tokens: dicarboxylic acid (Hollauer et al. 2001 ). The aforementioned study assigned the ν (C=O) + δ (COH) combination band to 1630 cm −1 . Assignment of the remaining newly emerging bands was accomplished using a study on the literature infrared spectra of the three benzene dicarboxylic acids (Arenas Marcos 1980 ). However, it is to be noted that two broad peaks, at 1776 cm −1 and 1793 cm −1 , in the spectrum at 8 K did not correspond to a single carrier. Rather, the bands were assigned to a combination of carbonyl stretches from the various carboxylic acid species in the ice. 3.1.2. Quantitative Analysis From the peak assignments in Section 3.1.1 , the column density changes throughout the irradiation can be determined for the two reactants, benzene and carbon dioxide, along with the irradiation-induced products. For carbon dioxide, the temporal development of the ν 1 + ν 3 and 2 ν 2 + ν 3 of CO 2 and the ν 3 of 13 CO 2 was monitored to quantify the carbon dioxide molecules destroyed. Exploiting the integrated absorption coefficients of the three previously mentioned bands, 1.4 × 10 −18 cm molecule −1 for the ν 1 + ν 3 of CO 2 , 4.5 × 10 −19 cm molecule −1 for the 2 ν 2 + ν 3 of CO 2 , and 7.8 × 10 −17 cm molecule −1 for the ν 3 of 13 CO 2 , we found that (1.9 ± 0.9) × 10 16 molecule cm −2 of carbon dioxide was destroyed over the course of the hour-long irradiation. Corresponding to the diminishing carbon dioxide column density were new bands assigned to carbon dioxide and carbon trioxide. The development of the two new carbon oxides was monitored using the fundamental band of carbon monoxide, assigned to 2141 cm −1 , and the ν 1 of carbon trioxide, assigned to 2044 cm −1 . Using a previously published work on the irradiation of carbon dioxide ices (Bennett et al. 2004 ), we found that the integrated absorption coefficients of the two previously mentioned carbon monoxide and carbon trioxide bands to be 1.1 × 10 −17 cm molecule −1 and 3.1 × 10 −17 cm molecule −1 , respectively. Utilizing this information, we determined that following irradiation with energetic electrons, the total increase in column density of carbon monoxide was (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10 16 molecule cm −2 , while the total increase of carbon trioxide was (7.9 ± 0.3) × 10 14 molecule cm −2 . The total column density of newly formed low-mass carbon species was therefore (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10 16 molecule cm −2 , i.e., 64 ± 3% of the total carbon dioxide destroyed was converted to carbon monoxide and trioxide. The difference between this value and the total quantity of carbon dioxide destroyed was therefore the amount reacted to form benzene carboxylic acids, i.e., (6.8 ± 1.0) × 10 15 molecule cm −2 . The destruction of benzene was monitored by the development of its ν 11 band at 690 cm −1 , with an integrated absorption coefficient of 1.5 × 10 −18 cm molecule −1 (Zhou et al. 2010 ). Comparing the initial column density of benzene with the column density following irradiation, we found that (4.4 ±
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