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tokens: We would like to thank John O’Meara for providing HIRES spectra and Nigel Mathes for reducing UVES spectra. We thank Nicolas Lehner for discussions on the UV ionizing background. We also thank Neil Crighton for the MCMC analysis software and Cloudy ionization training. Support for this research was provided by NASA through grants HST GO-13398 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. S.K.P. acknowledges support through the Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. G.G.K., N.M.N., and M.T.M. acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council through the Discovery Project DP170103470. C.W.C. and J.C.C. acknowledge support by the National Science Foundation under grant No. AST-1517816. Parts of this research were supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), through project number CE170100012. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Observations were supported by Swinburne Keck programs 2014A_W178E, 2014B_W018E, 2015_W018E and 2016A_W056E. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programs listed in Table 2 .