tokens: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5-m Magellan Telescope located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. We thank David W. Hogg (NYU) and Hans-Walter Rix (MPIA) for useful discussions. ARC is supported through an Australian Research Council Discovery Project under grant DP160100637. AIK acknowledges financial support from the Australian Research Council (DP170100521). AYQH was supported by the GROWTH project funded by the National Science Foundation under PIRE Grant No 1545949, and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-1144469. APJ is supported by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51393.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System. The Guoshoujing Telescope (LAMOST) is a National Major Scientific Project built by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Funding for the project has been provided by the National Development and Reform Commission. LAMOST is operated and managed by the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia ( https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia ), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium ). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.
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