tokens: The main production runs was done on the MILKYWAY supercomputer, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 881) ‘The Milky Way System’ (subproject Z2), hosted and cofunded by the Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC). The special GPU accelerated supercomputer LAOHU at the Center of Information and Computing at National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, funded by Ministry of Finance of People's Republic of China under the grant ZDYZ2008-2, has been used for some of code development. We also used a smaller GPU cluster KEPLER , funded under the grants I/80 041-043 and I/81 396 of the Volkswagen Foundation and grants 823.219-439/30 and /36 of the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. This work was supported by the Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 881 ‘The Milky Way System’ (subproject A6) of the German Research Foundation (DFG), and by the Volkswagen Foundation under the Trilateral Partnerships grant no. 90411 . The authors wish to thank G. Bertin, J. Sellwood, I. G. Shukhman, J. Wicker for reading the paper and suggesting improvements to the text, and anonymous referee for valuable remarks and assistance. EVP acknowledges financial support by the Russian Basic Research Foundation, grants 15-52-12387, 16-02-00649, and by the Basic Research Program OFN-15 ‘The active processes in galactic and extragalactic objects’ of Department of Physical Sciences of RAS. PB acknowledges the special support by the NASU under the Main Astronomical Observatory grid/ GPU GOLOWOOD computing cluster project.
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