A small African ape living around six million years ago was the last animal whose descendants would include both modern humans and their closest relatives, the [[bonobo]]s, and [[chimpanzee]]s. Only two branches of its family tree have surviving descendants. Very soon after the split, for reasons that are still debated, apes in one branch developed the ability to [[bipedal|walk upright]]. [[Brain]] size increased rapidly, and by 2 Ma, the very first animals classified in the genus "[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]" had appeared. Of course, the line between different species or even genera is rather arbitrary as organisms continuously change over generations. Around the same time, the other branch split into the ancestors of the [[common chimpanzee]] and the ancestors of the [[bonobo]] as evolution continued simultaneously in all life forms.

The ability to control [[fire]] probably began in "[[Homo erectus]]" (or "[[Homo ergaster]]"), probably at least 790,000 years ago but perhaps as early as 1.5 Ma. In addition it has sometimes suggested that the use and discovery of controlled fire may even predate "Homo erectus". Fire was possibly used by the early [[Lower Paleolithic]] (Oldowan) hominid "Homo habilis" and/or by robust australopithecines such as "[[Paranthropus]]."

It is more difficult to establish the [[origin of language]]; it is unclear whether "Homo erectus" could speak or if that capability had not begun until "Homo sapiens". As brain size increased, babies were born sooner, before their heads grew too large to pass through the [[pelvis]]. As a result, they exhibited more [[Neuroplasticity|plasticity]], and thus possessed an increased capacity to learn and required a longer period of dependence. Social skills became more complex, language became more advanced, and tools became more elaborate. This contributed to further cooperation and brain development. Anatomically modern humans — "[[Homo sapiens]]" — are believed to have originated somewhere around 200,000 years ago or earlier [[single-origin hypothesis|in Africa]]; the oldest fossils date back to around 160,000 years ago.

The first humans to show evidence of [[spirituality]] are the [[Neanderthal]]s (usually classified as a separate species with no surviving descendants); they buried their dead, often apparently with food or tools. However, evidence of more sophisticated beliefs, such as the early [[Cro-Magnon]] [[cave painting]]s (probably with magical or religious significance) did not appear until some 32,000 years ago. Cro-Magnons also left behind stone figurines such as [[Venus of Willendorf]], probably also signifying religious belief. By 11,000 years ago, "Homo sapiens" had reached the southern tip of [[South America]], the last of the uninhabited continents (except for Antarctica, which remained undiscovered until 1820 AD). Tool use and language continued to improve; interpersonal relationships became more complex.

Human evolution
Paleozoic tectonics, paleogeography and climate
भूगर्भशास्त्रीय कालदर्शिका
Cenozoic era