Sustainable Management and Destination Marketing Efforts: Key Factors from Communities’ Perspective
Rural tourism is seen as a potential sector in promoting country to the world and at the same time generates incomes to local communities. However, due to the lucrative economic benefits, tourism destination’s sustainability and quality of services is often being ignored. Thus, this study highlights the importance of sustainable management and destination marketing efforts in rural tourism destinations with identified significant contributively factors from local communities’ perspective. A total of 168 respondents comprising of local communities from Kampung Telaga Air and Kampung Semadang, Kuching, Sarawak took part voluntarily in this study. To assess the developed model, SmartPLS 2.0 (M3) is applied based on path modelling and bootstrapping. Interestingly, the findings revealed that local communities believed factors like climate change, carrying capacity of a destination, and environmental education are significantly affect both tourism destination sustainable management and destination marketing efforts. Furthermore, community support is also found to be important too for tourism destination marketing efforts. Surprisingly, community support was found no relations with destination sustainable management from local communities’ point of view. This study further discussed on the implications of the findings, limitations, and direction for future research.
131522571
Examining Structural Relationship between Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty
The aim of the present study is to investigate the relevant causal relationships on travel motivation, information sources, destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty during the Visit Perak Year promotional campaign. Data was collected using structured questionnaires that were distributed to the PLUS highway users who were intercepted at several rest areas in Perak. A total of 241 usable questionnaires were returned. The data was analyzed using the structural equation model and all parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Empirical evidence results indicate that destination image building directly affects destination loyalty through tourist satisfaction.
110837299
Food for memories and culture – A content analysis study of food specialties and souvenirs
Abstract Tourist shopping and souvenirs have contributed significantly to tourism retailing and may represent the best and easiest way to experience local culture. The aim of this research is to analyze the attributes of successful food specialties and provide suggestions for the development of food souvenirs. This research initially explored the relationship among the major dimensions of souvenirs in existing literature, the critical attributes of award winning food specialties and the connections with requirements for food specialty souvenirs. A content analysis research approach was adopted in the current study. Research samples were selected from a professional food specialty institution (National Association for the Specialty Food Trade, NASFT). The 192 Gold Award winners analyzed were based on competitions from 2008 to 2013. The content analysis results indicated that the major dimensions of food specialties are the sensory, utility, and symbolic dimensions. Within these three dimensions, 15 attributes were identified. The findings of this study can provide useful information for destination marketers and hospitality businesses when developing gastronomic products and evaluating and improving existing food specialties.
4513854
A model of destination image formation
Abstract Image has been shown to be an important influence in the selection of vacation destinations. A model that represents the important determinants of destination image formation was developed based on previous studies in a number of fields. The research reported in this article presents the results of an empirical test of the model using path analysis. A major finding of the study was that a destination image is formed by both stimulus factors and tourists' characteristics. The results of this investigation provide important implications for strategic image management and can aid in designing and implementing marketing programs for creating and enhancing tourism destination images.
152779517
Holiday destination image — the problem of assessment: An example developed in Menorca
Abstract This article describes a method of assessing secondary images of holiday resorts to determine what effect such images have on tourist decision making. Passengers en route to Menorca were provided with a list of attributes from which to build up a word picture. First-time visitors and returning visitors could be separated by discriminant analysis but with a degree of overlap. The results seem to show that the package-holiday product itself is more important than the destination because of the vague place information given in brochures; also that unexpected deviations between reality and preconceived images have negligible effect on holiday enjoyment.
143644008
Customer response to intangible and tangible service factors
This research investigates the question: Does the physical environment of service delivery settings influence customers' evaluations of the service experience and subsequent behavioral intentions? Theoretical and empirical data from environmental psychology suggests that customer reactions to the tangible physical environment may be more emotional than cognitive, particularly when involving hedonic consumption. This article integrates environmental psychology into SERVQUAL (a current measure of service quality) to enable a fuller assessment of the role of the tangible aspects of service delivery. Based on consumer surveys in three leisure service settings, the findings are that the tangible physical environment plays an important role in generating excitement in leisure settings; excitement, in turn, plays a significant role in determining customers repatronage intentions and willingness to recommend. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
166917451
Marketing Tourism: A Practical Guide
Travel and the tourist the tourist service trades the marketing concept market research product analysis market analysis and segmentation market measurement and forecasting travel and holiday motivations external factors marketing planning marketing tools and techniques the marketing mix and co-operative marketing budgets and allocations marketing organization and structure marketing strategy after sales service product development product presentation themes and anniversaries seasonality business travel the marketing audit the role of the National Tourist Organization future trends.
154614043
Hospitality and tourism marketing: recent developments in research and future directions
Abstract This study reviews marketing research published in selected hospitality and tourism journals for the period of 2002–2003. The review includes summaries of research topics, industry applications, and methods of study design and data analyses. Significant topical research trends are identified and discussed to raise issues for future research. Included also are the industry-specific current trends and issues that dictate immediate research attention. The gaps between hospitality and tourism marketing research and industry's research needs are addressed to encourage additional research on neglected topics. The study concludes with general suggestions for future hospitality and tourism marketing research.
145620474
A framework for tourist expectations
Purpose – As there is still only limited research about expectation formation in destination marketing, the aim of this paper is to enhance this body of knowledge by providing theoretical and empirical evidence about the role of different factors which generate tourist expectations. In particular, since expectations may significantly condition not only the tourist choice process but also the perceptions of experiences, the objective of this paper is to examine the factors contributing to the expectations of a tourist destination. Based on service expectations literature, a theoretical framework postulates the main factors generating tourist expectations.Design/methodology/approach – Empirical research tests the research hypotheses. More specifically, several in‐depth interviews and focus groups (qualitative research) and a survey conducted in a holiday destination (quantitative research) led to data collection.Findings – Tourist expectations are a second‐order factor based on inter‐correlations among seve...
153706696
Destination product characteristics as useful predictors for repeat visiting and recommendation segmentation variables in tourism: a CHAID exhaustive analysis
The present paper constitutes a segmentation research with the use of the exhaustive chi-squared automatic interaction detection tree analysis approach which, through the characteristics of a tourist destination, aims at the illustration of the English and German tourist groups and more specifically, (i) those who are repeat visitors of several tourist destinations and (ii) those who express a willingness to urge other people to visit geographic tourist destinations that the former have already visited. The results of the research help the tourism managers to apprehend the characteristics of the destination products that best describe the visitors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
166484475
The Native Tourist: Mass Tourism Within Developing Countries
The Growth of National and Regional Tourism in Developing Countries: An Overview * Strengthening Domestic Tourism in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities * Regional and Domestic Mass Tourism in Brazil: An Overview * the Economic Role of National Tourism in China * Domestic Tourism in Thailand: Supply and Demand * South Africa's Domestic Tourism Sector: Promises and Problems * The Survival Ethic and the Development of Tourism in Nigeria * Domestic Tourism in India * Index
154330246
Cultural tourism as serious leisure
Mather, E. C. 1972 The American Great Plains. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 62~237-257. Meinig, D.W. 1979 Reading the Landscape in the Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes. New York: Oxford University Press. Pinder, D. 1991 The Netherlands: Tourist Development in a Crowded Society. In Tourism and Economic Development, Western European Experiences, A. Williams and G. Shaw. eds. London: Belhaven Press. Wallach, B. ’ 1992 Oklahoma When the Jokes Wear Thin. Focus 42(4):32-37.
155052910
Cultural Events and Cultural Tourism Development: Lessons from the European Capitals of Culture
One of the major forms of cultural tourism development undertaken throughout Europe has been the staging of a growing number of cultural events. The event of European Capitals of Culture (ECOC) is probably the best example of the new trends of cultural tourism in Europe, which is therefore used in this article to demonstrate some of the key issues surrounding the event-led strategy for cultural tourism development. Based on case study, historical approach and document analysis, this study reviewed systematically the cases, documents and literatures of ECOC over a 20-year period. The research findings point to a number of ways in which the ECOC constitutes a boost for the development of cultural tourism in terms of realizing experience economy, enhancing city image, facilitating urban regeneration, promoting cultural production and consumption, as well as establishing partnerships.
127119612
Sport and Adventure Tourism
* About the Editor * Contributors * Foreword * Preface * Acknowledgments * Chapter 1. An Introduction to Sport and Adventure Tourism * Defining Sport Tourism * Sport Tourism: The Supply Side * A Profile of the Sport Tourism Industry * Adventure Tourism * The Future of Sport Tourism * Summary * Chapter 2. Historical Perspectives of Sports Tourism * Introduction * Greece: The Foundations * The Persian Empire: The Soil and the Soul * The Etruscans: Causal Influence * Rome: The Aristocratic Expression * Byzantium: A Glittering Civilization * The Crusades: Picturesque and Eventful * The Islamic Scene: Resources of the Earth * Europe: The Recovery * The Renaissance Period * The English Enchantment: Knowledge to Reason * The Eighteenth Century: Dominated by War * The Nineteenth Century: The Stepping-Stones * Mega Interests of the Twentieth Century * Conclusion * Chapter 3. Sport Event Tourism: Planning, Development, and Marketing * Introduction * What Is Sport Event Tourism * The Sport Event Tourist * Forces and Trends Shaping Sport Event Tourism * Planning, Development, and Marketing Sport Event Tourism * Case Study: Seminole County, Florida, Convention and Visitors Bureau * Conclusions * Useful Web Sites * Chapter 4. Winter Sports Tourism * Evolution of the Market * Market Size * Destinations * Ski Field Location and Development * The Consumer * Future Prospects * Case Study: Whistler Resort in Canada * Appendix A: Hotel Markets Area of Origin * Appendix B: Demographic Profiles of Whistler's Seasonal Visitors * Relevant Web Sites * Chapter 5. Marine Tourism * Introduction * Types of Marine Tourism * Marketing Issues * Management Issues * Future Prospects * Summary * Case Study: Shoalwater Bay in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia * Relevant Web Sites * Chapter 6. Golf Tourism * Introduction * Golf History and Development of Golf Tourism * The Development and Use of Golf As a Destination Marketing Tool * Reasons for the Development of the Golf Tourism Product * The Golf Market Product * The World Golf Tourism Market * Golf Tourism Effects * Case Studies * Conclusions * Relevant Web Sites * Chapter 7. Adventure Tourism * Introduction * The Commodification of Adventure * What Is Adventure Tourism? * Mountains and Commodification * Theoretical Connections * Case Study 1: Trekking in Nepal * Influences upon British Adventure Tourism * The Role of the Guide * The Control of Information * The Importance of Technical Developments * Case Study 2: The Foundry Climbing Centre * Conclusions: The Future * Relevant Web Sites * Chapter 8. The Business of Adventure Tourism * Introduction * The Evolution from Lifestyle to Business * The Business Mosaic * Adventure Business Administration * Adventure Business Management * Adventure Business Finance * Risk Management * Summary * Case Study: Canadian Mountain Holidays (CHM) * Relevant Web Sites * Chapter 9. Spa and Health Tourism * Introduction * Defining Health and Spa Tourism * Historical Dimensions of Health and Spa Tourism * Supply of Health and Spa Tourism * Demand for Health and Spa Tourism * Conclusions * Chapter 10. Virtual Sport Tourism * Overview * Technical Advancements * Virtual Reality Participatory Modes * Futures * Index * Reference Notes Included
145761214
Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research
Mountaineering has emerged as a popular form of adventure tourism, yet there is scant research that develops an understanding of its participants. This paper contributes to a theoretical understanding of mountaineer adventure tourists by evaluating previous work on mountaineering, mountaineers, adventure, recreation and tourism. It uses this to develop a conceptual framework to examine mountaineer adventure tourists, the key influences on their participation in mountaineering and their actual experiences during involvement. In this framework a number of influences encourage participation. Push elements (Ann. Tourism Res. 4(4) (1977) 184), including risk (J. Leisure Res. 17(3) (1985) 241; Leisure Today 49(4) (1978) 7; J. Phys. Educ. Recreation 19(4) (1978) 27) and mastery (KYKLOS 52(3) (1999) 315), are influential. Pull elements (Ann. Tourism Res. 4(4) (1977) 184), including the natural mountain environment and mountain conditions are also significant. Other influences are personality attributes such as sensation seeking (Sensational Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1979) and lifestyle factors, including previous mountaineering experience (J. Leisure Res. 17(3) (1985) 241). These components combine to influence people's perception of adventure. During participation, mountaineer adventure tourists experience contrasting emotions, a core element of adventure (Adventure Tourism: The New Frontier, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 2003). They can also experience flow (The Psychology of Happiness, Rider, 1992) and peak experience (The Farther Reaches of Human Nature, Penguin, Baltimore, MD, 1976). How tourists experience mountaineering, and the emotional states encountered throughout this activity, result from the combined influences that originally encouraged them to participate. The framework differs from previous studies on mountaineering (e.g. Int. J. Sports Psychol. 27 (1996) 308; J. Leisure Res. 17(3) (1985) 241; Pers. Indiv. Differ. 25(6) (1998) 1063; KYKLOS 52(3) (1999) 315) in that it recognises the inter-relatedness of the influences on mountaineering participation, acknowledges the convergence of tourism and recreation in an adventure setting, and emphasises the importance of investigating mountaineers during their actual participation. Discussion of the framework's value to mountaineering tourism providers is presented, and suggestions are made for further study in this under-researched field.
155954706
Gorj – Tourism Potential Valued For Romania
A significant part of the economy is based on the work Gorj Oltenia Energy Complex, mining and electricity generating absorbing much of the county's workforce employed. But the economic crisis that hit the global economy more than five years ago, has left its mark on the economy Gorj heavy, almost mono-industrial economy, as noted earlier. It is therefore time to identify other sectors than those already traditional work force to absorb the county and create this surplus value. In this article we would like to make some assessments on how they could develop tourism in the county in order to become an alternative to the mining industry, create jobs for young people and fewer young residents of the county and to attract as more money on these lands. Because tourism can be practiced in many purposes, and because we want to make a more detailed analysis of how the ways of development of this economic sector in formulating our proposals we start by identifying the main poles of tourism that can be practiced in Gorj, taking into account here and tourists on services desired options.
12003903
A Global Perspective on Trends in Nature-Based Tourism
Falling attendance at United States and Japanese national parks has led to claims of a pervasive shift away from nature-based recreation. A global analysis, however, now suggests that while visit rates are declining slightly in some richer countries, elsewhere nature tourism is booming.
30966868
Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives
▪ Abstract Tourism is relevant to many theoretical and real-world issues in anthropology. The major themes anthropologists have covered in the study of tourism may be divided conceptually into two halves: One half seeks to understand the origins of tourism, and the other reveals tourism's impacts. Even when taken together, these two approaches seem to produce only a partial analysis of tourism. The problem is that most studies aimed at understanding the origins of tourism tend to focus on tourists, and most research concerning the impacts of tourism tend to focus on locals. The goal of future research should be to explore incentives and impacts for both tourists and locals throughout all stages of tourism. This more holistic perspective will be important as we explore the ways in which ecotourism and other alternative forms of tourism can generate social, economic, and environmental benefits for local communities while also creating truly transformative experiences for tourists. Tourism has some aspects o...
202974429
Ecotourism: Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability
This publication, intended as a preparatory document for the World Ecotourism Summit in Quebec, 2002, reviews the current status and trends in ecotourism globally, the challenges ahead and the lessons learned in over 15 years of ecotourism development involving a broad range of stakeholders.
153372359
Household composition and the importance of experience attributes of nature based tourism activity products – A Norwegian case study of outdoor recreationists
This study examines the relationship between household composition and the consumption of nature based tourism products by analysing the results of a survey among members from two of Norway’s largest outdoor recreation NGOs. Survey respondents were categorised into five main household types, namely: nuclear family, single parent, couples without children, single, and adults living together. These five main household types were then further divided into 19 age-based subgroups. Four key experience attributes connected to nature based tourism activities were identified, namely: Risk/challenge, Facilitation, Learning and Family/children friendly. This study reveals differences between household types in terms of the importance of the experience attributes sought from nature based tourism activity products. The tourism sector needs to be aware of variations in the key experience attributes different household types seek and to adapt to the process of changes in household structures in post-industrialised societies.
143312589
Cross-Cultural Behaviour in Tourism: concepts and analysis
Preface Introduction Concepts of cross cultural behaviour in tourism: Culture Social contact Values Rules of social interaction Perception Satisfaction Methods for cross cultural analysis in tourism Principal components and factor analysis for cross cultural analysis Structural equation modelling for cross cultural analysis Applications of cultural analysis in tourism: Cultural analysis: marketing and management implications: Conclusions Index