tokens: radiative losses and energy input per unit mass across the atmosphere due to the most important hydrogen transitions in models with the beam flux equal to 3 × 10 9 erg cm −2 s −1 . The figure shows that beams with a low E C (20 keV) disrupt the top chromosphere, shift the transition region to heights of up to 1500 km, and produce emission in the Lyman continuum and Ly α . The figures also show a peak of absorption in the Lyman continuum at the same height where we can see the maximum of radiative losses in the Balmer and the higher-order continua. This means that the Lyman continuum irradiated downward contributes to hydrogen ionization in the deeper layers. The radiative losses for E C greater than 40 keV do not show any such Lyman emission, but they still show the emission in the higher-order continua that are clearly driven by the particle-beam precipitation. Figure 1. Radiative losses during the flare electron-beam precipitation for E C in the range of 20–120 keV. The beam flux is equal to 3 × 10 9 erg cm −2 s −1 . A positive (negative) corresponds to absorption (emission). The profiles are taken 20 s into the simulations. Table 1 shows the gross radiative losses in the atmosphere due to the free–bound Lyman and Balmer transitions (LyC and BaC, respectively) and the bound–bound Ly α and H α transitions, respectively. The radiative losses were integrated only over the chromosphere and the temperature minimum region—between the height of 300 km above the photospheric floor and the height where the temperature begins to exceed 10 5 K. These numbers do not include any possible reabsorption outside these atmospheric heights; therefore, they do not quantify the radiative output of the atmosphere as seen by an observer. The table shows that there is an overall stronger emission for particle beams with higher flux with the LyC showing the greatest variation. In models with E C = 20 keV the LyC losses reach values of 10 19 –10 20 erg cm s −1 g −1 ; however, models with high E C show that the LyC remains at the quiet level (∼10 16 erg cm s −1 g −1 ). The situation is the same for the Ly α , where the quiet level reaches ∼10 17 erg cm s −1 g −1 . The radiative losses listed in Table 1 show that when the beam flux is increased, the maximum radiative losses in the studied lines and continua occur at higher values of E C . With increasing E C it is the LyC that reaches the peak of the radiative losses first and then the Balmer continuum. This is due to the greater penetration depth of the beams with higher E C and the fact that the LyC originates higher in the atmosphere than the BaC. Table 1 Atmospheric Heating and Radiative Losses Due to the Hydrogen Transitions in Electron-beam-driven Models Note. The radiative losses and the beam heating, as shown in Figure 1 , were integrated over the temperature minimum region and chromosphere. The first row shows the radiative losses for the quiet atmosphere. Figure 2 shows the RH synthetic spectra for the
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