Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor. 

Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called Lutherans even though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ.
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10 November 1483
10 November 1483
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10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546
that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds
Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds
Ninety-Five Theses
Ninety-Five Theses of 1517
His refusal to retract all of his writings
His refusal to retract all of his writings
18 February 1546
18 February 1546
Those who identify with Luther's wider teachings
 Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called Lutherans
the Diet of Worms
the Diet of Worms in 1521
Pope Leo X
the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 
several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church
 Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church
money
disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money
the Pope
 His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope
by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God
by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God
sacerdotalism
opposed sacerdotalism
a holy priesthood
all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood
Christian or Evangelical
Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ.