In the various recensions of the Yajurveda is included a litany of stanzas praising Rudra: ("Maitrāyaṇī-Saṃhitā" 2.9.2, "Kāṭhaka-Saṃhitā" 17.11, "Taittirīya-Saṃhitā" 4.5.1, and "Vājasaneyi-Saṃhitā" 16.1–14). This litany is subsequently referred to variously as the "Śatarudriyam", the "Namakam" (because many of the verses commence with the word "namaḥ" [`homage`]), or simply the "Rudram". This litany was recited during the "agnicayana" ritual ("the piling of Agni"), and it later became a standard element in Rudra liturgy.

A selection of these stanzas, augmented with others, is included in the "Paippalāda-Saṃhitā" of the Atharvaveda (PS 14.3—4). This selection, with further PS additions at the end, circulated more widely as the "Nīlarudram" (or "Nīlarudra Upaniṣad").

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