, September 2006, www.climatetechnology.gov.r National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, U.S. Department of Energyand U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 2006, www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/actionplan/eeactionplan.htm.r American Energy, The Renewable Path to Energy Security, WorldWatch Institute for American Progress, September 2006, americanenergynow.org.r Carbon Disclosure Project Report 2006, Innovest Strategic Value Advisors, www.cdproject.net.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGEWEB SITESr Union of Concerned Scientists, www.ucsusa.org/clean energy/.r Pew Center for Climate Change, www.pewclimate.com.r Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, www.ipcc.ch.r National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, www.noaa.gov/ climate.html.
r United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, unfccc.int.r United Nations Environment Program, grida.no/climate/.r United States Department of Energy, www.energy.gov/.r United States Department of State, www.state.gov/g/oes/climate.r United States Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/globalwarming/.
r Global Change Master Directory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,globalchange.nasa.gov.
r United States National Assessment, www.gcrio.org/NationalAssessment/.r The United States Global Change Research Program (U.S.GCRP),www.usgcrp.gov.
r Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, cdiac.esd.ornl.gov.r Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, www.rivm.nl/en/milieu/.
r International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, www.iiasa.ac.at.r International Energy Agency, Greenhouse Gas Programme, www.ieagreen.org.uk.
RENEWABLE ENERGY LEGISLATIONAND INCENTIVESr Renewable Legislation and Incentives, U.S. Department of Energy,Office of Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/legislation/renewleg.html.r Union of Concerned Scientists, www.ucsusa.org/clean energy/cleanenergy policies/.r International Energy Agency, Global Renewable Energy Policies andMeasures Database, renewables.iea.org.r International Energy Agency, WEO World Energy Policy Database,www.iea.org/textbase/pamsdb/searchweo.aspx.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGYr Power Technologies Data Book, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, March 2006, www.nrel.gov/analysis/power databook/.r National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Dynamic Maps, GIS Data, andAnalysis Tools, www.nrel.gov/gis/maps.html.
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERr Prometheus Institute, PV News, www.Prometheus.org.r Photon Magazine, www.photon-magazine.com.r SolarBuzz, www.solarbuzz.com.r International Energy Agency, Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, www.iea-pvps.org.
r Solar Energy Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html.r Solar America Initiative, www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar america/index.html.r PV Watts, Performance Calculator for Grid-Connected PV Systems,rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/PVWATTS/.
SOLAR THERMAL POWERr Solar Heating, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solarheating.html.
WIND POWERr National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Wind Research, www.nrel.gov/wind/.
r Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/.
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FUEL CELLSr Fuel Cells 2000, www.fuelcells.org/.r California Air Resources Board, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Guide,www.arb.ca.gov/h2fuelcell/h2fcguide/h2fcguide.htm.
r Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/.r Wind-to-Hydrogen Project (Wind/Fuel Cell combined system),National Renewable Energy Laboratory, www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj wind hydrogen.html.
GEOTHERMAL POWERr Geothermal Energy Association, www.geo-energy.org.r Union of Concerned Scientists, www.ucusa.org/clean energy/renewable energy basics/offmen-how-geothermal-energy-works.
r International Geothermal Association, iga.igg.cnr.it/geo/geornergy.php.
r U.S. Department of Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/printable versions/faqs.html.
r Geothermal Technologies Program, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, www.nrel.gov/geothermal/.
r National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geothermal Resource Information Clearinghouse, rredc.nrel.gov/geothermal/.
r Yale Global Online, yaleglobal.yale.edu/environment.r Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, www.geoexchange.org.r Geothermal Resource Maps, www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/maps.html.
GREEN POWER MARKETING PROGRAMSr Purchasing Renewable Power, U.S. Department of Energy, Officeof Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/program/utility/utilityman renew.html.r Guide to Purchasing Green Power, U.S. Department of Energy, Officeof Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/purchase green power.pdf.
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r Green Power Network (utility green power markets and marketing),U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy, www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/.r Library of Green Utility Power Publications, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/publications.shtml.
BIOMASS POWERr Biomass Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of EnergyEfficiency and Renewable Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/electrical power.html.r Biomass Research, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, www.nrel.gov/biomass/.
POWER AND BUILDING EFFICIENCYr Union of Concerned Scientists, Energy Efficiency, www.ucsusa.org/clean energy/energy efficiency/.
r Energy Star program, www.energystar.gov.r EPA Green Building Site, www.epa.gov/greenbuilding.r U.S. Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org.
GRID RELIABILITY AND SMART METERSr Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, www.oe.energy.gov/.
r Advanced Meter Reading Association (AMRA), www.amra-intl.org.r Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), www.epri.com.r Smart Grid News, www.smartgridnews.com.
ELECTRICITY STORAGE AND BATTERIESr Electricity Storage Association, www.electricitystorage.org.r Battery University, www.batteryuniversity.com.r Battery Council International, www.batterycouncil.org.
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HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESr Hybrid and Vehicle Systems, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/technologies/systems/index.html.r Advanced Vehicles and Fuels Research, National Renewable EnergyLaboratory, www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/.
BIOFUELS AND ETHANOLr Biomass Program, U.S. Department of Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/.
r Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), www.ethanolrfa.org.r Ethanol Promotion and Information Council (EPIC),
www.drivingethanol.org.r American Coalition for Ethanol (ACE), www.ethanol.org.r Governors’ Ethanol Coalition, www.ethanol-gec.org.r National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition, www.e85fuel.com.r The National Corn Growers Association (NCGA), www.ncga.com.r Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.doe.gov.r National Biodiesel Board, www.biodiesel.org.
COAL GASIFICATION ANDCO2 SEQUESTRATIONr Gasification Technology R&D, U.S. Department of Energy, www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/gasification/index.html.
r Pollution Control Innovations for Power Plants, U.S. Department of Energy, www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/pollutioncontrols/index.html.r FutureGen, Tomorrow’s Pollution-Free Power Plant, U.S. Department of Energy, www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/index.html.r Carbon Sequestration, U.S. Department of Energy, www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration/index.html.
CARBON CREDITSr Point Carbon, www.pointcarbon.com/, news and analysis on globalpower, gas and carbon markets.
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CLEAN ENERGY GLOSSARIESr Renewable Energy Glossary, U.S. Department of Energy, www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/rea data/gl.html.
r U.S. Renewable Resource Data Center, List of Glossaries, rredc.nrel.gov/solar/glossary/otherlinks.html.
r Solar Power Glossary, www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar glossary.html.
r Smart Meter Glossary (from Itron), www.itron.com/pages/resourcesglossary.asp.
r Biomass Feedstock Glossary, U.S. Department Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/feedstock glossary.html.
ENERGY CONVERSIONSr Conversion of Units, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion of units.r Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator, www.usctcgateway.net/tool/.
r Cleaner and Greener Emission Reduction Calculator, www.cleanerandgreener.org/resources/emission reductions.htm.
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Notes
CHAPTER 11. Shell Springboard, “Opportunities for Innovation: The Business
Opportunities for SMEs in Tackling the Causes of Climate Change,”http://www.shellspringboard.org/downloads/news/Q65 SpringboardDoc V4.pdf.2. Renewable Fuels Association, “Investment Opportunities,” www.
ethanolrfa.org/industry/investment.3. “2006 European and North American Cleantech Venture InvestmentTotals $3.6 billion,” 15 Febuary 2007, Cleantech Network, www.cleantechnetwork.com, press releases at http:// cleantechnetwork.com/index.cfm?pageSRC=PressReleases.4. Author calculations; company market caps sourced from Bloomberg,www.bloomberg.com] and Reuters, www.reuters.com.5. Mary Milliken, “GE CEO Sees ‘Green” Unit Growing Faster,” Reuters,
24 May 2007.6. See GE Energy Financial Services, www.geenergyfinancialservices.com.7. Robinson, Edward, “VCs Set on Solar, Biofuel Money-Losers in GreenEnergy Frenzy,” Bloomberg, 29 June 2006, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=a9wBJqPgMUT8&refer=home.8. Ibid.9. Todd Woody, “Big Solar’s Day in the Sun,” Business 2.0 Magaz-
ine, June 2007, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2archive/2007/06/01/100050990/index.htm.10. For intermittent power such as solar and wind, 1 megawatt of ratedcapacity can power about 275 homes. This is calculated as ((1 megawatt × 1,000 kilowatts/megawatt × 8,760 hours/year)/(10,656 kilowatthours per year usage for average U.S. household)) × (About 1/3
319
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capacity realized). The average annual U.S. household usage of 10,656kilowatt-hours per year is sourced from Energy Information Administration, Electricity Consumption by End Use in U.S. Households, 2001,Table US-A, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/reps/endues/er01 us tab1.html.See also Bob Bellemare, “What Is a Megawatt?,” UtiliPoint International, http://www.utilipoint.com/issuealert/print.asp?id=1728; andJohathan G. Koomey, et al., “Sorry, Wrong Number: The Use and Misuse of Numerical Facts in Analysis and Media Reporting of EnergyIssues,” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment Journal 27(2002):119–158, http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/).11. See Spectra Fund, http://www.spectrafund.com/sf/appmanager/spectraportal/welcome.
CHAPTER 21. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Future of Coal: Options
for a Carbon-Constrained World” (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007), http://Web.mit.edu/coal/.2. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Review 2006, May 2007, Table 5.1, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/txt/stb0501.xls.3. Ibid.4. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
“Persian Gulf Fact Sheet,” http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/PersianGulf/Background.html.5. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
“Nigeria Country Brief, April 2007,” http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Nigeria/Oil.html.6. Ibid.7. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2007, May 2007, p. 1, www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html.8. The population of China (1.322 billion), India (1.130 billion), andRussia (142 million) combined is 2.6 billion according to the Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Fact Book, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.9. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2007, p. 8.10. Ibid.
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11. See nation profiles in Central Intelligence Agency, CIA
FactBook (June 2007), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/index.html.12. Ibid.13. Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, “Pollution from Chinese CoalCasts a Global Shadow,” New York Times, 11 June 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/business/worldbusiness/11chinacoal.html?ex=1307678400en=e9ac1f6255a24fd8ei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss.14. Ibid.15. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2007, pp. 19–20.16. Ibid.17. John M. Broder and Majorie Connelly, “Poll Finds Majority See Threat
in Global Warming,” New York Times, 26 April 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/26/washington/27pollcnd.html?ex=1184472000&en=ab2b53dff4b3b058&ei=5070.18. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers (February 5,2007), http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf.19. U.K. Government Economic Service, Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, October 2006, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent reviews/stern review economics climate change/sternreview index.cfm.20. Ibid.21. Ibid.22. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, “Sustainability: Biobu-
tanol Performance Similar to Unleaded Gasoline,” DuPont Newspress release, 20 April 2007, http://www2.dupont.com/Media Center/en US/daily news/april/article20070420.html.23. “List of Power Outages,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of power outages.24. “Northeast Blackout of 2003,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast Blackout of 2003.25. Ibid.26. Canada-US Power System Outage Task Force, “Causes of the August
14th Blackout in the United States and Canada,” 16 April-2006, http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/media/docs/reports e.htm.27. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2006, June 2007, Table 8.10 Average Retail
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Prices of Electricity, 1960-2006, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/txt/stb0810.xls.28. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, An-
nual Energy Review 2006, June 2007, Table 2.1f, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/txt/stb0802a.xls.
CHAPTER 31. Thomas Friedman, “The Power of Green,” New York Times Magazine,
15 April 2007, p. 72.2. Andrew Batson, “For Chinese tycoon, solar power fuels overnight
wealth,” New York Times, 12 October 2006.3. “Manhattan Project,” Wikipedia, Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan project.4. United Nations Environmental Programme, “Global Trends in Sus-
tainable Energy Investment 2007,” 2007, http://www.ren21.net/pdf/Glob Sust Energy Inv Report 2007.pdf.5. Janet L. Sawin and Christopher Flavin, “National Policy Instru-
ments: Policy Lessons for the Advancement and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies Around the World,” International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn 2004, http://www.renewables2004.de/pdf/tbp/TBP03-policies.pdf.6. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, “Instrumentsof Renewable Energy Policies,” http://www.ren21.net/REPolicies/policy/instruments.asp.7. REN21: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, Renewables Global Status Report, 2006 Update (Paris: REN21 Secretariat and Washington D.C.: WorldWatch Institute, 2006), p. 23,http://www.ren21.net/pdf/RE GSR 2006 Update.pdf.8. Ibid.9. Zogby International and TechNet, “Green Tech Task Force poll,” 18
January 2007, www.technet.org, press releases.10. Union of Concerned Scientists, “State Renewable Electricity Standards,” http://www.ucsusa.org/clean energy/clean energy policies/resat-work-in-the-states.html.11. See note 10, Chapter 1.12. Friedman, “The Power of Green,” p. 71.13. Green Car Congress, “New Jersey becomes third state with greenhouse
gas reduction law, 7-Jul-2007. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/07/new-jersey-beco.html#more.
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14. Ibid.15. “China’s Signals on Warming,” New York Times, 16 April 2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/16/opinion/16mon2.html? r=1&oref=slogin.16. Environmental Defense, Press Release: Leading Companies Call forBold Action on Global Warming, 22 January 2007; 27 February 2007,http://www.environmentaldefense.org/pressrelease.cfm?contentID=5830.17. “Bush faces growing dissent from Republicans on climate change,”Bloomberg News, 24 April 2006.
CHAPTER 41. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, An-
nual Energy Review 2006, June 2007, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/diagram1.html.2. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,The International Energy Outlook 2007, May 2007, Figure 40,http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/excel/figure 40data.xls. The worldconsumed 100 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in 2004 and the EIAestimates consumption will be 163 trillion cubic feet in 2030. Using aconversion factor of 1,031 Btu per cubic feet and the recent NYMEXprice of $7.00 per million Btu, the 100 trillion cubic feet for 2004 has avalue of $722 billion. Likewise, the 163 trillion cubic feet for 2030 hasa value of $1.2 trillion.3. Ibid., Figure 54, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/excel/figure 54data.xls.The world consumed 114.5 quadrillion Btus of coal in 2004 and theEIA is forecasting 199.1 quadrillion Btus of coal consumption in 2030.Using a conversion factor of 24 million Btus per ton (the NYMEXcontract requires a minimum content of 12,000 Btus per pound ofcoal) and the recent price of $45 per ton, the 114.5 quadrillion Btusfor 2004 has a value of $215 billion. Likewise, the 199.1 Btus for2030 has a value of $373 billion. Details on the NYMEX coal futurescontract and pricing can be found at the www.Nymex.com Web site athttp://www.nymex.com/QL spec.aspx.4. International Energy Agency, Renewables in Global Energy Supply:An IEA Fact Sheet, January 2007, p 12,. http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable factsheet.pdf.5. Ibid., p. 16.
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6. Joel Makower,Ron Pernick, and Clint Wilder, Clean Energy Trends
2007, Clean Edge Inc., May 2007, http://www.cleanedge.com/reports/Trends2007.pdf.
CHAPTER 5The author would like to thank and acknowledge Melvin & Companyfor permission to use several excerpts and graphics in this chapter thatthe author originally published in research reports written for Melvin &Company.1. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Labora-
tory, Renewable Resource Data Center, “RRDC Energy Tidbits,”http://rredc.nrel.gov/tidbits.html.2. “A Consumer’s Guide: Heat Your Water with the Sun,” U.S. Departmentof Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Dec 2003, p 12.http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34279.pdf.3. Ibid., p. 12.4. Solar Energy Technologies Program, U.S. Energy Efficiencyand Renewable Energy, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sh rdpartnerships.html#nrel.5. REN21: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, Re-
newables Global Status Report, 2006 Update (Paris: REN21 Secretariat and Washington D.C.: WorldWatch Institute, 2006), p. 5,http://www.ren21.net/pdf/RE GSR 2006 Update.pdf.6. Ibid.7. European Solar Thermal Industry, “Solar Thermal Markets in Europe,”
June 2006, http://www.estif.org/9.0.html.8. Concentrating Solar Power, Energy Efficiency Technologies Program,
U.S. Dept. of Energy. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/csp.html,9. Parabolic Trough Solar Field Technology, National Renewable EnergyLab, http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/solar field.html.10. Sterling Energy Systems, http://www.stirlingenergy.com/products.asp?
Type=solar.11. Ibid.12. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Labora-
tory, Power Technologies Energy Data Book, August 2006, p. 18,http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/power databook/.
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13. Ibid.14. Ibid., p. 19.15. Ibid., p. 20. See also Mark S. Mehos, “Overview of the 1000 MW CSP
Southwest Initiative,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 13 July2004, http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/pdfs/40027.pdf.16. See note 10, Chapter 1.17. Stephen Lacey, “Tracking the Sun: Concentrating Solar Power FacesBright Future,” RenewableEnergyAccess.com, 20 March 2007, http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/printstory;jsessionid=B69835CE815F90CFF6807D662E5125F0?id=47803.18. Schott AG, “Largest Solar Thermal Power Plant Built in 16 Years GoesOnline with SCHOTT Receivers,” 8 June 2007, http://www.us.schott.com/english/news/archive.html?NID=186. See also Schott AG, “SchottWhite Paper on Solar Thermal Power Plant Technology,” http://www.us.schott.com/solarthermal/english/download/schott white paper.pdf.19. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Labora-
tory, Power Technologies Energy Data Book, August 2006, p. 18.http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/power databook/.20. Ibid., p. 20.21. Ibid.22. Ibid.23. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, “Solar M