ner_tags: O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-Wavelength I-Wavelength O B-Wavelength I-Wavelength O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B-Wavelength I-Wavelength O B-Wavelength I-Wavelength O O O
tokens: all remaining isomers are located among the second peak nuclei, the most notable of which include 125,127 Te. Finally, we identify the particularly interesting isomer in 129 Te. It remains important across all epochs of our simulation, from 0.01 days to 1 year, reflecting a complex interplay between the β -decay feeding parent, thermal excitation, and de-excitation. We identify 195 Pt as the dominant astromer located in the third r- process peak (green). In contrast with the conventional assumption that this isotope is stable upon population via the ground state β decay of 195 Ir, our calculations show that the isomer of 195 Pt may be populated directly from the β decay of the isomer of 195 Ir. The 195 Pt isomer de-excites on a timescale of ∼4 days, which is relevant to the study of electromagnetic signals associated with the r process. In the interest of readability, Figure 2 shows only those astromers that rank in the top five by AIR. When we expand our enumeration of r -process astromers to include the top 10, we identify only 11 additional astromers. This highlights the effectiveness of AIR as a filter for distinguishing astromers from the broader population of isomers: the list of isomers identified as influential astromers is relatively insensitive to the particular choice of AIR top- N . We summarize our expanded (top 10) list of astromers in Table 1 . Table 1 Astromer Importance Rating (AIR) Top 10 Selected at Each Time Point t ≳ 15 Minutes Notes. We use g and m to indicate the ground state and isomer, respectively. The isomer energy is E m , and the J π are the spin and parity of the respective levels (parentheses denote uncertain J π ). The half-lives ( T 1/2 ) and β -decay branching for the isomer ( B m β ) are as measured in the laboratory; B m β is the percent of isomer decays, which are β decays rather than internal transitions to another nuclear state. T pop is the approximate timescale on which the isotope is populated, and the Notes column gives some brief comments on the nucleus. a EM signals (detectable x -rays and γ -rays) are possible, but we do not study them carefully here. b Nearly all parent β decay feeds the isomer, effectively bypassing the longer-lived ground state. c To explore the 195 Pt isomer population, we assume all 195 Os β decay feeds the 195 Ir isomer (actual feeding unknown). Notably, there are three species in Table 1 that do not appear in Figure 1 : 93,95 Nb and 131 Xe. This is because while the isomers might not be heavily populated relative to the ground state (low R ), they have comparatively high activities a and large thermal population imbalances I . The astromers identified in Table 1 that change β -decay rates will affect r -process heating. Some (e.g., 115 Cd, 127,129,131 Te) will defer heating by delaying decay, while others (e.g., 85 Kr, 128,130 Sb) partially counteract this trend by accelerating decay. Furthermore, astromers may generate identifiable x -ray or γ -ray signals either directly