The federal government budget plan will be submitted to Congress on Thursday.
The US State Department, which oversees foreign affairs, faces a budget cut of about 28%.
And the Environmental Protection Agency is in line for cuts to programmes that President Trump does not agree with such as climate change and renewables.
That includes initiatives intended to bring the US into line with its Paris Agreement climate deal obligations.
Environmental Protection Agency could be cut by 31%, the New York Times reported.
The increase defence spending will be recouped through deep cuts elsewhere, the BBC understands.
The Department of Defence budget will be boosted by 10%, and Homeland Security will get a 6% boost.
The budget will include a $1.5bn request for pilot schemes to determine construction methods and locations for Mr Trump's promised wall between the US and Mexico.
The White House wants a 30% cut from an Energy Department office that promotes energy efficiency and renewable energy.
The Energy Department could see steep cuts for its 17 national laboratories, which conduct research into subjects including nuclear power and advanced materials for energy generation, storage and use.
There will also be a complete cut to funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the largest source of public broadcasting funding in the US.
The budget, known as a "skinny budget", will be limited to the $1tn portion of the $4tn annual federal budget that pays for US agencies and departments.
The remainder of Mr Trump's budget, which will include proposals on taxes, mandatory spending and deficits and projections on the economy, won't come out until May.

Sum: The Trump administration has laid out plans to boost US defence spending by $54bn while slashing funding for foreign aid.


The Unite union plans to ballot offshore contractors on industrial action as part of an ongoing dispute over changes to working conditions.
OCA chief executive Bill Murray said: "We believe our offer was fair given the present economic challenges."
"Strike action could cause significant, irreparable damage to the North Sea industry,"
Mr Murray explained: "We proposed a pay freeze at a time when UK inflation sits at 0% and we offered a better deal on sick pay and holiday pay; a package worth up to £7,000 per annum extra per individual when taking into account rota changes.
"While we support the move by some operators to equal time rotas as an important way of increasing efficiency, our offer also guaranteed that no offshore trip would be more than three weeks in duration and committed our members to carrying out meaningful consultation and comprehensive risk assessment before changing any rota patterns in future.
"We encourage all Unite members who are eligible to vote to do so. With no turnout restrictions in industrial ballots it is important that all voices are heard."
The Scottish government said it hoped strike action could be avoided.
Members of the GMB union have already accepted a deal.

Sum: The Offshore Contractors Association (OCA) has said an offer of up to £7,000 extra per year for workers was "fair".


The letter was sent by the Nantwich Education Partnership group to parents from 16 schools in the county.
The heads claim games such as Grand Theft Auto and Call of Duty contain unsuitable levels of violence.
They warn parents they could be reported for neglect in some cases.
The heads state that playing such games or accessing certain social media sites can increase early sexualised behaviour in youngsters and leave them vulnerable to grooming for sexual exploitation.
Mary Hennessy Jones, the head who drafted the letter, said: "We are trying to help parents to keep their children as safe as possible in this digital era.
"It is so easy for children to end up in the wrong place and parents find it helpful to have some very clear guidelines."
Prime Minister David Cameron announced this month that adults in positions of responsibility could face prison sentences of up to five years if they failed to report allegations of the neglect or abuse of children.
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Sum: Head teachers in Cheshire have warned parents they will report them to the authorities if they allow their children to play computer games rated for over-18s.


Dean Smith, 38, of Pyle, was walking near Kenfig Pool on Saturday when he saw a fin sticking out of the sand.
He reached down to pick it up, but ending up falling and landed with the 2ft-long (0.6m) bomb on top of him.
The site has been cordoned off by police and the Royal Logistics Corps will carry out a controlled explosion.
History enthusiast Mr Smith, who made the discovery with his son-in-law James Clarke, 20, said he often finds old ordnance material in the area.
"We saw the fin sticking up and I thought, that will be nice for my collection," he said.
"I pulled so hard that I fell back and it landed on top of me. We froze for a second and I noticed that the fuse was still attached so it was still live."
"I'm a bit of a history buff and so I knew what it was straight away.
"We phoned the police and put up a cordon with sticks and plastic bags.
"They [the police] were great, I think they were coming expecting what they had seen before but as he [the officer] took a closer look, I could see his eyes widen."
South Wales Police confirmed officers were alerted to the presence of historical ordnance at Kenfig Pool and said the matter would be dealt with by the Royal Logistics Corp bomb squad.

Sum:

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user
Bomb experts have been called to a south Wales nature reserve after an unexploded World War Two shell was discovered by a walker in Bridgend.