tokens: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank J. Granot, H. Hamidani, K. Hotokezaka, K. Kashiyama, T. Kinugawa, S. Kisaka, K. Kyutoku, G. P. Lamb, A. Levinson, T. Matsumoto, T. Piran, G. Ryan, M. Shibata, K. Takahashi, and R. Yamazaki for useful discussions. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI nos. 18H01215, 17H06357, 17H06362, 17H06131, 26287051 (KI), and 15H02087 (TN). Discussions during the YITP workshop YITP-W-18-11 on ‘Jet and Shock Breakouts in Cosmic Transients’ and the workshop at Aspen Center for Physics, which is supported by National Science Foundation grant PHY-1607611, were also useful to complete this work.
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