81Opportunism, 95–96Pareto principle, 157Pascal, Blaise, 21–22, 75Philosophical Explanations(Nozick), 73–74Physics, 90–91, 105–106,112–121Pierce, Charles S., 66Pitcher, George, 4Plato, 23, 80Poconos-Catskill diet, 89–90Poincaré, Henri, 55, 91Politics, 153–156Popper, Sir Karl, 99–101Prisoner’s Dilemma, 159–160Probability. See StatisticsProjectibility paradoxes,76–78, 111–112Protagoras, 32Psychology, 100, 127, 140Putnam, Hilary, 124–125, 137
INDEX
Quantum mechanics, 112–121Quine, W. V. O., 52, 90Rabbi stories, 14–15, 95–96Randomness, 102–109“Raven” paradox, 78–79Reagan, Ronald, 155Realism, 120–121Reductionism, 97–99Reichenbach, Hans, 66Religion: Farzad’s Sufi story,91–93; Pascal’s argumentfor becoming a Christian,21–22; proof that Russellis the Pope, 17–18; proofsof God’s existence, 31,71–72; Rosten’s rabbi stories, 14–15, 95–96Rosten, Leo, 14–15, 68–69,95–96Russell, Bertrand, 27, 61–62,163–165; Berry paradox,106–108; compared toGroucho Marx, 8–11; andconditional statements,17–18; and first-causearguments, 71; on formalmathematics, 54; provesthat he is the Pope,17–18; sets paradox, 10,35, 37–39; speculationson intelligence andimprobable events,
177
147–148; “The presentKing of France is bald’’statement, 50; theory oftypes, 37–38, 40Russell’s sets paradox, 10, 35,37–39Sahl, Mort, 155Science, 63–130; and assumptions, 124–125; andcausality, 67–75; anddeterminism, 110–113;Duhem’s scapegoat argument, 89–91; and falsifiability, 99–101; andinduction, 64–67; andopportunism, 95–96;and probability, 83–88;and projectibility paradoxes, 76–78; and reductionism, 97–99; scientificinference, 89–91; andtrue belief vs. knowledge,80–82Second law of thermodynamics, 72Self-reference, 30–34, 74. Seealso Self-referenceSelf-subsuming principle,73–75The Selfish Gene (Dawkins), 98Sets paradox, 10, 35, 37–39Shaw, George Bernard, 153
178
INDEX
Sizi, Francesco, 56Smullyan, Raymond, 155Social science, 100; Arrow’sparadox, 157–158; andbehaviorism, 96–97; andcompromise, 153–156;Condercet’s paradox,156–158; and group preferences, 155–158;Prisoner’s Dilemma,159–160Solomonoff, A., 105Statistics, 72, 83–88, 112–113;and behaviorism, 96–97;and intentional explanations, 146–148; lotteries,22; and randomness,102–109Syllogisms, 23–30Tarski, Alfred, 38Teleological explanations,130, 137–149Through the Looking Glass(Carroll), 5–6, 52–53
Time. See Causality;Determinism;Projectibility paradoxesTortoise and Achilles story,41–44Truth: analytic vs. synthetic,52–57; and Gödel’s theorem, 44–45, 108–110;hierarchical nature of,37–39; Kripke’s theoryof, 74Turing test, 133, 136Utilitarianism, 150–151Voting paradox, 156–158Waissman, Friedrich, 110Watzlawick, Paul, 127Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 2, 4–7,85, 105–106, 162–165Zeno’s paradox, 124
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