Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers". Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science and biology. Originally, it addressed zero-sum games, in which one person's gains result in losses for the other participants. Today, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers. 

Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's original proof used the Brouwer fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by the 1944 book "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior", co-written with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. 

This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. With the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences going to game theorist Jean Tirole in 2014, eleven game-theorists have now won the economics Nobel Prize. John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology.
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Game theory
This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory
no
in the 1950s by many scholars
by many scholars
by many scholars
biology
explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s
no
although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s
the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers
the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers
at least 6
mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science and biology
economics, political science, psychology, logic, computer science and biology
Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science and biology
zero-sum games
Originally, it addressed zero-sum games
John von Neumann
its proof by John von Neumann
yes
His paper was followed by the 1944 book
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
1944 book "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior"
1944
1944 book "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior"
no
co-written with Oskar Morgenstern
Oskar Morgenstern
co-written with Oskar Morgenstern
eleven
eleven game-theorists have now won the economics Nobel Prize
the economics Nobel Prize
eleven game-theorists have now won the economics Nobel Prize
yes
John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize
the Crafoord Prize
the Crafoord Prize
John Maynard Smith
John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize