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tokens: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Brian J. Barris, Peter Blanchard, Joshua S. Bloom, Bethany E. Cobb, Alison Coil, Louis-Benoit Desroches, Andrea Gilbert, Christopher V. Griffith, Luis C. Ho, Saurabh W. Jha, Michael T. Kandrashoff, Minkyu Kim, Nicholas Lee, Adam A. Miller, Matthew R. Moore, Aleksandir Morton, Robin E. Mostardi, Peter E. Nugent, Marina S. Papenkova, Sung Park, Daniel A. Perley, David Pooley, Dovi Poznanski, Adam G. Riess, Brad Tucker, Vivian U, XiangGao Wang, and Xiaofeng Wang for their assistance with some of the observations over the last three decades. We are grateful to the staff at Lick and Keck Observatories for their hard work in making the observations possible. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); the observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community; we are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. Research at Lick Observatory is partially supported by a generous gift from Google. We also greatly appreciate contributions from numerous individuals, including Charles Baxter and Jinee Tao, Firmin Berta, Marc and Cristina Bensadoun, Frank and Roberta Bliss, Eliza Brown and Hal Candee, Kathy Burck and Gilbert Mon toya, Alan and Jane Chew, David and Linda Cornfield, Michael Danylchuk, Jim and Hildy DeFrisco, William and Phyllis Draper, Luke Ellis and Laura Sawczuk, Jim Erbs and Shan Atkins, Alan Eustace and Kathy Kwan, David Friedberg, Harvey Glasser, Charles and Gretchen Gooding, Alan Gould and Diane Tokugawa, Thomas and Dana Grogan, Alan and Gladys Hoefer, Charles and Patricia Hunt, Stephen and Catherine Imbler, Adam and Rita Kablanian, Roger and Jody Lawler, Kenneth and Gloria Levy, Peter Maier, DuBose and Nancy Montgomery, Rand Morimoto and Ana Henderson, Sunil Nagaraj and Mary Katherine Stimmler, Peter and Kristan Norvig, James and Marie O’Brient, Emilie and Doug Ogden, Paul and Sandra Otellini, Jeanne and Sanford Robertson, Stanley and Miriam Schiffman, Thomas and Alison Schneider, Ajay Shah and Lata Krishnan, Alex and Irina Shubat, the Silicon Valley Community Foundation, Mary-Lou Smulders and Nicholas Hodson, Hans Spiller, Alan and Janet Stanford, the Hugh Stuart Center Charitable Trust, Clark and Sharon Winslow, Weldon and Ruth Wood, and many others. KAIT and its ongoing operation were made possible by donations from Sun Microsystems, Inc., the Hewlett-Packard Company, AutoScope Corporation, Lick Observatory, the NSF, the University of California, the Sylvia Jim Katzman Foundation, and the TABASGO Foundation. Support for A.V.F.’s SN research group has been provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the TABASGO Foundation, Gary and Cynthia Bengier, the Christopher R. Redlich Fund, and the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science (U.C. Berkeley). A.V.F.’s work was conducted in part at the Aspen Center for Physics, which is supported by NSF grant PHY-1607611; he thanks the Center for its hospitality during the supermassive black holes workshop in June and July 2018. The U.C.S.C. group is supported in part by NSF grant AST-1518052, the Gordon Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, and by fellowships from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation to R.J.F. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA.