tokens: H.J.Z. gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Clay Postdoctoral Fellowship. M.J.G. and D.G.F. are supported by the Smithsonian Institution. We thank Scott Tremaine for carefully reading the manuscript and providing many useful comments. This work benefited from discussions with Ken Rines, Antonaldo Diaferio, Neta Bahcall, Mark Vogelsberger, and Paul Torrey. Masato Onodera kindly pointed out a mistake in Equation ( 5 ). This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services. Observations reported here were obtained at the MMT Observatory, a joint facility of the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III web site is http://www.sdss3.org/ . SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III Collaboration including the University of Arizona, the Brazilian Participation Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Florida, the French Participation Group, the German Participation Group, Harvard University, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, the Michigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, New Mexico State University, New York University, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the Spanish Participation Group, University of Tokyo, University of Utah, Vanderbilt University, University of Virginia, University of Washington, and Yale University.
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