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tokens: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Brian Batell, Arthur Kosowsky, Rachel Mandelbaum, Dazhuang Mao, Jeffrey Newman, Troy Raen, Li-Cheng Tsai, and Rongpu Zhou for useful discussions. KW, ARZ, and ASV are supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through grant AST 1517563 and by the Pittsburgh Particle Physics Astrophysics and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC). ASV is additionally supported by the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, which is a Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. YYM is supported by PITT PACC through the Samuel P. Langley Postdoctoral Fellowship. FvdB and JUL are supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through grant AST 1516962. FvdB received additional support from the Klaus Tschira foundation, and from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through Grant No. 17-ATP17-0028 issued as part of the Astrophysics Theory Program. CMS is supported by NSF through grant DMS 1521786. APH is supported under the DOE contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. DC is supported by a McWilliams Postdoctoral Fellowship. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V. ( www.gauss-centre.eu ) and the Partnership for Advanced Supercomputing in Europe (PRACE, http://www.prace-ri.eu ) for funding the MultiDark simulation project by providing computing time on the GCS Supercomputer SuperMUC at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ, http://www.lrz.de ). The Bolshoi simulations have been performed within the Bolshoi project of the University of California High-Performance AstroComputing Center (UC-HiPACC) and were run at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center. This research made use of python , along with many community-developed or maintained software packages, including ipython (Pérez Granger 2007 ), jupyter ( jupyter.org ), matplotlib (Hunter 2007 ), numpy (van der Walt, Colbert Varoquaux 2011 ), and scipy (Jones et al. 2001 ). This research made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System for bibliographic information.