url: =Tīngshuō jīnnián Shànghǎi de rè, shì 60 niánlái suǒ wèiyǒu de. Báitiān chūqu hùnfàn, wǎnshang dītóu huíjiā, wūzi lǐ háishi rè, bìngqiě jiāshàng wénzi. Zhè shíhou, zhǐyǒu mén wài shì tiāntáng. Yīnwèi hǎibiān de yuángù bà, zǒng yǒuxiē fēng, yòngbuzháo huīshàn. Suīrán bǐcǐ yǒuxiē rènshi, què bù chángjiàn miàndī yù zài sìjìn de tíngzijiān huò gē lóu lǐ de línrén yě dōu zuò chūlai le, tāmen yǒudeshì diànyuán, yǒudeshì shūjú lǐ de jiàoduì yuán, yǒudeshì zhìtú gōngrén de hǎoshǒu. Dàjiā dōu yǐjing zuòdé jīnpílìjìn, tàn zhe kǔ, dàn zhèshí zǒng hái suàn yǒuxián de, suǒyǐ yě tán xiántiān. 聽說今年上海的熱，是六十年來所未有的。白天出去混飯，晚上低頭回家，屋子裏還是熱，幷且加上蚊子。這時候，只有門外是天堂。因爲海邊的緣故罷，總有些風，用不著揮扇。雖然彼此有些認識，却不常見面的寓在四近的亭子間或擱樓裏的鄰人也都坐出來了，他們有的是店員，有的是書局裏的校對員，有的是製圖工人的好手。大家都已經做得筋疲力盡，嘆著苦，但這時總還算有閑的，所以也談閑天。\nXiántiān de fànwéi yě bìngbù xiǎo: tán hànzāi, tán qiúyǔ, tán diào bǎngzi, tán sān cùn guàirén gān, tán yáng mǐ, tán luǒ tuǐ, 2 yě tán gǔwén, tán báihuà, tán dàzhòngyǔ. Yīnwèi wǒ xiě guò jǐ piān báihuàwén, suǒyǐ guānyú gǔwén zhīlèi tāmen tèbié yào tīng wǒ de huà, wǒ yě zhǐhǎo tèbié shuō de duō. Zhèyàng de guò le liǎng sān yè, cái gěi bié de huà chàkāi, yě zǒngsuàn tán wánle. Bùliào guò le jǐ tiān zhīhòu, yǒu jǐ gè háiyào wǒ xiěchūlái. 閑天的範圍也幷不小：談旱灾，談求雨，談吊膀子，談三寸怪人幹，談洋米，談裸腿，2也談古文，談白話，談大衆語。因爲我寫過幾篇白話文，所以關于古文之類他們特別要聽我的話，我也只好特別說的多。這樣的過了兩三夜，才給別的話岔開，也總算談完了。不料過了幾天之後，有幾個還要我寫出來。\nTāmen lǐmiàn, yǒudeshì yīnwèi wǒ kàn guò jǐ běn gǔshū, suǒyǐ xiāngxìn wǒ de, yǒudeshì yīnwèi wǒ kàn guò yīdiǎn yáng shū, yǒude yòu yīnwèi wǒ kàn gǔshū yě kàn yáng shū; dàn yǒu jǐ wèi què yīncǐ fǎn bù xiāngxìn wǒ, shuō wǒ shì biānfú. Wǒ shuōdào gǔwén, tājiù xiào dào, nǐ bù shì Táng-Sòng bādàjiā 3, néng xìn me? Wǒ tándào dàzhòngyǔ, tā yòu xiào dào: Nǐ yòu bù shì láokǔ dàzhòng, jiǎng shénme hǎihuà ne? 他們裏面，有的是因爲我看過幾本古書，所以相信我的，有的是因爲我看過一點洋書，有的又因爲我看古書也看洋書；但有幾位却因此反不相信我，說我是蝙蝠。我說到古文，他就笑道，你不是唐宋八大家 3，能信麽？我談到大衆語，他又笑道：你又不是勞苦大衆，講什麽海話呢？\nZhè yěshì zhēnde. Wǒmen jiǎng hànzāi de shíhou, jiù jiǎngdào yī wèi lǎoye xiàxiāng chá zāi, shuō yǒuxiē dìfāng shì běn kěyǐ bù chéngzāi de, xiànzài chéngzāi, shì yīnwèi nóngmín lǎn, bù hùshuǐ. Dàn yī zhǒng bàoshàng, què jìzhe yī ge 60 lǎowēng, yīn érzi hùshuǐ fálì ér sǐ, zāi xiàng rúgù, wúlùkězǒu, zìshā le. Lǎoye hé xiāngxiarén, yìjian shì zhēn yǒu zhème de bùtóng de. Nàme, wǒ de yètán, kǒngpà yě zhōng bùguòshì yī ge ménwài xiánrén de kōnghuà bàle. 這也是真的。我們講旱灾的時候，就講到一位老爺下鄉查灾，說有些地方是本可以不成灾的，現在成灾，是因爲農民懶，不戽水。但一種報上，却記著一個六十老翁，因兒子戽水乏力而死，灾象如故，無路可走，自殺了。老爺和鄉下人，意見是真有這麽的不同的。那麽，我的夜談，恐怕也終不過是一個門外閑人的空話罷了。\nJùfēng guòhòu, tiānqì yě liángshuǎng le yīxiē, dàn wǒ zhōngyú zhào zhe xīwàng wǒ xiě de jǐ gè rén de xīwàng, xiěchūlái le, bǐ kǒuyǔ jiǎndān de duō, dàzhì què wúyì, suànshì chāo gěi wǒmen yīliú rén kàn de. Dāngshí zhǐ píng jìyì, luàn yǐn gǔshū, shuōhuà shì ěrbiānfēng, cuò diǎn bù dǎjǐn, xiě zài zhǐ shang, què shǐ wǒ hěn chóuchú, dàn zìjǐ yòu kǔyú méiyǒu yuánshū kě duì, zhè zhǐhǎo qǐng dúzhě suíshí zhǐzhèng le. 飓風過後，天氣也凉爽了一些，但我終于照著希望我寫的幾個人的希望，寫出來了，比口語簡單得多，大致却無异，算是抄給我們一流人看的。當時只憑記憶，亂引古書，說話是耳邊風，錯點不打緊，寫在紙上，却使我很躊躇，但自己又苦于沒有原書可對，這只好請讀者隨時指正了。\nZì shì shénme rénzào de? 字是什麽人造的？\nWǒmen tīngguàn le yī jiàn dōngxi, zǒngshì gǔshíhou yī wèi shèngxián suǒ zào de gùshi, duìyú wénzì, yě dāngrán yàoyǒu zhè zhìwèn. Dàn lìkè jiù yǒu wàngjì le láiyuán de dáhuà: Zì shì Cāng Jié 4 zào de. 我們聽慣了一件東西，總是古時候一位聖賢所造的故事，對于文字，也當然要有這質問。但立刻就有忘記了來源的答話：字是倉頡 4造的。\nZhè shì yībān de xuézhě de zhǔzhāng, tā zìrán yǒu tā de chūdiǎn. Wǒ hái jiànguò yī fú zhè wèi Cāng Jié de huàxiàng, shì shēng zhe sì zhī yǎnjing de lǎo tóutuó. Kějiàn yào zào wénzì, xiàngmào xiānděi chūqí, wǒmen zhèzhǒng zhǐyǒu liǎng zhī yǎnjing de rén, shì bùdàn běnlǐng bùgòu, lián xiàngmào yě bùpèi de. 這是一般的學者的主張，他自然有他的出典。我還見過一幅這位倉頡的畫像，是生著四隻眼睛的老頭陀。可見要造文字，相貌先得出奇，我們這種只有兩隻眼睛的人，是不但本領不够，連相貌也不配的。\nRán'ér zuò 《Yìjīng》5 de rén (wǒ bùzhīdào shì shuí), què bǐjiào de cōngmíng, tā shuō: "Shànggǔ jiéshéng ér zhì, hòushì shèngrén yì zhī yǐ shūqì." Tā bù shuō Cāng Jié, zhǐ shuō "hòushì shèngrén", bù shuō chuàngzào, zhǐ shuō diàohuàn, zhēnshì jǐnshèn dehěn; yěxǔ tā wúyìzhōng jiù bù xiāngxìn gǔdài huì yǒu yī ge dúzì zàochū xǔduō wénzì lái de rén de le, suǒyǐ jiù zhǐshì zhème hánhán-huhú de lái yī jù. 然而做《易經》5的人（我不知道是誰），却比較的聰明，他說：“上古結繩而治，後世聖人易之以書契。”他不說倉頡，只說“後世聖人”，不說創造，只說掉換，真是謹慎得很；也許他無意中就不相信古代會有一個獨自造出許多文字來的人的了，所以就只是這麽含含胡胡的來一句。\nDànshì, yòng shūqì lái dài jiéshéng de rén, yòu shì shénme jiǎosè ne? Wénxuéjiā? Bùcuò, cóng xiànzài de suǒwèi wénxuéjiā de zuì yào màinong wénzì, duó diào bǐgǎn biàn yīwúsuǒnéng de shìshí kàn qilai, díquè shǒuxiān jiùyào xiǎngdào tā; tā yě díquè yīnggāi gěi zìjǐ de chīfàn jiāhuo chū diǎn lì. Rán'ér bìngbù shìde. Yǒu shǐ yǐqián de rénmen, suīrán láodòng yě chànggē, qiú'ài yě chànggē, tā què bìngbù qǐcǎo, huòzhě liú gǎozi, yīnwèi tā zuòmèng yě xiǎngbudào mài shīgǎo, biān quánjí, érqiě nàshí de shèhuì lǐ, yě méiyǒu bàoguǎn hé shūpù zi, wénzì háowú yòngchu. Jù yǒuxiē xuézhě gàosu wǒmen dehuà lái kàn, zhè zài wénzì shàng yòng le yī fān gōngfu de, xiǎnglái gāishì shǐguān le. 但是，用書契來代結繩的人，又是什麽脚色呢？文學家？不錯，從現在的所謂文學家的最要賣弄文字，奪掉筆杆便一無所能的事實看起來，的確首先就要想到他；他也的確應該給自己的吃飯傢夥出點力。然而幷不是的。有史以前的人們，雖然勞動也唱歌，求愛也唱歌，他却幷不起草，或者留稿子，因爲他做夢也想不到賣詩稿，編全集，而且那時的社會裏，也沒有報館和書鋪子，文字毫無用處。據有些學者告訴我們的話來看，這在文字上用了一番工夫的，想來該是史官了。\nYuánshǐ shèhuì lǐ, dàyuē xiānqián zhǐyǒu wū, dàidào jiàncì jìnhuà, shìqing fánfù le, yǒuxiē shìqing, rú jìsì, shòuliè, zhànzhēng ... zhīlèi, jiàn yǒu jìzhu de bìyào, wū jiù zhǐhǎo zài tā nà běnzhí de "jiàngshén" zhīwài, yīmiàn yě xiǎng fǎzi lái jìshì, zhè jiùshì "shǐ" de kāitóu. Kuàngqiě "shēng zhōng yú tiān"6, tā zài běnzhí shàng, yěděi jiāng jìzǎi qiúzhǎng hé tā de zhìxià de dàshì de cèzi, shāo gěi Shàngdì kàn, yīncǐ yīyàng de yào zuò wénzhāng -- suīrán zhè dàyuē shì hòuqǐ de shì. Zài hòulái, zhízhǎng fēndé gèng qīngchu le, yúshì jiù yǒu zhuānmén jìshì de shǐguān. Wénzì jiùshì shǐguān bìyào de gōngjù, gǔrén shuō: "Cāng Jié, Huángdì shǐ."7 Dì-yī jù wèikě xìn, dàn zhǐchū le shǐ hé wénzì de guānxi, quèshì hěn yǒu yìsi de. Zhìyú hòulái de "wénxuéjiā" yòng tā lái xiě "ā yā-ya, wǒ de ài yo, wǒ yàosǐ le!" -- nàxiē jiājù, nà bùguòshì xiǎng xiǎng xiànchéng de bàle, "hézúdàozāi"! 原始社會裏，大約先前只有巫，待到漸次進化，事情繁複了，有些事情，如祭祀，狩獵，戰爭……之類，漸有記住的必要，巫就只好在他那本職的“降神”之外，一面也想法子來記事，這就是“史”的開頭。况且“升中于天” 6，他在本職上，也得將記載酋長和他的治下的大事的册子，燒給上帝看，因此一樣的要做文章——雖然這大約是後起的事。再後來，職掌分得更清楚了，于是就有專門記事的史官。文字就是史官必要的工具，古人說：“倉頡，黃帝史。” 7第一句未可信，但指出了史和文字的關係，却是很有意思的。至于後來的“文學家”用它來寫“阿呀呀，我的愛喲，我要死了！”\nZhào 《Yìjīng》 shuō, shūqì zhīqián míngmíng shì jiéshéng; wǒmen nàli de xiāngxiarén, pèngdào míngtiān yào zuò yī jiàn jǐnyào shì, pà de wàngjì shí, yě chángcháng shuō: "Kùdài shang dǎ yī ge jié!" Nàme, wǒmen de gǔ shèngrén, shì-fǒu yě yòng yī tiáo cháng shéng, yǒu yī jiàn shì jiù dǎ yī ge jié ne? Kǒngpà shì buxíng de. Zhǐyǒu jǐ gè jié hái jìde, yī duō kějiù zāole. Huòzhě nà zhèngshì Fúxī huángshang de "Bāguà"8 zhīliú, sān tiáo shéng yī zǔ, dōu bù dǎjié shì "qián", zhōngjiān gè dǎ yī jié shì "kūn" bà? Kǒngpà yě bùduì. Bā zǔ shàngkě, 64 zǔ jiù nán jì, hékuàng hái huì yǒu 512 zǔ ne. Zhǐyǒu zài Bìlǔ hái yǒu cúnliú de "dǎjié zì" (Quippus)9, yòng yī tiáo héngshéng, guàshàng xǔduō zhí shéng, lālái-lāqù de jiéqǐlai, wǎng bù xiàng wǎng, dào sìhū hái kěyǐ biǎoxiàn jiào duō de yìsi. Wǒmen shànggǔ de jiéshéng, kǒngpà yěshì rúcǐ de bà. Dàn tā jìrán bèi shūqì diàohuàn, yòu bù shì shūqì de zǔzōng, wǒmen yě bùfáng zànqiě bù qù guǎn tā le. 照《易經》說，書契之前明明是結繩；我們那裏的鄉下人，碰到明天要做一件緊要事，怕得忘記時，也常常說：“褲帶上打一個結！”那麽，我們的古聖人，是否也用一條長繩，有一件事就打一個結呢？恐怕是不行的。只有幾個結還記得，一多可就糟了。或者那正是伏羲皇上的“八封” 8之流，三條繩一組，都不打結是“乾”，中間各打一結是“坤”罷？恐怕也不對。八組尚可，六十四組就難記，何况還會有五百十二組呢。只有在秘魯還有存留的“打結字”（Quippus） 9，用一條橫繩，挂上許多直繩，拉來拉去的結起來，網不像網，倒似乎還可以表現較多的意思。我們上古的結繩，恐怕也是如此的罷。但它既然被書契掉換，又不是書契的祖宗，我們也不妨暫且不去管它了。\nXià Yǔ de "gǒulǒu bēi"10 shì Dàoshimen jiǎzào de; xiànzài wǒmen néng zài shíwù shàng kànjian de zuì gǔ de wénzì, zhǐyǒu Shāngcháo de jiǎgǔ hé zhōngdǐngwén. Dàn zhèxiē, dōu yǐjing hěn jìnbù le, jīhū zhǎobuchū yī ge yuánshǐ xíngtài. Zhǐ zài tóngqì shàng, yǒushí hái kěyǐ kànjian yīdiǎn xiěshí de túxíng, rú lù, rúxiàng, ér cóng zhè túxíng shàng, yòu néng fāxiàn hé wénzì xiāngguān de xiànsuǒ: Zhōngguó wénzì de jīchǔ shì "xiàngxíng". 夏禹的“岣嶁碑”10是道士們假造的；現在我們能在實物上看見的最古的文字，只有商朝的甲骨和鐘鼎文。但這些，都已經很進步了，幾乎找不出一個原始形態。只在銅器上，有時還可以看見一點寫實的圖形，如鹿，如象，而從這圖形上，又能發見和文字相關的綫索：中國文字的基礎是“象形”。\nHuà zài Xībānyá de Yàlètàimǐlā (Altamira) dòng11 lǐ de yěniú, shì yǒumíng de yuánshǐrén de yíjì, xǔduō yìshù shǐjiā shuō, zhè zhèngshì "wèi yìshu de yìshu", yuánshǐrén huà zhe wánwán de. Dàn zhè jiěshì wèimiǎn guòyú "módēng", yīnwèi yuánshǐrén méiyǒu 19 shìjì de wényì jiā nàme yǒuxián, tā de huàyī zhī niú, shì yǒu yuángù de, wèideshì guānyú yěniú, huòzhě shì lièqǔ yěniú, jìn zhòu yěniú de shì. Xiànzài Shànghǎi qiángbì shàng de xiāngyān hé diànyǐng de guǎnggàohuà, shàngqiě cháng yǒurén zhāng zhe zuǐba kàn, zài shǎojiànduōguài de yuánshǐ shèhuì lǐ, yǒule zhème yī ge qíjì, nà hōngdòng-yīshí, jiù kěxiǎng'érzhī le. Tāmen yīmiàn kàn, zhīdao le yěniú zhè dōngxi, yuánlái kěyǐ yòng xiàntiáo yí zài bié de píngmiàn shàng, tóngshí fǎngfú yě rènshi le yī ge "niú" zì, yīmiàn yě pèifu zhè zuòzhě de cáinéng, dàn méiyǒu rén qǐng tā zuò zìzhuàn zhuànqián, suǒyǐ xìngshì yějiù yānmò le. Dàn zài shèhuì lǐ, Cāng Jié yě bùzhǐ yī ge, yǒude zài dāobǐng shàng kè yīdiǎn tú, yǒude zài ménhù shàng huà yīxiē huà, xīnxīnxiāngyìn, kǒukǒuxiāngchuán, wénzì jiù duō qǐlai, shǐguān yī cǎijí, biàn kěyǐ fūyǎn jìshì le. Zhōngguó wénzì de yóulái, kǒngpà yě táobuchū zhè lìzi de. 畫在西班牙的亞勒泰米拉（Altamira）洞 11裏的野牛，是有名的原始人的遺迹，許多藝術史家說，這正是“爲藝術的藝術”，原始人畫著玩玩的。但這解釋未免過于“摩登”，因爲原始人沒有十九世紀的文藝家那麽有閑，他的畫一隻牛，是有緣故的，爲的是關于野牛，或者是獵取野牛，禁咒野牛的事。現在上海墻壁上的香烟和電影的廣告畫，尚且常有人張著嘴巴看，在少見多怪的原始社會裏，有了這麽一個奇迹，那轟動一時，就可想而知了。他們一面看，知道了野牛這東西，原來可以用綫條移在別的平面上，同時仿佛也認識了一個“牛”字，一面也佩服這作者的才能，但沒有人請他作自傳賺錢，所以姓氏也就湮沒了。但在社會裏，倉頡也不止一個，有的在刀柄上刻一點圖，有的在門戶上畫一些畫，心心相印，口口相傳，文字就多起來，史官一采集，便可以敷衍記事了。中國文字的由來，恐怕也逃不出這例子的。\nZìrán, hòulái hái gāi yǒu bùduàn de zēngbǔ, zhè shì shǐguān zìjǐ kěyǐ bàndào de, xīn zì jiā zài shúzì zhōng, yòu shì xiàngxíng, biéren yě róngyì tuīcè dào nà zì de yìyì. Zhídào xiànzài, Zhōngguó hái zài shēngchū xīnzì lái. Dànshì, yìng zuò xīn Cāng Jié, quèyào shībài de, Wú de Zhū Yù, Táng de Wǔ Zétiān, dōu céngjīng zào guo gǔguài zì,12 yě dōu bái fèilì. Xiànzài zuì huì zàozì de shì Zhōngguó huàxuéjiā, xǔduō yuánzhì hé huàhéwù de míngmù, hěn bù róngyì rènde, liányīn yě nányǐ dú chūlai le. Lǎoshishuō, wǒ shì yī kànjian jiù tóutòng de, juéde yuǎn bùrú jiù yòng wànguó tōngyòng de Lādīng míng láide shuǎngkuai, rúguǒ 20 lái ge zìmǔ dōu rènbudé, qǐng shù wǒ zhíshuō: Nàme, huàxué yě dàdǐ xué bùhǎo de. 自然，後來還該有不斷的增補，這是史官自己可以辦到的，新字夾在熟字中，又是象形，別人也容易推測到那字的意義。直到現在，中國還在生出新字來。但是，硬做新倉頡，却要失敗的，吳的朱育，唐的武則天，都曾經造過古怪字， 12也都白費力。現在最會造字的是中國化學家，許多原質和化合物的名目，很不容易認得，連音也難以讀出來了。老實說，我是一看見就頭痛的，覺得遠不如就用萬國通用的拉丁名來得爽快，如果二十來個字母都認不得，請恕我直說：那麽，化學也大抵學不好的。\n《Zhōulǐ》 hé 《Shuōwén Jiězì》13 shang dōu jiǎng wénzì de gòuchéng fǎ yǒu 6 zhǒng, zhèlǐ qiěbù tán bà, zhǐ shuō xiē hé "xiàngxíng" yǒuguān de dōngxi. 《周禮》和《說文解字》13上都講文字的構成法有六種，這裏且不談罷，只說些和“象形”有關的東西。\nXiàngxíng, "jìn qǔ zhū shēn, yuǎn qǔ zhū wù"14, jiùshì huàyī zhī yǎnjing shì "mù", huàyī ge yuánquān, fàng jǐ tiáo háo guāngshì "rì", nà zìrán hěn míngbai, biàndang de. Dàn yǒushí yào pèngbì, pìrú yào huà dāokǒu, zěnme bàn ne? Bù huà dāobèi, yě xiǎnbuchū dāokǒu lái, zhèshí jiù zhǐhǎo biéchūxīncái, zài dāokǒu shang jiāyī tiáo duǎngùn, suànshì zhǐmíng "zhège dìfāng" de yìsi, zào le "rèn". Zhè yǐjing pō yǒuxiē bànshì jíshǒu de múyàng le, hékuàng hái yǒu wúxíng kě xiàng de shìjiàn, yúshì zhǐdé lái "xiàngyì"15, yě jiàozuò "huìyì". Yī zhīshǒu fàng zài shù shang shì "cǎi", yī kē xīn fàng zài wūzi hé fànwǎn zhījiān shì "níng", yǒu chī yǒu zhù, ānní le. Dàn yào xiě "nìngkě" de níng, quèyòu děi zài wǎn xiàmiàn fàng yī tiáo xiàn, biǎomíng zhè bùguòshì yòng le "oes" de shēngyīn de yìsi. "Huìyì" bǐ "xiàngxíng" gèng máfan, tā zhìshǎo yào huà liǎngyàng. Rú "bǎo" zì, zé yào huàyī ge wūdǐng, yī chuàn yù, yī ge fǒu, yī ge bèi, jì sì yàng; wǒ kàn "fǒu" zì háishi chǔjiù liǎng xíng héchéng de, nàme yīgòng yǒu wǔ yàng. Dāndān wèile huà zhè yī ge zì, jiù hěn yào pòfèi xiē gōngfu. 象形，“近取諸身，遠取諸物”14，就是畫一隻眼睛是“目”，畫一個圓圈，放幾條毫光是“日”，那自然很明白，便當的。但有時要碰壁，譬如要畫刀口，怎麽辦呢？不畫刀背，也顯不出刀口來，這時就只好別出心裁，在刀口上加一條短棍，算是指明“這個地方”的意思，造了“刃”。這已經頗有些辦事棘手的模樣了，何况還有無形可象的事件，于是只得來“象意” 15，也叫作“會意”。一隻手放在樹上是“采”，一顆心放在屋子和飯碗之間是“寍”，有吃有住，安寍了。但要寫“寧可”的寧，却又得在碗下面放一條綫，表明這不過是用了“寍”的聲音的意思。“會意”比“象形”更麻煩，它至少要畫兩樣。如“寶”字，則要畫一個屋頂，一串玉，一個缶，一個貝，計四樣；我看“缶”字還是杵臼兩形合成的，那麽一共有五樣。單單爲了畫這一個字，就很要破費些工夫。\nBùguò háishi zǒubutōng, yīnwèi yǒuxiē shìwù shì huà-bùchū, yǒuxiē shìwù shì huàbùlái, pìrú sōng-bǎi, yè yàng bùtóng, yuánshì kěyǐ fēnchūlái de, dàn xiězì jiūjìng shì xiězì, bùnéng xiàng huìhuà nàyàng jīnggōng, dàodǐ háishi yìngtǐng bù xiàqu. Lái dǎkāi zhè jiāngjú de shì "xiéshēng", yìyì hé xíngxiàng líkāi le guānxi. Zhè yǐjing shì "jìyīn" le, suǒyǐ yǒurén shuō, zhè shì Zhōngguó wénzì de jìnbù. Bùcuò, yě kěyǐ shuōshì jìnbù, rán'ér nà jīchǔ yě háishi huàhuàr. Lìrú "cài, cóng cǎo, cǎishēng", huàyī kē cǎo, yī ge zhǎo, yī zhū shù: sān yàng; "hǎi, cóng shuǐ, měi shēng", huàyī tiáo hé, yī wèi dài mào(?) de tàitai, yě sān yàng. Zǒngzhī: Rúguǒ yào xiězì, jiù fēi yǒngyuǎn huàhuà bùchéng. 不過還是走不通，因爲有些事物是畫不出，有些事物是畫不來，譬如松柏，葉樣不同，原是可以分出來的，但寫字究竟是寫字，不能像繪畫那樣精工，到底還是硬挺不下去。來打開這僵局的是“諧聲”，意義和形象離開了關係。這已經是“記音”了，所以有人說，這是中國文字的進步。不錯，也可以說是進步，然而那基礎也還是畫畫兒。例如“菜，從草，采聲”，畫一窠草，一個爪，一株樹：三樣；“海，從水，每聲”，畫一條河，一位戴帽（？）的太太，也三樣。總之：如果要寫字，就非永遠畫畫不成。\nDàn gǔrén shì bìngbù yúchǔn de, tāmen zǎojiù jiāng xíngxiàng gǎi de jiǎndān, yuǎnlí le xiěshí. Zhuànzì yuán zhé, hái yǒu túhuà de yúhén, cóng Lìshū dào xiànzài de kǎishū16, hé xíngxiàng jiù tiānchàdìyuǎn. Bùguò nà jīchǔ bìngwèi gǎibiàn, tiānchàdìyuǎn zhīhòu, jiù chéngwéi bù xiàngxíng de xiàngxíngzì, xiě qǐlai suīrán bǐjiào de jiǎndān, rèn qǐlai què fēicháng kùnnan le, yào píngkōng yī ge yī ge de jìzhu. Érqiě yǒuxiē zì, yě zhìjīn bìngbù jiǎndān, lìrú "luán" huò "zhāng", qù jiào háizi xiě, fēi liànxí bànnián Liùyuè, shì hěn nánxiě zài bàn cùn jiànfāng de gézi lǐmiàn de. 但古人是幷不愚蠢的，他們早就將形象改得簡單，遠離了寫實。篆字圓折，還有圖畫的餘痕，從隸書到現在的楷書16，和形象就天差地遠。不過那基礎幷未改變，天差地遠之後，就成爲不象形的象形字，寫起來雖然比較的簡單，認起來却非常困難了，要憑空一個一個的記住。而且有些字，也至今幷不簡單，例如“鑾”或“鑿”，去叫孩子寫，非練習半年六月，是很難寫在半寸見方的格子裏面的。\nHái yǒu yī céng, shì "xiéshēng" zì yě yīnwèi gǔ-jīn zìyīn de biànqiān, hěn yǒuxiē hé "shēng" bùdà "xié" de le. Xiànzài hái yǒu shuí dú "huá" wéi "gǔ", dú "hǎi" wéi "měi" ne? 還有一層，是“諧聲”字也因爲古今字音的變遷，很有些和“聲”不大“諧”的了。現在還有誰讀“滑”爲“骨”，讀“海”爲“每”呢？\nGǔrén chuán wénzì gěi wǒmen, yuánshì yī fèn zhòngdà de yíchǎn, yīnggāi gǎnxiè de. Dàn zài chéngle bù xiàngxíng de xiàngxíngzì, bù shífēn xiéshēng de xiéshēngzì de xiànzài, zhè gǎnxiè què zhǐhǎo chóuchú yīxià le. 古人傳文字給我們，原是一份重大的遺産，應該感謝的。但在成了不象形的象形字，不十分諧聲的諧聲字的現在，這感謝却只好躊蹰一下了。\nDào zhèlǐ, wǒ xiǎnglái cāi yīxià gǔshíhou yán-wén shì-fǒu yīzhì de wèntí. 到這裏，我想來猜一下古時候言文是否一致的問題。\nDuìyú zhè wèntí, xiànzài de xuézhěmen suīrán bìng méiyǒu fēnmíng de jiélùn, dàn tīng tā kǒuqì, hǎoxiàng dàgài shì yǐwéi yīzhì de; yuè gǔ, jiù yuè yīzhì.17 Bùguò wǒ què hěn yǒuxiē huáiyí, yīnwèi wénzì yù róngyì xiě, jiù yù róngyì xiě de hé kǒuyǔ yīzhì, dàn Zhōngguó quèshì nàme nánhuà de xiàngxíngzì, yěxǔ wǒmen de gǔrén, xiànglái jiù jiāng bù guān zhòngyào de cí zhāi qùle de. 對于這問題，現在的學者們雖然幷沒有分明的結論，但聽他口氣，好像大概是以爲一致的；越古，就越一致。17不過我却很有些懷疑，因爲文字愈容易寫，就愈容易寫得和口語一致，但中國却是那麽難畫的象形字，也許我們的古人，向來就將不關重要的詞摘去了的。\n《Shūjīng》18 yǒu nàme nándú, sìhū zhèng kězuò zhào xiě kǒuyǔ de zhèngjù, dàn Shāng Zhōu rén de díquè de kǒuyǔ, xiànzài hái méiyǒu yánjiūchū, háiyào fán yě shuōbudìng de. Zhìyú Zhōu-Qín gǔshū, suīrán zuòzhě yě yòng yīdiǎn tā běndì de fāngyán, ér wénzì dàzhì xiānglèi, jíshǐ hé kǒuyǔ hái xiāngjìn bà, yòng de yěshì Zhōu-Qín báihuà, bìngfēi Zhōu-Qín dàzhòngyǔ. Hàncháo gèng bùbì shuō le, suīshì kěn jiāng 《Shūjīng》 lǐ nándǒng de zìyǎn, fānchéng jīn zì de Sīmǎ Qiān19, yě bùguò zài tèbié qíngkuàng zhīxià, cǎiyòng yīdiǎn súyǔ, lìrú chén shè de lǎopéngyou kànjian tā wéi wáng, jīngyì dào: "Huǒ yí, Shè zhī wéi wáng chénchén zhě"20, ér qízhōng de "Shè zhī wéi wáng" sì ge zì, wǒ hái yíxīn Tàishǐgōng jiā guo xiūjiǎn de. 《書經》18有那麽難讀，似乎正可作照寫口語的證據，但商周人的的確的口語，現在還沒有研究出，還要繁也說不定的。至于周秦古書，雖然作者也用一點他本地的方言，而文字大致相類，即使和口語還相近罷，用的也是周秦白話，幷非周秦大衆語。漢朝更不必說了，雖是肯將《書經》裏難懂的字眼，翻成今字的司馬遷 19，也不過在特別情况之下，采用一點俗語，例如陳涉的老朋友看見他爲王，驚异道：“夥頤，涉之爲王沈沈者” 20，而其中的“涉之爲王”四個字，我還疑心太史公加過修剪的。\nNàme, gǔshū lǐ cǎilù de tóngyáo, yànyǔ, míngē, gāishì nàshí de lǎopái súyǔ bà. Wǒ kàn yě hěn nánshuō. Zhōngguó de wénxuéjiā, shì pōyǒu ài gǎi biéren wénzhāng de píqi de. Zuì míngxiǎn de lìzi shì Hàn mínjiān de 《Huáinán wáng gē》21, tóngyī dìfāng de tóngyī shǒu gē, 《Hànshū》 hé 《Qián-Hàn jì》22 jì de jiù liǎngyàng. 那麽，古書裏采錄的童謠，諺語，民歌，該是那時的老牌俗語罷。我看也很難說。中國的文學家，是頗有愛改別人文章的脾氣的。最明顯的例子是漢民間的《淮南王歌》 21，同一地方的同一首歌，《漢書》和《前漢紀》22記的就兩樣。\nBǐjiào qǐlai, hǎoxiàng hòuzhě shì běnlái miànmù, dàn yǐjing shāndiào le yīxiē yě shuōbudìng de: Zhǐshì yī ge tíyào. Hòulái Sòng rén de yǔlù, huàběn, yuán rén de zájù hé chuánqí lǐ de kēbái, yě dōu shì tíyào, zhǐshì tā yòngzì jiàowei píngcháng, shānqù de wénzì jiào shǎo, jiù lìngrén juéde"míngbairúhuà" le. 比較起來，好像後者是本來面目，但已經删掉了一些也說不定的：只是一個提要。後來宋人的語錄，話本，元人的雜劇和傳奇裏的科白，也都是提要，只是它用字較爲平常，删去的文字較少，就令人覺得“明白如話”了。\nWǒ de yìcè, shì yǐwéi Zhōngguó de yán-wén, yīxiàng jiù bìngbù yīzhì de, dà yuányīn biànshì zì nánxiě, zhǐhǎo jiéshěng xiē. Dāngshí de kǒuyǔ de zhāiyào, shì gǔrén de wén; gǔdài de kǒuyǔ de zhāiyào, shì hòurén de gǔwén. Suǒyǐ wǒmen de zuò gǔwén, shì zài yòng le yǐjing bìngbù xiàngxíng de xiàngxíngzì, wèibì yīdìng xiéshēng de xiéshēngzì, zài zhǐshàng miáochū jīnrén shuí yě bù shuō, dǒng de yě bù duō de, gǔrén de kǒuyǔ de zhāiyào lái. Nǐ xiǎng, zhè nán bù nán ne? 我的臆測，是以爲中國的言文，一向就幷不一致的，大原因便是字難寫，只好節省些。當時的口語的摘要，是古人的文；古代的口語的摘要，是後人的古文。所以我們的做古文，是在用了已經幷不象形的象形字，未必一定諧聲的諧聲字，在紙上描出今人誰也不說，懂的也不多的，古人的口語的摘要來。你想，這難不難呢？\nWénzì zài rénmín jiān méngyá, hòulái què yīdìng wéi tèquán zhě suǒ shōulǎn. Jù 《Yìjīng》 de zuòzhě suǒ tuīcè, "shànggǔ jiéshéng ér zhì", zé lián jiéshéng jiù yǐ shì zhìrén zhě de dōngxi. Dàidào luòzài wū-shǐ de shǒulǐ de shíhou, gèng bùbì shuō le, tāmen dōu shì qiúzhǎng zhīxià, wànmín zhīshàng de rén. Shèhuì gǎibiàn xiàqu, xuéxí wénzì de rénmen de fànwéi yě kuòdà qǐlai, dàn dàdǐ xiànyú tèquán zhě. Zhìyú píngmín, nàshi bù shízì de, bìngfēi quēshǎo xuéfèi, zhǐ yīnwèi xiànyú zīgé, tā bùpèi. Érqiě lián shūjí yě kànbujiàn. Zhōngguó zài kèbǎn hái wèi fādá de shíhou, yǒu yī bù hǎo shū, wǎngwǎng shì"cáng zhī mìgé, fù zài sān guǎn"23, lián zuò le shìzǐ, yě háishi bùzhīdào xiě zhe shénme de. 文字在人民間萌芽，後來却一定爲特權者所收攬。據《易經》的作者所推測，“上古結繩而治”，則連結繩就已是治人者的東西。待到落在巫史的手裏的時候，更不必說了，他們都是酋長之下，萬民之上的人。社會改變下去，學習文字的人們的範圍也擴大起來，但大抵限于特權者。至于平民，那是不識字的，幷非缺少學費，只因爲限于資格，他不配。而且連書籍也看不見。中國在刻版還未發達的時候，有一部好書，往往是“藏之秘閣，副在三館” 23，連做了士子，也還是不知道寫著什麽的。\nYīnwèi wénzì shì tèquán zhě de dōngxi, suǒyǐ tā jiù yǒule zūnyán xìng, bìngqiě yǒule shénmìxìng. Zhōngguó de zì, dào xiànzài hái hěn zūnyán, wǒmen zài qiángbì shang, jiù chángcháng kànjian guàzhe xiě shang"jìngxī zìzhǐ" de lǒuzi; zhìyú fú de qūxié zhìbìng, nàjiù kào le tā de shénmìxìng de. Wénzì jìrán hán zhe zūnyán xìng, nàme, zhīdao wénzì, zhè rén yějiù liándài de zūnyán qǐlai le. Xīn de zūnyán zhě rìchū bù qióng, duìyú jiù de zūnyán zhě jiù bùlì, érqiě zhīdao wénzì de rénmen yī duō, yě huì sǔnshāng shénmìxìng de. Fú de wēilì, jiù yīnwèi zhè hǎoxiàng shì zì de dōngxi, chú Dàoshi yǐwài, shuí yě bù rènshi de yuángù. Suǒyǐ, duìyú wénzì, tāmen yīdìng yào bǎchí. 因爲文字是特權者的東西，所以它就有了尊嚴性，幷且有了神秘性。中國的字，到現在還很尊嚴，我們在墻壁上，就常常看見挂著寫上“敬惜字紙”的簍子；至于符的驅邪治病，那就靠了它的神秘性的。文字既然含著尊嚴性，那麽，知道文字，這人也就連帶的尊嚴起來了。新的尊嚴者日出不窮，對于舊的尊嚴者就不利，而且知道文字的人們一多，也會損傷神秘性的。符的威力，就因爲這好像是字的東西，除道士以外，誰也不認識的緣故。所以，對于文字，他們一定要把持。\nŌuzhōu zhōngshì, wénzhāng xuéwen, dōu zài Dàoyuàn lǐ; Kèluódìyà (Kroatia)24, shì dàoliǎo 19 shìjì, shízì de hái zhǐyǒu jiàoshì de, rénmín de kǒuyǔ, tuìbù dào duìyú jiù shēnghuó gāng gòuyòng. Tāmen géxīn de shíhou, jiù zhǐhǎo cóng wàiguó jièjìn xǔduō xīnyǔ lái. 歐洲中世，文章學問，都在道院裏；克羅蒂亞（Kroatia） 24，是到了十九世紀，識字的還只有教士的，人民的口語，退步到對于舊生活剛够用。他們革新的時候，就只好從外國借進許多新語來。\nWǒmen Zhōngguó de wénzì, duìyú dàzhòng, chúle shēnfen, jīngjì zhèxiē xiànzhì zhīwài, què háiyào jiāshàng yī tiáo gāo ménkǎn: nán. Dānshì zhè tiáo ménkǎn, tǎng bù fèi tā shí láinián gōngfu, jiù bù róngyì kuàguò. Kuàguò le de, jiùshì shìdàfū, ér zhèxiē shìdàfū, yòu jiélì de yào shǐ wénzì gèngjiā nán qǐlai, yīnwèi zhè kěyǐ shǐ tā tèbié de zūnyán, chāochū bié de yīqiè píngcháng de shìdàfū zhīshàng. Hàncháo de Yáng Xióng de xǐhuan qízì, jiù yǒu zhè máobing de, Liú Xīn xiǎng jiè tā de 《Fāngyán》 gǎozi, tā jīhū yào tiào Huángpǔ. 25 Tángcháo ne, Fán Zōngshī de wénzhāng zuòdào biéren diǎn bùduàn26, Lǐ Hè de shī zuòdào biéren kànbudǒng27, yě dōu wèile zhè yuángù. Háiyǒu yī zhǒng fāngfǎ shì jiāng zì xiě de biéren bù rènshi, xiàyānzhě, shì cóng 《Kāngxī Zìdiǎn》 28 shàng cháchū jǐ gè gǔzì lái, jiājìn wénzhāng lǐmiàn qù; shàngyānzhě shì Qián Diàn de yòng zhuànzì lái xiě Liú Xī de 《Shì Míng》29, zuìjìn hái yǒu Qián Xuántóng xiānsheng de zhào 《Shuō Wén》 zìyàng gěi tài yán xiānsheng chāo 《Xiǎoxué Dáwèn》30. 我們中國的文字，對于大衆，除了身分，經濟這些限制之外，却還要加上一條高門檻：難。單是這條門檻，倘不費他十來年工夫，就不容易跨過。跨過了的，就是士大夫，而這些士大夫，又竭力的要使文字更加難起來，因爲這可以使他特別的尊嚴，超出別的一切平常的士大夫之上。漢朝的楊雄的喜歡奇字，就有這毛病的，劉歆想借他的《方言》稿子，他幾乎要跳黃浦。 25唐朝呢，樊宗師的文章做到別人點不斷26，李賀的詩做到別人看不懂27，也都爲了這緣故。還有一種方法是將字寫得別人不認識，下焉者，是從《康熙字典》 28上查出幾個古字來，夾進文章裏面去；上焉者是錢坫的用篆字來寫劉熙的《釋名》29，最近還有錢玄同先生的照《說文》字樣給太炎先生抄《小學答問》。30。\nWénzì nán, wénzhāng nán, zhè hái dōu shì yuánlái de; zhèxiē shàngmian, yòu jiāyǐ shìdàfū gùyì tèzhì de nán, què hái xiǎng tā hé dàzhòng yǒuyuán, zěnme bàndedào. Dàn shìdàfūmen yě zhèng yuàn qí rúcǐ, rúguǒ wénzì yì shí, dàjiā dūhuì, wénzì jiù bù zūnyán, tā yě gēnzhe bù zūnyán le. Shuō báihuà bùrú wényán de rén, jiù cóng zhèlǐ chūfā de; xiànzài lùn dàzhòngyǔ, shuō dàzhòng zhǐyào jiāogěi "Qiānzìkè"31 jiù gòu de rén, nà yìsi de gēndǐ yě háishi zài zhèlǐ. 文字難，文章難，這還都是原來的；這些上面，又加以士大夫故意特製的難，却還想它和大衆有緣，怎麽辦得到。但士大夫們也正願其如此，如果文字易識，大家都會，文字就不尊嚴，他也跟著不尊嚴了。說白話不如文言的人，就從這裏出發的；現在論大衆語，說大衆只要教給“千字課” 31就够的人，那意思的根柢也還是在這裏。\nYòng nàme jiānnán de wénzì xiěchūlái de gǔyǔ zhāiyào, wǒmen xiānqián yě jiào "wén", xiànzài xīnpài yīdiǎn de jiào "wénxué", zhè bù shì cóng "wénxué Zǐyóu Zǐxià"32 shàng gē xiàlai de, shì cóng Rìběn shūrù, tāmen de duìyú Yīngwén literature de yìmíng. Huì xiěxiě zhèyàng de "wén" de, xiànzài shì xiě báihuà yě kěyǐ le, jiù jiàozuò "wénxuéjiā", huòzhě jiào "zuòjiā". 用那麽艱難的文字寫出來的古語摘要，我們先前也叫“文”，現在新派一點的叫“文學”，這不是從“文學子游子夏” 32上割下來的，是從日本輸入，他們的對于英文 Literature 的譯名。會寫寫這樣的“文”的，現在是寫白話也可以了，就叫作“文學家”，或者叫“作家”。\nWénxué de cúnzài tiáojiàn shǒuxiān yào huì xiězì, nàme, bù shízì de wénmáng qún lǐ, dāngrán bù huì yǒu wénxuéjiā de le. Rán'ér zuòjiā què yǒude. Nǐmen bùyào tài zǎo de xiào wǒ, wǒ hái yǒu huàshuō. Wǒ xiǎng, rénlèi shì zài wèiyǒu wénzì zhīqián, jiù yǒule chuàngzuò de, kěxī méiyǒu rén jìxià, yě méiyǒu fǎzi jìxià. Wǒmen de zǔxiān de yuánshǐrén, yuánshì lián huà yě bù huì shuō de, wèile gòngtóng láozuò, bìxū fābiǎo yìjian, cái jiànjiàn de liàn chū fùzá de shēngyīn lái, jiǎrú nàshí dàjiā tái mùtou, dōu juéde chīlì le, què xiǎngbudào fābiǎo, qízhōng yǒu yī ge jiào dào "hángyō hángyō", nàme, zhè jiùshì chuàngzuò; dàjiā yě yào pèifu, yìngyòng de, zhèjiù děngyú chūbǎn; tǎngruò yòng shénme jìhao liúcún le xiàlai, zhè jiùshì wénxué; tā dāngrán jiùshì zuòjiā, yěshì wénxuéjiā, shì "hángyō hángyō pài" 33. Bùyào xiào, zhè zuòpǐn què yě yòuzhì dehěn, dàn gǔrén bùjí jīnrén de dìfāng shì hěn duō de, zhè zhèngshì qíyī. Jiùshì Zhōucháo de shénme "Guānguān jūjiū, zài hé zhī zhōu, yǎotiǎoshūnǚ, jūnzǐ hǎoqiú" bà, tā shì 《Shījīng》34 lǐ de tóuyī piān, suǒyǐ xià de wǒmen zhǐhǎo kētóu pèifu, jiǎrú xiānqián wèicéng yǒuguò zhèyàng de yī piān shī, xiànzài de xīnshī rén yòng zhè yìsi zuò yī shǒu báihuàshī, dào wúlùn shénme fùkān shàngqu tóugǎo shìshi bà, wǒ kàn shífēn zhī jiǔ shì yào bèi biānjízhě sāi jìn zìzhǐlǒu qù de. "Piàoliang de hǎo xiǎojie ya, shì shàoye de hǎo yī duìr!" Shénme huà ne? 文學的存在條件首先要會寫字，那麽，不識字的文盲群裏，當然不會有文學家的了。然而作家却有的。你們不要太早的笑我，我還有話說。我想，人類是在未有文字之前，就有了創作的，可惜沒有人記下，也沒有法子記下。我們的祖先的原始人，原是連話也不會說的，爲了共同勞作，必需發表意見，才漸漸的練出複雜的聲音來，假如那時大家擡木頭，都覺得吃力了，却想不到發表，其中有一個叫道“杭育杭育”，那麽，這就是創作；大家也要佩服，應用的，這就等于出版；倘若用什麽記號留存了下來，這就是文學；他當然就是作家，也是文學家，是“杭育杭育派” 33。不要笑，這作品確也幼稚得很，但古人不及今人的地方是很多的，這正是其一。就是周朝的什麽“關關雎鳩，在河之洲，窈窕淑女，君子好逑”罷，它是《詩經》 34裏的頭一篇，所以嚇得我們只好磕頭佩服，假如先前未曾有過這樣的一篇詩，現在的新詩人用這意思做一首白話詩，到無論什麽副刊上去投稿試試罷，我看十分之九是要被編輯者塞進字紙簍去的。“漂亮的好小姐呀，是少爺的好一對兒！”什麽話呢？\nJiùshì 《Shījīng》 de 《Guófēng》 lǐ de dōngxi, hǎo xǔduō yěshì bù shízì de wúmíngshì zuòpǐn, yīnwèi bǐjiào de yōuxiù, dàjiā kǒukǒuxiāngchuán de. Wángguānmen35 jiǎn chū tā kězuò xíngzhèng shàng cānkǎo de jìlù le xiàlai, cǐwài xiāomiè de zhèng bùzhī yǒu duōshǎo. Xīlàrén Hémǎ -- wǒmen gūqiě dàngzuò yǒu zhèyàng yī gèrén -- de liǎng dà shǐshī 36, yě yuánshì kǒu yín, xiàncún de shì biéren de jìlù. Dōng-Jìn dào Qí-Chén de 《Zǐyègē》 hé 《Dúqǔgē》37 zhīlèi, Tángcháo de 《Zhúzhīcí》 hé 《Liǔzhī cí》38 zhīlèi, yuán dōu shì wúmíngshì de chuàngzuò, jīng wénrén de cǎilù hé rùnsè zhīhòu, liúchuán xiàlai de. Zhè yī rùnsè, liúchuán gùrán liúchuán le, dàn kěxī de shì yīdìng shī qùle xǔduō běnlái miànmù. Dào xiànzài, dàochù hái yǒu mínyáo, shāngē, yúgē děng, zhè jiùshì bù shízì de shīrén de zuòpǐn; yě chuánshù zhe tónghuà hé gùshi, zhè jiùshì bù shízì de xiǎoshuōjiā de zuòpǐn; tāmen, jiù dōu shì bù shízì de zuòjiā. 就是《詩經》的《國風》裏的東西，好許多也是不識字的無名氏作品，因爲比較的優秀，大家口口相傳的。王官35們檢出它可作行政上參考的記錄了下來，此外消滅的正不知有多少。希臘人荷馬——我們姑且當作有這樣一個人——的兩大史詩 36，也原是口吟，現存的是別人的記錄。東晋到齊陳的《子夜歌》和《讀曲歌》37之類，唐朝的《竹枝詞》和《柳枝詞》38之類，原都是無名氏的創作，經文人的采錄和潤色之後，留傳下來的。這一潤色，留傳固然留傳了，但可惜的是一定失去了許多本來面目。到現在，到處還有民謠，山歌，漁歌等，這就是不識字的詩人的作品；也傳述著童話和故事，這就是不識字的小說家的作品；他們，就都是不識字的作家。\nDànshì, yīnwèi méiyǒu jìlù zuòpǐn de dōngxi, yòu hěn róngyì xiāomiè, liúbù de fànwéi yě bùnéng hěn guǎngdà, zhīdao de rénmen yějiù hěn shǎole. Ǒu yǒu yīdiǎn wéi wénrén suǒjiàn, wǎngwǎng dào chījīng, xīrù zìjǐ de zuòpǐn zhōng, zuòwéi xīn de yǎngliào. Jiù wénxué shuāituí shí, yīnwèi shèqǔ mínjiān wénxué huò wàiguó wénxué ér qǐ yī ge xīn de zhuǎnbiàn, zhè lìzi shì cháng jiànyú wénxuéshǐ shàng de. Bù shízì de zuòjiā suīrán bùjí wénrén de xìnì, dàn tā què gāngjiàn, qīngxīn. 但是，因爲沒有記錄作品的東西，又很容易消滅，流布的範圍也不能很廣大，知道的人們也就很少了。偶有一點爲文人所見，往往倒吃驚，吸入自己的作品中，作爲新的養料。舊文學衰頽時，因爲攝取民間文學或外國文學而起一個新的轉變，這例子是常見于文學史上的。不識字的作家雖然不及文人的細膩，但他却剛健，清新。\nYào zhèyàng de zuòpǐn wéi dàjiā suǒ gòngyǒu, shǒuxiān yě jiùshì yào zhè zuòjiā néng xiězì, tóngshí yě háiyào dúzhě men néng shízì yǐzhì néng xiězì, yī jù huà: Jiāng wénzì jiāogěi yīqiè rén. 要這樣的作品爲大家所共有，首先也就是要這作家能寫字，同時也還要讀者們能識字以至能寫字，一句話：將文字交給一切人。\nJiāng wénzì jiāogěi dàzhòng de shìshí, cóng Qīngcháo mònián jiù yǐjing yǒule de. 將文字交給大衆的事實，從清朝末年就已經有了的。\n"Mò dǎgǔ, mò dǎluó, tīng wǒ chàngge tàipíng gē ..." shì qīn bān de jiàoyù dàzhòng de súgē; 39 cǐwài, shìdàfū yě bàn guo yīxiē báihuà bào, 40 dàn nà zhǔyi, shì zhǐyào dàjiā tīngdédǒng, bùbì yīdìng xiěde chū. 《Píngmín Qiānzìkè》 jiù dài le yīdiǎn xiě déchū de kěnéng, dàn yě zhǐgòu jì zhàng, xiěxìn. Tǎngyào xiěchū xīnli suǒ xiǎng de dōngxi, tā nà xiàndìng de zìshù shì bùgòu de. Pìrú láojiān, díquè shì gěi le rén yīkuài dì, bùguò tā yǒu xiànzhì, zhǐnéng zài zhè quānzi lǐ xíng lì zuò wò, duàn bùnéng pǎochū shèdìng le de tiězhà wàimian qù. “莫打鼓，莫打鑼，聽我唱個太平歌……”是欽頒的教育大衆的俗歌；39此外，士大夫也辦過一些白話報，40但那主意，是只要大家聽得懂，不必一定寫得出。《平民千字課》就帶了一點寫得出的可能，但也只够記賬，寫信。倘要寫出心裏所想的東西，它那限定的字數是不够的。譬如牢監，的確是給了人一塊地，不過它有限制，只能在這圈子裏行立坐臥，斷不能跑出設定了的鐵栅外面去。\nLáo Nǎixuān hé Wáng Zhào41 tā liǎng wèi dōu yǒu jiǎnzì, jìnbù dehěn, kěyǐ zhào yīn xiězì le. Mínguó chūnián, Jiàoyùbù yào zhì zìmǔ, tāmenliǎ dōu shì huìyuán, Láo xiānsheng pài le yī wèi dàibiǎo, Wáng xiānsheng shì qīn dào de, wèile rùshēng cún-fèi wèntí, céng hé Wú Zhìhuī42 xiānsheng dàzhàn, zhàn de Wú xiānsheng dùzi yī āo, miánkù yě luò le xiàlai. Dàn jiéguǒ zǒngsuàn jǐjīng zhēnzhuó, zhìchéng le yī zhǒng dōngxi, jiàozuò "zhùyīn zìmǔ". Nàshí hěn yǒuxiē rén, yǐwéi kěyǐ tìdài Hànzì le, dàn shíjìshang háishi bùxíng, yīnwèi tā jiūjìng bùguò jiǎndān de fāngkuàizì, qiàrú Rìběn de "jiǎmíng"43 yīyàng, jiā shang jǐ gè, huòzhě zhù zài Hànzì de pángbiān hái kěyǐ, yào tā bài shuài, nénglì jiù bùgòu le. Xiè qǐlai huì hùnzá, kàn qilai yào yǎnhuā. Nàshí de huìyuán men chēng tā wéi "zhùyīn zìmǔ", shì shēn zhīdao tā de nénglì fànwéi de. Zài kàn Rìběn, tāmen yǒu zhǔzhāng jiǎnshǎo Hànzì de, yǒu zhǔzhāng Lādīng pīnyīn de, dàn zhǔzhāng zhǐyòng "Jiǎmíng" de què méiyǒu. 勞乃宣和王照41他兩位都有簡字，進步得很，可以照音寫字了。民國初年，教育部要制字母，他們倆都是會員，勞先生派了一位代表，王先生是親到的，爲了入聲存廢問題，曾和吳稚輝 42先生大戰，戰得吳先生肚子一凹，棉褲也落了下來。但結果總算幾經斟酌，製成了一種東西，叫作“注音字母”。那時很有些人，以爲可以替代漢字了，但實際上還是不行，因爲它究竟不過簡單的方塊字，恰如日本的“假名” 43一樣，夾上幾個，或者注在漢字的旁邊還可以，要它拜帥，能力就不够了。寫起來會混雜，看起來要眼花。那時的會員們稱它爲“注音字母”，是深知道它的能力範圍的。再看日本，他們有主張减少漢字的，有主張拉丁拼音的，但主張只用“假名”的却沒有。\nZàihǎo yīdiǎn de shì yòng Luómǎzì pīnfǎ, yánjiū de zuì jīng de shì Zhào Yuánrèn xiānsheng bà, wǒ bùdà míngbai. Yòng shìjiè tōngyòng de Luómǎzì pīn qǐlai -- xiànzài shì lián Tǔ'ěrqí yě cǎiyòng le -- yī cí yī chuàn, fēicháng qīngxī, shì hǎo de. Dàn jiào wǒ sìde ménwàihàn láishuō, hǎoxiàng nà pīnfǎ hái tài fán. Yào jīngmì, dāngrán bùdébù fán, dàn fán dehěn, jiù yòu biànle"nán", yǒuxiē fáng'ài pǔjí le. Zuìhǎo shì lìngyǒu yī zhǒng jiǎn ér bù lòu de dōngxi. 再好一點的是用羅馬字拼法，研究得最精的是趙元任先生罷，我不大明白。用世界通用的羅馬字拼起來——現在是連土耳其也采用了——一詞一串，非常清晰，是好的。但教我似的門外漢來說，好像那拼法還太繁。要精密，當然不得不繁，但繁得很，就又變了“難”，有些妨礙普及了。最好是另有一種簡而不陋的東西。\nZhèlǐ wǒmen kěyǐ yánjiū yīxià xīn de"Lādīnghuà" fǎ, 《Měirì Guójì Wénxuǎn》 lǐ yǒu yīxiǎo běn 《Zhōngguó yǔ shūfǎ zhī Lādīnghuà》44, 《Shìjiè》 dì-èr nián dì-liù qī hào hékān fùlù de yī fèn 《Yányǔ kēxué》45, jiù dōu shì shàojiè zhè dōngxi de. Jiàqian piányi, yǒuxīn de rén kěyǐ mǎilái kàn. Tā zhǐyǒu èrqiān bā ge zìmǔ, pīnfǎ yě róngyì xué. "Rén" jiùshì rhen, "fángzi" jiùshì fangz, "wǒ chī guǒzi" shì wo ch goz, "tā shì gōngrén" shì ta sh gungrhen. Xiànzài zài Huáqiáo lǐ shíyàn, jiàn le chéngjì de, hái zhǐshì běifānghuà. Dàn wǒ xiǎng, Zhōngguó jiūjìng háishi jiǎng běifānghuà -- bù shì Běijīnghuà -- de rénmen duō, jiānglái rúguǒ zhēn yǒu yī zhǒng dàochù tōngxíng de dàzhòngyǔ, nà zhǔlì yě kǒngpà háishi běifānghuà bà. Wéijīnzhījì, zhǐyào zhuóliáng zēng-jiǎn yīdiǎn, shǐ tā héyú gè gāi dìfāng suǒ tèyǒu de yīn, yějiù kěyǐ yòngdào wúlùn shénme qióngxiāngpìrǎng qùle. 這裏我們可以研究一下新的“拉丁化”法，《每日國際文選》裏有一小本《中國語書法之拉丁化》44，《世界》第二年第六七號合刊附錄的一份《言語科學》45，就都是紹介這東西的。價錢便宜，有心的人可以買來看。它只有二千八個字母，拼法也容易學。“人”就是 rhen ，“房子”就是 fangz ，“我吃果子”是 Wo ch goz ，“他是工人”是 ta sh gungrhen 。現在在華僑裏實驗，見了成績的，還只是北方話。但我想，中國究竟還是講北方話——不是北京話——的人們多，將來如果真有一種到處通行的大衆語，那主力也恐怕還是北方話罷。爲今之計，只要酌量增减一點，使它合于各該地方所特有的音，也就可以用到無論什麽窮鄉僻壤去了。\nNàme, zhǐyào rènshi 28 gè zìmǔ, xué yīdiǎn pīnfǎ hé xiěfǎ, chú lǎnchóng hé dīnéng wài, jiù shuí dōu nénggòu xiě déchū, kàn de dǒng le. Kuàngqiě tā hái yǒu yī ge hǎochǔ, shì xiě de kuài. Měiguórén shuō, shíjiān jiùshì jīnqián; dàn wǒ xiǎng: Shíjiān jiùshì xìngmìng. Wúduān de kōnghào biéren de shíjiān, qíshí shì wúyìyú móucáihàimìng de. Bùguò xiàng wǒmen zhèyàng zuò zhe chéng fēngliáng, tán xiántiān de rénmen, kě yòu shì lìwài. 那麽，只要認識二十八個字母，學一點拼法和寫法，除懶蟲和低能外，就誰都能够寫得出，看得懂了。况且它還有一個好處，是寫得快。美國人說，時間就是金錢；但我想：時間就是性命。無端的空耗別人的時間，其實是無异于謀財害命的。不過像我們這樣坐著乘風凉，談閑天的人們，可又是例外。\nDàoliǎo zhèlǐ, jiù yòu pèng zhe le yī ge dà wèntí: Zhōngguó de yányǔ, gèchù hěn bùtóng, dān gěi yī ge cūzhīdàyè de qūbié, jiù yǒu běifānghuà, Jiāng-Zhè huà, Liǎng-Hú chuān guì huà, Fújiàn huà, Guǎngdōnghuà zhè wǔ zhǒng, ér zhè wǔ zhǒng zhōng, hái yǒu xiǎo qūbié. Xiànzài yòng Lādīng zì lái xiě, xiě Pǔtōnghuà, háishi xiě tǔhuà ne? Yào xiě Pǔtōnghuà, rénmen bù huì; tǎng xiě tǔhuà, biéchù de rénmen jiù kànbudǒng, fǎn'ér géhé qǐlai, bùjí quánguó tōngxíng de Hànzì le. Zhè shì yī ge dà bìbìng! 到了這裏，就又碰著了一個大問題：中國的言語，各處很不同，單給一個粗枝大葉的區別，就有北方話，江浙話，兩湖川貴話，福建話，廣東話這五種，而這五種中，還有小區別。現在用拉丁字來寫，寫普通話，還是寫土話呢？要寫普通話，人們不會；倘寫土話，別處的人們就看不懂，反而隔閡起來，不及全國通行的漢字了。這是一個大弊病！\nWǒ de yìsi shì: Zài kāishǒu de qǐméng shíqī, gè dìfāng gè xiě tā de tǔhuà, yòngbuzháo gùdào hé bié dìfāng yìsi bù xiāngtōng. Dāng wèi yòng Lādīng xiěfǎ zhīqián, wǒmen de bù shízì de rénmen, yuán méiyǒu yòng Hànzì hùtōng zhe shēngqì, suǒyǐ xīn tiān de huàichu shì yīdiǎn yě méiyǒu de, dàoyǒu xīn de yìchu, zhìshǎo shì zài tóngyī yǔyán de qūyù lǐ, kěyǐ bǐcǐ jiāohuàn yìjian, xīshōu zhìshí le -- nà dāngrán, yīmiàn yěděi yǒurén xiě xiē yǒuyì de shū. Wèntí dào zài zhè gèchù de dàzhòng yǔwén, jiānglái jiūjìng yào tā zhuān huà ne, háishi pǔtōng huà? 我的意思是：在開首的啓蒙時期，各地方各寫它的土話，用不著顧到和別地方意思不相通。當未用拉丁寫法之前，我們的不識字的人們，原沒有用漢字互通著聲氣，所以新添的壞處是一點也沒有的，倒有新的益處，至少是在同一語言的區域裏，可以彼此交換意見，吸收智識了——那當然，一面也得有人寫些有益的書。問題倒在這各處的大衆語文，將來究竟要它專化呢，還是普通化？\nFāngyán tǔyǔ lǐ, hěn yǒuxiē yìwèi shēncháng dehuà, wǒmen nàli jiào" liànhuà", yòngqǐlai shì hěn yǒu yìsi de, qiàrú wényán de yòng gǔdiǎn, tīngzhě yě juéde qùwèi jīnjīn. Gè jiù gèchù de fāngyán, jiāng yǔfǎ hé cíhuì, gèngjiā tíliàn, shǐ tā fādá shàngqu de, jiùshì zhuān huà. Zhè yú wénxué, shì hěn yǒu yìchu de, tā kěyǐ zuòdé bǐ jǐn yòng fànfàn de huàtóu de wénzhāng gèngjiā yǒu yìsi. Dàn zhuān huà yòu yǒu zhuān huà de wēixiǎn. Yányǔxué wǒ bùzhīdào, kàn shēngwù, shì yī dào zhuān huà, wǎngwǎng yào mièwáng de. Wèiyǒu rénlèi yǐqián de xǔduō dòngzhíwù, jiù yīnwèi tài zhuān huà le, shī qí kěbiànxìng, huánjìng yī gǎi, wúfǎ yīngfù, zhǐhǎo mièwáng. -- Xìng'ér wǒmen rénlèi hái bù suàn zhuān huà de dòngwù, qǐng nǐmen bùyào chóu. Dàzhòng, shì yǒu wénxué, yào wénxué de, dàn juébù gāi wèi wénxué zuò xīshēng, yàobùrán, tā de huāngmiù hé wèile bǎocún Hànzì, yào shífēn zhī bā de Zhōngguórén zuò wénmáng lái xùnnàn de huó shèngxián jiù bìngbù liangyàng. Suǒyǐ, wǒ xiǎng, qǐméng shíhou yòng fāngyán, dàn yīmiàn yòuyào jiànjiàn de jiārù pǔtōng de yǔfǎ hé cíhuì qù. Xiān yòng gùyǒu de, shì yī dìfāng de yǔwén de dàzhònghuà, jiārù xīn de qù, shì quánguó de yǔwén de dàzhònghuà. 方言土語裏，很有些意味深長的話，我們那裏叫“煉話”，用起來是很有意思的，恰如文言的用古典，聽者也覺得趣味津津。各就各處的方言，將語法和詞彙，更加提煉，使他發達上去的，就是專化。這于文學，是很有益處的，它可以做得比僅用泛泛的話頭的文章更加有意思。但專化又有專化的危險。言語學我不知道，看生物，是一到專化，往往要滅亡的。未有人類以前的許多動植物，就因爲太專化了，失其可變性，環境一改，無法應付，只好滅亡。——幸而我們人類還不算專化的動物，請你們不要愁。大衆，是有文學，要文學的，但决不該爲文學做犧牲，要不然，他的荒謬和爲了保存漢字，要十分之八的中國人做文盲來殉難的活聖賢就幷不兩樣。所以，我想，啓蒙時候用方言，但一面又要漸漸的加入普通的語法和詞彙去。先用固有的，是一地方的語文的大衆化，加入新的去，是全國的語文的大衆化。\nJǐ gè dúshūrén zài shūfáng lǐ shāngliang chūlai de fāng'àn, gùrán dàdǐ xíngbutōng, dàn yīqiè dōu tīngqízìrán, què yě bù shì hǎo bànfǎ. Xiànzài zài mǎtou shàng, gōnggòng jīguān zhōng, dàxué xiào lǐ, què yǐ yǒuzhe yī zhǒng hǎoxiàng Pǔtōnghuà múyàng de dōngxi, dàjiā shuōhuà, jì fēi "Guóyǔ", yòu bù shì Jīnghuà, gègè dài zhe xiāngyīn, xiāng diào, quèyòu bù shì fāngyán, jíshǐ shuō de chīlì, tīng de yě chīlì, rán'ér zǒngguī shuōdechū, tīngdédǒng. Rúguǒ jiāyǐ zhěnglǐ, bāng tā fādá, yěshì dàzhòngyǔ zhòngdì yī zhī, shuōbudìng jiānglái hái jiǎnzhí shì zhǔlì. Wǒ shuō yàozài fāngyán lǐ "jiārù xīn de qù", nà"xīn de" de láiyuán jiù zài zhè dìfāng. Dàidào zhè yī zhǒng chūyú zìrán, yòu jiā réngōng dehuà yī pǔbiàn, wǒmen de dàzhòng yǔwén jiùsuàn dàzhì tǒngyī le. 幾個讀書人在書房裏商量出來的方案，固然大抵行不通，但一切都聽其自然，却也不是好辦法。現在在碼頭上，公共機關中，大學校裏，確已有著一種好像普通話模樣的東西，大家說話，既非“國語”，又不是京話，各各帶著鄉音，鄉調，却又不是方言，即使說的吃力，聽的也吃力，然而總歸說得出，聽得懂。如果加以整理，幫它發達，也是大衆語中的一支，說不定將來還簡直是主力。我說要在方言裏“加入新的去”，那“新的”的來源就在這地方。待到這一種出于自然，又加人工的話一普遍，我們的大衆語文就算大致統一了。\nCǐhòu dāngrán háiyào zuò. Nián-shēn-yuè-jiǔ zhīhòu, yǔwén gèngjiā yīzhì, hé "liànhuà" yīyàng hǎo, bǐ "gǔdiǎn" háiyào huó de dōngxi, yě jiànjiàn de xíngchéng, wénxué jiù gèngjiā jīngcǎi le. Mǎshàng shì bànbudào de. Nǐmen xiǎng, guócuì jiā dàngzuò bǎobèi de Hànzì, bù shì huà le sānsì qiānnián gōngfu, zhè cái yǒu zhème yī duī gǔguài chéngjì me? 此後當然還要做。年深月久之後，語文更加一致，和“煉話”一樣好，比“古典”還要活的東西，也漸漸的形成，文學就更加精采了。馬上是辦不到的。你們想，國粹家當作寶貝的漢字，不是化了三四千年工夫，這才有這麽一堆古怪成績麽？\nZhìyú kāishǒu yào shuí lái zuò de wèntí, nà bùxiāo shuō: shì juéwù de dúshūrén. Yǒurén shuō: "Dàzhòng de shìqing, yào dàzhòng zìjǐ lái zuò! " 46 nà dāngrán bùcuò de, bùguò děi kànkàn shuō de shì shénme jiǎosè. Rúguǒ shuō de shì dàzhòng, nà yǒu yīdiǎn shì duì de, duì de shì yào zìjǐ lái, cuò de shì tuīkāi le bāngshou. Tǎngshǐ shuō de shì dúshūrén ne, nà kě quán bùtóng le: Tā zài yòng piàolianghuà bǎchí wénzì, bǎohù zìjǐ de zūn-róng. 至于開手要誰來做的問題，那不消說：是覺悟的讀書人。有人說：“大衆的事情，要大衆自己來做！”46那當然不錯的，不過得看看說的是什麽脚色。如果說的是大衆，那有一點是對的，對的是要自己來，錯的是推開了幫手。倘使說的是讀書人呢，那可全不同了：他在用漂亮話把持文字，保護自己的尊榮。\nDànshì, zhè hái bùbì shí zuò, zhǐyào yī shuō, jiù yòu shǐ lìng yīxiē rén fāshēng kǒnghuāng le. 但是，這還不必實做，只要一說，就又使另一些人發生恐慌了。\nShǒuxiān shì shuō tíchàng dàzhòng yǔwén de, nǎishì "wényì de zhèngzhì xuānchuányuán rú Sòng Yáng zhīliú"47, běnyì zàiyú zàofǎn. Gěi dàishang yī dǐng yǒusè mào, shìjí jiǎndān de fǎnduì fǎ. Bùguò yīmiàn yějiùshìshuō, wèile zìjǐ de tàipíng, nìngkě Zhōngguó yǒu bǎifēn zhī bāshí de wénmáng. Nàme, tǎngshǐ kǒutóu xuānchuán ne, jiù yīnggāi shǐ Zhōngguó yǒu bǎifēn zhī bāshí de lóngzi le. Dàn zhè bù shǔyú "tán wén" de fànwéi, zhèlǐ yě wúxū duō shuō. 首先是說提倡大衆語文的，乃是“文藝的政治宣傳員如宋陽之流”47，本意在于造反。給帶上一頂有色帽，是極簡單的反對法。不過一面也就是說，爲了自己的太平，寧可中國有百分之八十的文盲。那麽，倘使口頭宣傳呢，就應該使中國有百分之八十的聾子了。但這不屬于“談文”的範圍，這裏也無須多說。\nZhuān wèizhe wénxué fāchóu de, wǒ xiànzài kànjian yǒu liǎng zhǒng. Yī zhǒng shì pà dàzhòng rúguǒ dūhuì dú, xiě, jiù dàjiā dōu biànchéng wénxuéjiā le48. Zhè zhēnshì pà tiān diào xiàlái de hǎorén. Shàngcì shuō guò, zài bù shízì de dàzhòng lǐ, shì yīxiàng jiù yǒu zuòjiā de. Wǒ jiǔ bùdào xiāngxia qùle, xiānqián shì, nóngmín men hái yǒu yīdiǎn yúxián, pìrú chéngliáng, jiù yǒurén jiǎng gùshì. Bùguò zhè jiǎng shǒu, dàdǐ shì tèdìng de rén, tā bǐjiào de jiànshi duō, shuōhuà qiǎo, nénggòu shǐrén tīng xiàqù, dǒng míngbai, bìngqiě juéde yǒuqù. Zhè jiùshì zuòjiā, chāo chū tā de huà lái, yě jiùshì zuòpǐn. Tǎng yǒu yǔyán wúwèi, piān'ài duōzuǐ de rén, dàjiā shì bùyào tīng de, háiyào sònggěi tā xǔduō lěnghuà -- jīcì. Wǒmen nòng le jǐ qiānnián wényán, shí láinián báihuà, fánshì néng xiě de rén, hécháng gègè shì wénxuéjiā ne? Jíshǐ dōu biànchéng wénxuéjiā, yòu bù shì jūnfá huò tǔfěi, yú dàzhòng yě bìngwú hàichu de, bùguò bǐcǐ hù kàn zuòpǐn éryǐ. 專爲著文學發愁的，我現在看見有兩種。一種是怕大衆如果都會讀，寫，就大家都變成文學家了 48。 這真是怕天掉下來的好人。上次說過，在不識字的大衆裏，是一向就有作家的。我久不到鄉下去了，先前是，農民們還有一點餘閑，譬如乘凉，就有人講故事。不過這講手，大抵是特定的人，他比較的見識多，說話巧，能够使人聽下去，懂明白，幷且覺得有趣。這就是作家，抄出他的話來，也就是作品。倘有語言無味，偏愛多嘴的人，大家是不要聽的，還要送給他許多冷話——譏刺。我們弄了幾千年文言，十來年白話，凡是能寫的人，何嘗個個是文學家呢？即使都變成文學家，又不是軍閥或土匪，于大衆也幷無害處的，不過彼此互看作品而已。\nHái yǒu yī zhǒng shì pà wénxué de dīluò. Dàzhòng bìngwú jiù wénxué de xiūyǎng, bǐqǐ shìdàfū wénxué de xìzhì lái, huòzhě huì xiǎnde suǒwèi "dīluò" de, dàn yě wèi rǎn jiù wénxué de gù jí, suǒyǐ tā yòu gāngjiàn, qīngxīn. Wúmíngshì wénxué rú 《Zǐyègē》 zhīliú, huì gěi jiù wénxué yī zhǒng xīn lìliang, wǒ xiānqián yǐjing shuō guò le; xiànzài yěyǒu rén shàojiè le xǔduō míngē hé gùshì. Hái yǒu xìjù, lìrú 《Zhāo-huā-Xī-shí》 suǒ yǐn 《Mùliánjiùmǔ》 lǐ de wúchángguǐ49 de zìzhuàn, shuōshì yīnwèi tóngqíng yī ge guǐhún, zàn fàng huányáng bànrì, bùliào bèi Yánluó zéfá, cóngcǐ bùzài kuānzòng le -- 還有一種是怕文學的低落。大衆幷無舊文學的修養，比起士大夫文學的細緻來，或者會顯得所謂“低落”的，但也未染舊文學的痼疾，所以它又剛健，清新。無名氏文學如《子夜歌》之流，會給舊文學一種新力量，我先前已經說過了；現在也有人紹介了許多民歌和故事。還有戲劇，例如《朝花夕拾》所引《目連救母》裏的無常鬼 49的自傳，說是因爲同情一個鬼魂，暫放還陽半日，不料被閻羅責罰，從此不再寬縱了——\nHéděng yǒu rénqíng, yòu héděng zhīguò, héděng shǒufǎ, yòu héděng guǒjué, wǒmen de wénxuéjiā zuòdé chūlai me? 何等有人情，又何等知過，何等守法，又何等果决，我們的文學家做得出來麽？\nZhè shì zhēn de nóngmín hé shǒu yè gōngrén de zuòpǐn, yóu tāmen xián zhōng bànyǎn. Jiè mù lián de xúnxíng lái guànchuàn xǔduō gùshì, chú 《Xiǎonígū Xiàshān》 wài, hé kèběn de 《Mùliánjiùmǔ jì》50 shì wánquán bùtóng de. Qízhōng yǒu yī duàn 《Wǔsōng Dáhǔ》, shì jiǎ yǐ liǎng rén, yī qiáng yī ruò, bàn zhe xì wán. Xiānshì jiǎ bàn Wǔ Sōng, yǐ bàn lǎohǔ, bèi jiǎ dǎ de yàomìng, yǐ mányuàn tā le, jiǎ dào: "Nǐ shì lǎohǔ, bù dǎ, bù shì gěi nǐ yǎosǐ le?" Yǐ zhǐdé yāoqiú hùhuàn, quèyòu bèi jiǎ yǎo de yàomìng, yī shuō yuàn huà, jiǎ biàndào: "Nǐ shì Wǔ Sōng, bù yǎo, bù shì gěi nǐ dǎsǐ le?" Wǒ xiǎng: Bǐqǐ Xīlà de Yīsuǒ 51, Éguó de Suōluógǔbó52 de yùyán lái, zhè shì háowú xùnsè de. 這是真的農民和手業工人的作品，由他們閑中扮演。借目連的巡行來貫串許多故事，除《小尼姑下山》外，和刻本的《目連救母記》 50是完全不同的。其中有一段《武松打虎》，是甲乙兩人，一强一弱，扮著戲玩。先是甲扮武松，乙扮老虎，被甲打得要命，乙埋怨他了，甲道：“你是老虎，不打，不是給你咬死了？”乙只得要求互換，却又被甲咬得要命，一說怨話，甲便道：“你是武松，不咬，不是給你打死了？”我想：比起希臘的伊索 51，俄國的梭羅古勃52的寓言來，這是毫無遜色的。\nRúguǒ dào quánguó de gèchù qù shōují, zhè yīlèi de zuòpǐn kǒngpà hái hěn duō. Dàn zìrán, quēdiǎn shì yǒude. Shì yīxiàng shòu zhe nán wénzì, nán wénzhāng de fēngsuǒ, hé xiàndài sīcháo géjué. Suǒyǐ, tǎngyào Zhōngguó de wénhuà yītóng xiàngshàng, jiù bìxū tíchàng dàzhòngyǔ, dàzhòng wén, érqiě shūfǎ gèng bìxū Lādīnghuà. 如果到全國的各處去收集，這一類的作品恐怕還很多。但自然，缺點是有的。是一向受著難文字，難文章的封鎖，和現代思潮隔絕。所以，倘要中國的文化一同向上，就必須提倡大衆語，大衆文，而且書法更必須拉丁化。\nDànshì, zhè yī huí, dàzhòng yǔwén gāngyī tíchū, jiù yǒuxiē měngjiàng chènshì chūxiàn le, láilù shì bìng bù yīyàng de, kěshì dōu xiàng báihuà, fānyì, Ōuhuà yǔfǎ, xīn-zìyǎn jìngōng. Tāmen dōu dǎzháo "dàzhòng" de qí, shuō zhèxiē dōngxi, dōu wéi dàzhòng suǒ bù dǒng, suǒyǐ yàobude. Qízhōng yǒudeshì yuánshì wényán yúniè, jiècǐ xiān lái dǎjī dāngmiàn de báihuà hé fānyì de, jiùshì zǔchuán de "yuǎnjiāojìngōng" de lǎo fǎshù; yǒudeshì běn shì lǎnduò fènzǐ, wèicháng yònggōng, yào dàzhòngyǔ wèi chéng, báihuà xiān dǎo, ràng tā zài zhè kòng chǎng shàng kuā hǎikǒu de, qíshí yě háishi wényánwén de hǎo péngyou, wǒ dōu bù xiǎng zài zhèlǐ duō tán. Xiànzài yàoshuō de zhǐshì nàxiē hǎoyì de, rán'ér cuòwù de rén, yīnwèi tāmen bù shì kànqīng le dàzhòng, jiùshì kànqīng le zìjǐ, réngjiù fàn zhe gǔ zhī dúshūrén de lǎomáobing. 但是，這一回，大衆語文剛一提出，就有些猛將趁勢出現了，來路是幷不一樣的，可是都向白話，翻譯，歐化語法，新字眼進攻。他們都打著“大衆”的旗，說這些東西，都爲大衆所不懂，所以要不得。其中有的是原是文言餘孽，借此先來打擊當面的白話和翻譯的，就是祖傳的“遠交近攻”的老法術；有的是本是懶惰分子，未嘗用功，要大衆語未成，白話先倒，讓他在這空場上誇海口的，其實也還是文言文的好朋友，我都不想在這裏多談。現在要說的只是那些好意的，然而錯誤的人，因爲他們不是看輕了大衆，就是看輕了自己，仍舊犯著古之讀書人的老毛病。\nDúshūrén chángcháng kànqīng biéren, yǐwéi jiào xīn, jiào nán de zìjù, zìjǐ néng dǒng, dàzhòng què bùnéng dǒng, suǒyǐ wèi dàzhòng jì, shì bìxū chèdǐ sǎodàng de; shuōhuà zuòwén, yuè sú, jiù yuè hǎo. Zhè yìjian fāzhǎn kāilái, tā jiùyào bù zìjué de chéngwéi xīn guócuì pài. Huòzé xītú dàzhòng yǔwén zài dàzhòng zhōng tuīxíng de kuài, zhǔzhāng shénme dōu yào pèi dàzhòng de wèikǒu, shènzhìyú shuō yào "yínghé dàzhòng", gùyì duō mà jǐ jù, yǐ bó dàzhòng de huānxīn. Zhè dāngrán zìyǒu tā de kǔxīngūyì, dàn zhèyàng xiàqu, kěyào chéngwéi dàzhòng de xīn bāngxián de. 讀書人常常看輕別人，以爲較新，較難的字句，自己能懂，大衆却不能懂，所以爲大衆計，是必須徹底掃蕩的；說話作文，越俗，就越好。這意見發展開來，他就要不自覺的成爲新國粹派。或則希圖大衆語文在大衆中推行得快，主張什麽都要配大衆的胃口，甚至于說要“迎合大衆”，故意多駡幾句，以博大衆的歡心。這當然自有他的苦心孤詣，但這樣下去，可要成爲大衆的新幫閑的。\nShuōqǐ dàzhòng lái, jièxiàn kuānfàn dehěn, qízhōng bāokuò zhe gèshìgèyàng de rén, dàn jíshǐ "mùbùshídīng" de wénmáng, yóu wǒ kànlai, qíshí yě bìngbù rú dúshūrén suǒ tuīxiǎng de nàme yúchǔn. Tāmen shì yào zhìshí, yào xīn de zhìshí, yào xuéxí, néng shèqǔ de. Dāngrán, rúguǒ mǎnkǒu xīn yǔfǎ, xīn míngcí, tāmen shì shénme yě bù dǒng; dàn zhújiàn de jiǎn bìyào de guànshū jìnqu, tāmen què huì jiēshòu; nà xiāohuà de lìliang, yěxǔ hái sàiguò chéngjiàn gèngduō de dúshūrén. Chūshēng de háizi, dōu shì wénmáng, dàn dào liǎng suì, jiù dǒng xǔduō huà, néng shuō xǔduō huà le, zhè zài tā, quánbù shì xīn míngcí, xīn yǔfǎ. Tā nàli shì cóng 《Mǎshì Wéntōng》 huò 《Cíyuán》 53 lǐ chá lái de ne, yě méiyǒu jiàoshī gěi tā jiěshì, tā shì tīng guò jǐ huí zhīhòu, cóng bǐjiào ér míngbai le yìyì de. Dàzhòng de huì shèqǔ xīn cíhuì hé yǔfǎ, yě jiùshì zhèyàngzi, tāmen huì zhèyàng de qiánjìn. Suǒyǐ, xīn guócuì pài de zhǔzhāng, suīrán hǎoxiàng wèi dàzh òng shèxiǎng, shíjìshang dào jìn le tuōzhù de rènwu. Bùguò yě bùnéng tīng dàzhòng de zìrán, yīnwèi yǒuxiē jiànshi, tāmen jiūjìng hái zài juéwù de dúshūrén zhīxià, rúguǒ bùjǐ tāmen suíshí jiǎnxuǎn, yěxǔ huì wù ná le wúyì de, shèn'érzhìyú yǒuhài de dōngxi. Suǒyǐ, "yínghé dàzhòng" de xīn bāngxián, shì juéduì de yàobude de. 說起大衆來，界限寬泛得很，其中包括著各式各樣的人，但即使“目不識丁”的文盲，由我看來，其實也幷不如讀書人所推想的那麽愚蠢。他們是要智識，要新的智識，要學習，能攝取的。當然，如果滿口新語法，新名詞，他們是什麽也不懂；但逐漸的檢必要的灌輸進去，他們却會接受；那消化的力量，也許還賽過成見更多的讀書人。初生的孩子，都是文盲，但到兩歲，就懂許多話，能說許多話了，這在他，全部是新名詞，新語法。他那裏是從《馬氏文通》或《辭源》 53裏查來的呢，也沒有教師給他解釋，他是聽過幾回之後，從比較而明白了意義的。大衆的會攝取新詞彙和語法，也就是這樣子，他們會這樣的前進。所以，新國粹派的主張，雖然好像爲大衆設想，實際上倒盡了拖住的任務。不過也不能聽大衆的自然，因爲有些見識，他們究竟還在覺悟的讀書人之下，如果不給他們隨時揀選，也許會誤拿了無益的，甚而至于有害的東西。所以，“迎合大衆”的新幫閑，是絕對的要不得的。\nYóu lìshǐ suǒ zhǐshì, fán yǒu gǎigé, zuìchū, zǒngshì juéwù de zhìshí zhě de rènwu. Dàn zhèxiē zhìshí zhě, què bìxū yǒu yánjiū, néng sīsuǒ, yǒu juéduàn, érqiě yǒu yìlì. Tā yě yòng quán, què bù shì piànrén, tā lìdǎo, què bìngfēi yínghé. Tā bù kànqīng zìjǐ, yǐwéi shì dàjiā de xìzi, yě bù kànqīng biéren, dàngzuò zìjǐ de lóuluó. Tā zhǐshì dàzhòng zhòngdì yī gèrén, wǒ xiǎng, zhè cái kěyǐ zuò dàzhòng de shìyè. 由歷史所指示，凡有改革，最初，總是覺悟的智識者的任務。但這些智識者，却必須有研究，能思索，有决斷，而且有毅力。他也用權，却不是騙人，他利導，却幷非迎合。他不看輕自己，以爲是大家的戲子，也不看輕別人，當作自己的嘍羅。他只是大衆中的一個人，我想，這才可以做大衆的事業。\nHuà yǐjing shuōde bùshǎo le. Zǒngzhī, dānshì huà bùxíng, yàojǐn de shì zuò. Yào xǔduō rén zuò: dàzhòng hé xiānqū; yào gè-shì de rén zuò: jiàoyùjiā, wénxuéjiā, yányǔxué jiā.... Zhè yǐjing pòyú bìyào le, jíshǐ mùxià hái yǒudiǎn nìshuǐxíngzhōu, yě zhǐhǎo lāqiàn; shùnshuǐ gùrán hǎo dehěn, rán'ér háishi shǎobudé bǎduò de. 話已經說得不少了。總之，單是話不行，要緊的是做。要許多人做：大衆和先驅；要各式的人做：教育家，文學家，言語學家……。這已經迫于必要了，即使目下還有點逆水行舟，也只好拉纖；順水固然好得很，然而還是少不得把舵的。\nZhè lāqiàn huò bǎduò de hǎo fāngfǎ, suīrán yě kěyǐ kǒután, dàn dàdǐ déyì yú shíyàn, wúlùn zěnme kàn fēng kàn shuǐ, mùdì zhǐshì yī ge: xiàngqián. 這拉纖或把舵的好方法，雖然也可以口談，但大抵得益于實驗，無論怎麽看風看水，目的只是一個：向前。\nGèrén dàgài dōu yǒuxiē zìjǐ de yìjian, xiànzài háishi gěi wǒ tīngting nǐmen zhūwèi de gāolùn bà. 各人大概都有些自己的意見，現在還是給我聽聽你們諸位的高論罷。


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url: =Creation Date: 3 selected / Creators/Contributors: 大達圖書供應社 / Place Of Origin: 上海 : / Publisher: 大達圖書供應社, and Da da tu shu gong ying she / Series: Harvard-Yenching Library Chinese Rare Books Digitization Project- Prof. Patric Hanan's Personal Collection - Chinese Rare Books - CURIOSity Digital Collections Search Results\nYou searched for: Creation Date Minguo 24 nian  Remove constraint Creation Date: Minguo 24 nian  Creation Date 民國24年. Remove constraint Creation Date: 民國24年. Creation Date 1935 Remove constraint Creation Date: 1935 Creators/Contributors 大達圖書供應社 Remove constraint Creators/Contributors: 大達圖書供應社 Place Of Origin 上海 : Remove constraint Place Of Origin: 上海 : Publisher 大達圖書供應社, Remove constraint Publisher: 大達圖書供應社, Publisher Da da tu shu gong ying she Remove constraint Publisher: Da da tu shu gong ying she Series Harvard-Yenching Library Chinese Rare Books Digitization Project- Prof. Patric Hanan's Personal Collection Remove constraint Series: Harvard-Yenching Library Chinese Rare Books Digitization Project- Prof. Patric Hanan's Personal Collection


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url: =China’s east-to-west computing resource transfer project in full swing - People's Daily Online\nBy Wang Zheng (People's Daily) 08:39, June 21, 2022\nAn engineer in charge of patrol inspection of the Internet Data Center (IDC) machine room of China Telecom’s big data center in Poyang-Lake Eco-Tech City in Jiujiang city, east China’s Jiangxi province, checks the operation of servers, May 22, 2022. (People’s Daily Online/Zhang Haiyan)\nStaff members of a data lake demonstration center in Rongjiang New Area, Ganzhou city, east China’s Jiangxi province, examine machine cabinets and data processing equipment, March 17, 2022. (People’s Daily Online/Zhu Haipeng)


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url: =AOFST Symposiums - Sun, Ximin Fire Safety Science Digital Archive\nSuppression Risk Design Building Materials Mass Fires and External Fires Fire Fighting Human Behavior Smoke Control Fire Chemistry Fluid Dynamics in Fire Underground Fires Building Fires Invited Lectures Author List Keyword ListSun, Ximin Wan, Zhengkul, Li, Huang, Wang, Meijin, Sun, Ximin, Cao, Xiaobo, Shu, Lifu and Xueying, Di, 1992. Multi Factors Integrated Forest Fire Danger Rating System In China'S Boreal Forests. AOFST 1View Abstract | View Article


url: =China | No of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui | Economic Indicators\nChina No of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui\nChina’s No of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui data was reported at 218.00 Person th in Dec 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 146.58 Person th for Dec 2011. China’s No of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui data is updated yearly, averaging 139.16 Person th from Dec 2004 to 2012, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 218.00 Person th in 2012 and a record low of 132.52 Person th in 2006. China’s No of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Labour Market – Table CN.GL: No of Employee: Rural: County Level Region.\nWhat was China's No of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui in 2012?\nView China's No of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui from 2004 to 2012 in the chart:\nNo of Employee: Rural: Guangdong: Zhaoqing: Sihui


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url: =Bond graph dynamic modeling and simulation analysis of railway vehicle air spring--《Journal of Railway Science and Engineering》2011年02期\nBond graph dynamic modeling and simulation analysis of railway vehicle air spring\nCHEN Chang,TANG Jin-yuan,WANG Qi-bo,CHEN Hai-feng(School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China)\nThe bond graph model of air spring system was established according to the power bond graph theory.The model's dynamic simulation results,such as the export pressure and displacement,were conducted with the 20-sim software environment.The simulation results show that the performance of air spring relates with load and orifice diameter.Comparing the result of simulink model with bond graph model,the validity of the air spring bond model and the reliability of simulation result are proved.The research provides a new method for the modeling of air spring.\n1 YIN Wan-jian~(1,2),YANG Shao-pu~3,SHEN Yong-jun~3,GUO Jing-bo~3 (1.School of Mechanical,Electronic and Control Engineering,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China;2.Xingtai Vocational Technical College,Xingtai Hebei 054035,China;3.Institute of Transportation Environment and Safety Engineering Shijiazhuang Railway Institute,Shijiazhuang 050043,China);Research on Vibration Model and Stiffness Performance of Air Spring Suspension[J];Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University;2006-01\n2 LIU Zeng-hua,LI Fu,HUANG Yun-hua (Traction Power Research Center,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu610031,China);Application of air springs on rail bound vehicles[J];Electric Locomotives & Mass Transit Vehicles;2003-06\n3 LIN Xue-jie,TANG Jin-yuan(Key Laboratory of Modern Complex Equipment Design and Extreme Manufactury,Central South University,School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China);Modeling and simulation research on a mine car speed-sensor-mechanism with its bond graph[J];Journal of Engineering Design;2010-03\n4 CHEN Chang,TANG Jin-yuan(College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China);Bond graph modeling and dynamic simulation of damper test-bed's hydraulic system based on 20-sim software[J];Journal of Engineering Design;2010-05\n5 CHEN Liao ZHOU Kongkang LI Zhongxing(School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013);Dynamic Characteristics Fitting of Air Springs and Numerical Analysis of Air Suspensions with Variant Stiffness[J];Journal of Mechanical Engineering;2010-04\n6 Guo Rongsheng;Vibration charateristics and parameter calaulation of air-spring suspension[J];Rolling Stock;1992-05\n7 BAI Yu-long, YANG Zhi-min (College of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China);Simulation Software 20-sim Based on Bond Graph Methods[J];Journal of System Simulation;2007-22\n8 YUAN Liang-ming,GONG Xiang-tai,LIU Shuang-kun,WANG Yuan (Locomotive and Car Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences, Beijing100081, China);Study on Vertical Dynamic Characteristics Analysis Method for Railway Vehicle Air Spring[J];China Railway Science;2004-04\n2 Wang Maolin(Institute No.202,Chinese Ordnance Industries Corp.);ANALYTIC CALCULATION OF MULTI-WIRE HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRINGS WITH MULTI-CENTRE-WIRES[J];Acta Armamentarii;1995-01\n3 REN Yan-sha YANG Wei-min (College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China);Static finite element analysis of transverse stiffness of air spring used in a car[J];Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology;2005-03\n4 WU Yuguang* ,LIU Qi ( School of Mechanical Engineering,Hangzhou Dianzi University,Hangzhou 310018,China);Design of the Device Capturing Six-Dimension Information of a Helical Spring Deformation[J];Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators;2010-07\n5 Tan Zuojia;(Xian Yuandong Machine-building Co.);The Analysis and Solution of the Breakage Failure of the Plunger Spring[J];JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING;1996-01\n6 MU Yue (Taiyuan Fenghua Information Equipment Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030024, China);Technology of Pneumatic Control in Stacked Capacitor Elements Equipments[J];Equipment for Electronic Products Manufacturing;2009-10\n7 REN Shaobin,XU Pinlie,LANG Ping (The 45th Research Institute of CETC,Beijing 101601,China);Analysis of Influence Factor about Vacuum Sorb Actuation Time[J];Equipment for Electronic Products Manufacturing;2011-01\n9 LI Bao-liang,YAO Yuan(School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian Jiaotong University,Dalian 116028,China);Study of Dynamic Stiffness of a Single Air-Spring Model Based on ADAMS/VIEW[J];Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University;2008-04\n10 BAI Yu-long1,LV Zhen-su2(1.College of Physics and Electrical Engineering,Northwest Normal University,Lanzhou 730070,China;2.School of Information Science & Engineering,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);The Application of 20-SIM Software in the Teaching of Mechatronic Courses[J];Journal of Electrical & Electronic Education;2007-01\n1 Qi Panguo Ye Zhengmao Zhang Hui Han Junwei Li Hongren (Institute of Electro hydraulic servo Simulation and Test system,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001);PERFORMMANCE ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL TRANSMISSION BRIDGE LOADING TEST-BED BASED ON SECONDARY CONTROL[A];[C];2006\n2 FAN Xiang TAO Guo-liang (State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China );Research on Flow Rate Characteristics Measurement System for Pneumatic Components[A];[C];2008\n3 Liang HUANG1,Hao SUN2, Maolin CAI3 (1. School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, 2. School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, 3. School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University, Beijing, 100083 );A NEW MEASURING METHOD FOR GAS LEAKAGE BASED ON STANDARD FLOW[A];[C];2008\n4 TENG Yan LI Xiao-ning YANG Zhen (SMC Pneumatics Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094 );RESEARCH ON THE TWIN-NOZZLE VACUUM INTEGRATED SYSTEM WITH SHORT RESPONSE TIME AND LOW AIR CONSUMPTION[A];[C];2008\n5 YAO Heng WANG Tao FAN Wei PENG Guangzheng(School of Automation,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,100081);The Simulation of Proportional Pressure Valve with High Speed Pilot Switches[A];[C];2010\n6 BAI Yanping, ZHAO Yinyan, XIAO Tianyuan (Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084);Exchange and Reuse of Bond Graph Models Based on XML[A];[C];2008\n7 Hua Xiao Qing Wu Hui Xing Liao Yi Cheng (School of Mechatronics and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China);Leak Test of D162 Window washer[A];[C];2009\n8 YANG Xi-yun XU Da-ping Department of Automatic Control,North China Electnc Power University,Beijing 102206,China;Application of Bond Graph Method in Modeling Thermal Process of Power Plant[A];[C];2005\n9 Wang Jia,Huang Liang,Cai Maolin (School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering,Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Beijing 100191,China);Aircraft Test System for Pressure and Tightness[A];[C];2010\n10 Li Fan (Institute of Machinery Manufacturing Technology,China Academy of Engineering Physics,Mianyang 621900);Desorption disassembly control technology for certain part[A];[C];2010\n2 BAI Yu-long,ZHENG Yue-yi,LIANG Xi-yin,SONG Xiao-juan(College of Physics and Electrical Engineering,Northwest Normal University,Lanzhou 730070,China);The Modeling and Simulation of Similar Systems by using Power Bond Graph Methods[J];Journal of Gansu Sciences;2006-04\n3 HU Fang(Department of Laboratory and Equipment,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China);Theoretical investigation of the non-linear air suspension model and the automobile road test[J];Journal of Hefei University of Technology(Natural Science);2007-11\n4 WAN Ke1, CHENG Fei2, GUO Xue-xun2(1.The National Coach Supervision and Inspection Center,Chongqing 401122,China; 2.College of Automobile Eng.,Wuhan Univ.of Technol.,Wuhan 430070,China);Analysis and Study on Air Suspension Used on Buses and Coaches[J];Bus Technology and Research;2007-03\n5 Zhang Mengjun~(1,2),Xie Liangfu~2,Wang Huiyi~1 & Gong You~21.Tsinghua University,State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy,Beijing 100084;2.CIMC Vehicle R&D Centre,Shenzhen 518067;Simulation and Analysis on the Air Suspension System of a Van Semi-trailer[J];Automotive Engineering;2006-12\n6 Dong Xuefeng;Designing Calculation of Diaphragm Type Air-Suspension[J];Automobile Technology;1990-03\n7 ZHAO Yan (Hangzhou Railway Staff Member's School, Shanghai Rail Bureau, Hangzhou 310009, China);The Application of Air Spring to the Bogie of High-speed Passenger Train[J];JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI TIEDAO UNIVERSITY(NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION);2000-04\n8 Guo Rongsheng;Vibration charateristics and parameter calaulation of air-spring suspension[J];Rolling Stock;1992-05\n9 GUO Rong sheng(male,born in 1936,senior engineer(professorial),Sifang Rolling Stock Research Institute,the Ministry of Railways,Qingdao 266031,China);Development and Application of SYS Series Air Springs[J];ROLLING STOCK;1999-11\n10 KONG Jun (male, born in 1970, engineer, Vibration Absorption Company of Sifang Rolling Stock Research Institute, Qingdao 266031, China);Application and Development of Air Springs for Rail Cars in Our Country[J];Rolling Stock;2002-03


url: =Author: "Zhu, Jinjin" - PubAg Search Results\nYou searched for: Author "Zhu, Jinjin" Remove constraint Author: "Zhu, Jinjin"\n1. Effects of biochar application on phreatic water evaporation and water-salt distribution in coastal saline soil\nZhu, Jinjin, et al. ; Yang, Runya; Zhou, Cuixiang; Pan, Yinghua; Sun, Junna; Zhang, Zhenhua; Show all 6 Authors\nZhu, Jinjin, et al. ; GaoThese authors contributed equally to this work., Yujie; Du, Hongyao; Xie, Zhanjun; Li, Miaomiao; Xu, Jingwei; Zhang, Lianbin; Tao, Juan; Zhu, Jintao; Show all 9 Authors\n3. Release properties of tannic acid from hydrogen bond driven antioxidative cellulose nanofibrous films\nZhu, Jinjin, et al. ; Zhou, Bin; Hu, Xiaoqian; Wang, Zhenzhen; Wang, Xichang; Wang, Mingfu; Show all 6 Authors\nInternational journal of biological macromolecules 2016 v.91 pp. 68-74\n2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; antioxidant activity; antioxidants; aqueous solutions; bioactive compounds; cations; cellulose; ethylene glycol; free radicals; hydrogen bonding; ionic strength; nanofibers; pH; polyethylene glycol; polyphenols; scanning electron microscopy; tannins; temperature\n... Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled films have been exploited for surface-mediated bioactive compound delivery. Here, an antioxidative hydrogen-bonded multilayer electrospun nanofibrous film was fabricated from tannic acid (TA), acting as a polyphenolic antioxidant, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) via layer-by-layer assembly. It overcame the burst release behavior of nanofibrous carrier, due to the rev ...\n4. Au Nanocage-Strengthened Dissolving Microneedles for Chemo-Photothermal Combined Therapy of Superficial Skin Tumors\nZhu, Jinjin, et al. ; Dong, Liyun; Li, Yuce; Li, Zhao; Xu, Nan; Liu, Pei; Du, Hongyao; Zhang, Yamin; Huang, Yuqiong; Ren, Guichao; Xie, Jun; Wang, Ke; Zhou, Yajie; Shen, Chen; Zhu, Jintao; Tao, Juan; Show all 16 Authors\n5. Characteristics and application of octenyl succinic anhydride modified waxy corn starch in sausage\nZhu, Jinjin, et al. ; Song, Xiaoyan; Zhu, Wei; Li, Zhen; Show all 4 Authors\nDie Stärke = 2010 v.62 no.12 pp. 629-636\nchewiness; chicken meat; cohesion; corn starch; hardness; sausages; slurries; spectroscopy; starch; texture; waxy corn\n... Native and acid-hydrolyzed wx corn starches were modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) in aqueous slurry systems. The characteristics of the modified wx corn starches and their effects on chicken meat sausages were evaluated by means of FT-IR, rapid visco analyser, SEM, and texture profile analysis. FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that the ester carbonyl groups in the OSA modified native and a ...


url: =李子婧/Zijing Li - 分子疫苗学和分子诊断学国家重点实验室\n李子婧 博士 助理教授\n2009年7月毕业于北京师范大学化学学院，取得化学专业学士学位。同年进入北京师范大学刘伯里院士课题组攻读博士学位，钻研开发放射性核素标记的用于阿尔茨海默病早期、准确、无创诊断的Aβ斑块显像剂。2012年获得国家留学基金委公派留学资格到纽约大学医学院Center for Biomedical Imaging作为联合培养博士生交流16个月。2014年7月毕业于北京师范大学并获得博士学位。\n Zijing Li, Mengchao Cui, Jinming Zhang, Jiapei Dai, Xiaojun Zhang, Peng Chen, Hongmei Jia, Boli Liu. Novel 18F-labeled dibenzylideneacetone derivatives as potential positron emission tomography probes for in vivo imaging of β-amyloid plaques. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 84 (2014) 628 - 638.\n Zijing Li, Mengchao Cui, Jiapei Dai, Xuedan Wang, Pingrong Yu, Yanping Yang, Jianhua Jia, Hualong Fu, Masahiro Ono, Hongmei Jia, Hideo Saji, and Boli Liu. Novel Cyclopentadienyl Tricarbonyl Complexes of 99mTc Mimicking Chalcone as Potential Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging Probes for β-Amyloid Plaques in Brain. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 56 (2013) 471 - 482.\n Yanping Yang, Mengchao Cui, Bing jin, Xuedan Wang, Zijing Li, Pingrong Yu, Jianhua Jia, Hualong Fu, Hongmei Jia, Boli Liu. 99mTc-labeled dibenzylideneacetone derivatives as potential SPECT probes for in vivo imaging of β-amyloid plaque. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 64 (2013) 90 - 98.\n Hualong Fu; lihai Yu; Mengchao Cui; Jinming Zhang, Xiaojun Zhang, Zijing Li; Xuedan Wang; Jianhua Jia; Pingrong Yu; Hongmei Jia; Boli Liu. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 18F-labled 2-phenylindole derivatives as PET imaging probes for β-amyloid plaques. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 21 (2013) 3708 - 3714.\n Mengchao Cui, Xuedan Wang, Pingrong Yu, Jinming Zhang, Zijing Li, Xiaojun Zhang, Yanping Yang, Masahiro Ono, Hongmei Jia, Hideo Saji, and Boli Liu, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 18F Labeled 2-Pyridinylbenzoxazole and 2-Pyridinylbenzothiazole Derivatives as Ligands for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging of β-Amyloid Plaques, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 55 (2012) 9283 - 9296.\n Pingrong Yu, Mengchao Cui, Xuedan Wang, Xiaojun Zhang, Zijing Li, Yanping Yang, Jianhua Jia, Jinming Zhang, Masahiro Ono, Hideo Saji, Hongmei Jia, Boli Liu, 18F-Labeled 2-phenylquinoxaline derivatives as potential positron emission tomography probes for in vivo imaging of β-amyloid plaques. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 57 (2012) 51 - 58.\n Wang, Xuedan; Cui, Mengchao; Yu, Pingrong; Li, Zijing; Yang, Yanping; Jia, Hongmei; Liu, Boli. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel technetium-99m labeled phenylbenzoxazole derivatives as potential imaging probes for β-amyloid plaques in brain. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 22 (2012) 4327 - 4331.\n Zi-Jing Li, Hui-Ying Ren, Meng-Chao Cui, Winnie Deuther-Conrad, Rui-Kun Tang, Jörg Steinbach, Peter Brust, Bo-Li Liu, Hong-Mei Jia, Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4-benzylpiperazine ligands for sigma-1 receptor imaging, Bioorganic & Medcinal Chemistry, 19 (2011) 2911 - 2917.\n Mengchao Cui, Zijing Li, Ruikun Tang, Hongmei Jia, Boli Liu, Novel (E)-5-styryl-2,2'-bithiophene Derivatives as Ligands for β-amyloid Plaques, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 46 (2011) 2908 - 2916.\n Mengchao Cui, Ruikun Tang, Zijing Li, Huiying Ren, Boli Liu, 99mTc- and Re-labeled 6-dialkylamino-2-naphthylethylidene derivatives as imaging probes for β-amyloid plaques, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 21 (2011) 1064 - 1068.\n Meng-Chao Cui, Zi-Jing Li, Rui-Kun Tang, Bo-Li Liu, Synthesis and evaluation of novel benzothiazole derivatives based on the bithiophene structure as potential radiotracers for β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease, Bioorganic & Medcinal Chemistry, 18 (2010) 2777 - 2784.\n Wenge Wang, Xiumin Shen, Fengnian Ma, Zijing Li, Cong Zhang, Chiral amino alcohols derived from natural amino acids as chiral solvating agents for carboxylic acids, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 19 (2008) 1193 - 1199.\n一类与Aβ斑块具有高亲和力的新型小分子化合物及其合成和应用。发明人：崔孟超，刘伯里，李子婧。专利号：2009 1 0090109.8。


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url: = sandy shanghai shibang machinery co\nJun 14, 2013· Shibang crushers can be used as slag crusher and slag crushing plant, such as … Grinderfrom Shanghai Shibang Machinery Co., Ltd, is widely used in mining, … and coal industry to transfer sandy or lump material, orpackaged material. »More detailed\nGood Performance Silica Sand Making Machine(id:8749357 ...\nThey are widely used in mining, metallurgical and coal industry to transfer sandy or lump materials, or packaged materials. Sand Washing Machinery. Read More >> Sand washer is used to remove the dust in sand. It aims at improving the quality of sand. ... 2011 SHANGHAI SHIBANG MACHINERY CO., ...\nshanghai shibang machinery co limited - globalconsultancy.in


url: =万力集团South China Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd. founded in 1988, is the first state-owned enterprise in China to introduce professional technology for radial tire production. At present, there are two manufacturing bases located in Panyu and Conghua district.\n万力集团Guangzhou Pearl River Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd was reconstructed by the combination of 4 companies which were Guangzhou Guangqi Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd, Guangzhou Hongyun Chemical Coating Company, Guangzhou Solvent Factory and Guangzhou Pearl River Chemical Group Company in June 2000. The main business is paints and solvent production and operation, while its non-core business is property management (No. 808 Huagong Building, Dongfeng Road )\n万力集团Guangdong Pearl River Chemical Coating Co., Ltd. is a joint venture funded by Guangzhou Pearl River Chemical Group Co., Ltd.,a subordinate enterprise of Guangzhou Chemical Industry Group and Guangdong Gaoli Surface Technology Co., Ltd., subsidiary of Guangdong Gaoli Group. Its main products "TV Tower", "Green Bamboo"are all famous brands in Guangdong Province.\n万力集团Zhuhai Lifeng Chemicals Co.,Ltd\n万力集团Zhuhai Lifeng Chemicals Co., Ltd., established in March 2010 is a high-tech enterprise jointly founded by Guangzhou Haotian Chemical (Group) Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Jianhong Chemical Factory with a registered capital of RMB 105 million. The company is located in Petrochemical Park of Gaolan Port Economic Zone, Zhuhai city, with an area of 45000 square meters.\n万力集团Wuzhou Huangpu Chemical Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd\n万力集团Guangzhou Wanli Group Property Management Co., Ltd\n万力集团Guangzhou Wanli Group Property Management Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as "property companies") , founded in August 29th 2002, is one of wholly-owned subsidiary of Guangzhou Vanlead Group Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as "Vanlead Group"). coming into operation in June 2009, with a registered capital of RMB 5 million.\n万力集团Guangzhou Wanli Group Real Estate Co., Ltd\n万力集团Guangzhou Wanli Group Real Estate Co., Ltd was established in 2009 and officially got its name in August 2014. It is a large state-owned enterprise, wholly-owned by Guangzhou Vanlead Group, with major business in real estate and land resources planification, development and management.\n万力集团Guangzhou Guangxiang Enterprise Group Co.,Ltd is an economic entity integrated in 2000 by 4 factories owned by Guangzhou Guangxiang Enterprise Group Co.,Ltd, which were Guangzhou First Rubber Factory, Guangzhou Eleventh Rubber Factory, Guangzhou Rubber Tube Factory and Guangzhou Tire Factory.


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url: =LI Yan-ling,WANG Jin-tao.Relationship Between Teacher Professional Identity and Academic Emotions of Normal College Students――Taking the Major in Primary Education for Example[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2016,17(01):43-48.\nRelationship Between Teacher Professional Identity and Academic Emotions of Normal College Students――Taking the Major in Primary Education for Example\nLI Yan-ling1; WANG Jin-tao2\n(1.Department of Education and Science, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China; 2��Psychology college ,Central China Normal University，Wuhan 430079, China)\n师范生; 职业认同感; 学业情绪\nnormal college students; teacher professional identity; academic emotions\nThe study investigated 300 normal college students’ teacher professional identity and Academic emotions by scales, and the relationship among the two variables. The result indicated:he identity of teacher professional was higher and there were differences in grades;the positive academic emotions was generally high, and the negative academic emotions was lower ;there were grade differences in academic emotions;the relationship between teacher professional identity and academic emotions is significantly positive; moreover，teacher professional identity showed equable predictability on the academic emotions.\nGUO Qian.The Study on the Chinese Teaching Material in the Network Environment[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2013,14(01):94.\nWANG Hui.The Relationship between Normal University Students’ Professional Sense of Mission and Learning Adaptability[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2015,16(01):20.\nLIN Mou-jin.Strategies of Promoting the Normal Students Educational Technology Abilities――Based on JiMei University’s Investigation[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2016,17(01):9.\nXIE Da-tao.Research on the Cultivation of Normal Students’ Practical Abilities in the New Era[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2016,17(01):1.\nZHOU Shi-rong,LIU Xiao-hui.Reviewing Post Practice from Student Teachers’ Learning to Teach[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2014,15(01):15.\nCAO Xing-tian,CHENG Yue-wen,LIANG Zhi-bin.Discussion on the Comprehensive Quality of Normal School Students Cultivation under the New Teacher Qualification Examination System[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2017,18(01):1.\nCAO Xing-tian,WANG Ding-gui,CHENG Yue-wen.Improving Teacher Education Quality of Talent in the Context of Professional Accreditation[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2018,19(01):20.\nHOU Xiao-bing,GUAN Shuang-qiu.An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Learning Motivation and Learning Engagement of Normal Students from Local Colleges and Universities[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2019,20(01):35.\nXIE Sai,YAN Wen-li,HE Hai-li.Correlation Among General Self-efficacyTeachersProfessional Identity and TeachersJob Satisfaction Within the Context of New Normal EducationA Study of English-Major Interns in Guangzhou City[J].Journal of Jimei University(Education Science Edition),2019,20(01):7.\n更新日期/Last Update: 2016-03-06