Philosopher-mathematicians such as Spinoza have attempted to formulate philosophical arguments in an axiomatic manner, whereby mathematical proof standards could be applied to argumentation in general philosophy. Other mathematician-philosophers have tried to use standards of mathematical proof and reason, without empiricism, to arrive at statements outside of mathematics, but having the certainty of propositions deduced in a mathematical proof, such as Descartes' "cogito" argument.

অনিষ্পন্ন বিবৃতি
Statistical proof using data
Proofs as mental objects
Influence of mathematical proof methods outside mathematics