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tokens: This work was supported by NSF grants AST-1211995, AST-1616598, and AST-1616710. A.W. gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Vincenzo Pota in prototyping the modeling code. A.J.R. is a Research Corporation for Science Advancement Cottrell Scholar. A.V. is supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. D.F. thanks the ARC for financial support. J.S. acknowledges support from a Packard Fellowship. S.B. acknowledges the support of the AAO PhD Topup Scholarship. We thank the anonymous referee for useful suggestions. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Funding for the DEEP2/DEIMOS pipelines (Cooper et al. 2012 ; Newman et al. 2013c ) has been provided by NSF grant AST-0071048. The DEIMOS spectrograph (Faber et al. 2003 ) was funded by grants from CARA (Keck Observatory) and UCO/Lick Observatory, a NSF Facilities and Infrastructure grant (ARI92-14621), the Center for Particle Astrophysics, and by gifts from Sun Microsystems and the Quantum Corporation. This research made use of Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013 ). We acknowledge the use of other open source Python packages, including Numpy (Walt et al. 2011 ), Scipy (Jones et al. 2001 ), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007 ), Pandas (McKinney 2010 ), IPython (Pérez Granger 2007 ), and Scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al. 2011 ). The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. Facility: Keck:II (DEIMOS).