Question: Tanya went to the grocery store to buy some fruit. She bought 6 pears, 4 Granny Smith apples, 2 pineapples, and a small basket of plums, which were all placed in a single paper bag. Unfortunately, the bag that the fruit had been placed in had developed a hole. Therefore, as Tanya walked home, half of the fruit fell out of the bag. When she later counted the fruit left in the bag, there were only 9 pieces remaining. How many plums did she buy?
Answer: If half of the fruit equals 9 pieces, then Tanya bought 2 * 9 = 18 pieces of fruit. Thus, Tanya bought 18 - 6 - 4 - 2 = 6 plums. The answer is 6.

Question: Jenny and Mark are throwing bottle caps. Jenny's bottlecap flies 18 feet straight, then bounces off a street light and flies another 1/3 of the distance it already went. Mark's bottle cap flies 15 feet forward, then bounces off a window and flies twice as far as it already did. How much further did Mark's bottle cap go than Jenny's?
Answer: First find 1 / 3 of the distance Jenny's bottlecap went straight: 18 feet / 3 = 6 feet. Then add that to the distance it flew straight to find the total distance it traveled: 6 feet + 18 feet = 24 feet. Then find twice the distance Mark's bottlecap went straight: 15 feet * 2 = 30 feet. Then add that distance to the distance it flew straight to find the total distance it traveled: 30 feet + 15 feet = 45 feet. Then subtract the distance Jenny's bottlecap traveled from the distance Mark's traveled to find the difference: 45 feet - 24 feet = 21 feet. The answer is 21.

Question: Angel has written letters to all of her pen pals and is putting all of the letters in envelopes. Most of the letters are put into large envelopes and the remaining 20 letters are put into small envelopes. The large envelopes each contain 2 letters each. If Angel has written a total of 80 letters, how many large envelopes did she use?
Answer: As some of the letters are in small envelopes, there must be 80 total letters – 20 letters in small envelopes = 60 letters in large envelopes. Angel therefore used 60 letters / 2 letters per large envelope = 30 large envelopes. The answer is 30.

Question: Wilma has a garden with 3 types of flowers. The garden has 6 rows, with 13 flowers in each row. Wilma has 12 yellow flowers, two times more green flowers, and the rest consist of red flowers. How many red flowers does Wilma have?
Answer:

Show your work and conclude with the exact phrasing "Therefore, the final answer is [answer]." where [answer] is just the final number or expression that solves the problem.
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The garden has space for 6 * 13 = 78 flowers in total. Wilma has two times more green flowers than yellow flowers, which means she has 2 * 12 = 24 green flowers. That leaves us with 78 - 24 - 12 = 42 red flowers in the garden. The answer is 42.