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tokens: parameters. The AR with the largest area and longest time of occurrence during the time considered, labeled as NOAA AR 12192, is such an example. As shown in the synoptic maps in Figures 2 (a) and (b), AR 12192 is near a large unipolar region (in blue color), which originates from previous ARs in an AC. We will simulate the formation of this unipolar region in Section 4.2 . The standard set of control parameters is able to identify AR 12192 on CR 2156. On CR 2157, the recurring AR 12192, relabeled as ARs 12209, 12213, and 12214, is mixed with new flux emergence near and within it. We find that the standard set of control parameters is unable to identify AR 12192 on CR 2157. Consequently we have to choose a different set of control parameters: kernel threshold 100 G, erosion size 10 Mm, growth threshold 20 G, and dilation size 60 Mm, to identify the more diffusive AR 12192. We refer to this set of control parameters as the special set. As shown in Figures 2 (c) and (d), the two configurations of identified AR 12192 differ vastly. The two configurations of AR 12192 possess different parameters, presented in Table 2 . During CRs 2156–2157, AR 12192 shows an increase in area and a decrease in flux, and a notable change in tilt angle. Our SFT simulation tests show that the evolution of AR 12192 during CRs 2156–2157 cannot be achieved by SFT transport terms only. This implies new flux emergences, as flux emergence is important in changing the properties of AR 12192 (McMaken Petrie 2017 ). Such new emergence superposes with existing flux, and cancels with existing opposite polarities. Thus, it is expected that the observed evolution of the AR during CRs 2156–2157 is different from the evolution solely deduced from the previous occurrence of the AR on CR 2156. Therefore, we choose the special set of control parameters for processing AR 12192 on CR 2157 for the following simulations. Figure 2. Identified ARs on synoptic maps. The left column shows synoptic maps of CR 2156 (a) and CR 2157 (b), with the ARs (enclosed by black curves) identified by the automatic identification method using the standard set of control parameters. AR 12192 and the unipolar region in proximity are indicated with black arrows. The middle and right columns show AR 12192 identified using the standard set of control parameters on CR 2156 (c), and identified using the special set of control parameters on CR 2157 (d), as well as AR 12222 identified using the standard set of control parameters on CR 2157 (e), and identified using the special set of control parameters on CR 2157 (f). Table 2 Parameters of AR 12192 Identified on CR 2156 and CR 2157 The two sets of control parameters produce different results not only for AR 12192, but for other ARs as well. We show the difference for AR 12222 as an example, in the last row of Table 1 . As shown in Figures 2 (e) and (f), when the special set of control parameters is applied, AR 12222 shows a growth in size and flux, as well as a