AAP 2021: AD 3 Tackling disinformation in conflict-affected contexts Disinformation has emerged as a critical challenge globally. In conflict-affected contexts where state structures are either weak or contested and where media and digital literacy is sometimes low, disinformation is on the rise and threatens the resilience and stability of already fragile social fabrics. Orchestrated disinformation campaigns, extremist propaganda, hate speech and incitement to violence are more and more common online and fuel conflict, triggering tensions and violence. In the longer term such campaigns undermine social cohesion and the social contract between state and citizens. Conflict parties, proxies and backers, are increasingly acquiring new digital capabilities and fight online disinformation wars that pose significant challenges to peace and security in the years to come. Peace processes have also become targets of disinformation campaigns with the aim to undermine their legitimacy and disrupt their effective proceedings and conclusion. This action aims to strengthen the resilience of conflict-affected societies to disinformation and online harm by strengthening in-country capacities to detect, monitor and respond to disinformation. It will also support initiatives to protect peace processes from disinformation and other harmful online content.