yths,” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Center, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/myths.html.24. Joel Makower, Ron Pernick, and Clint Wilder, “Clean Energy Trends2007,” CleanEdge, March 2007, p. 2, www.cleanedge.com.25. U.S. Geological Service, “Silicon: Statistics and Information,”http://minerals.usgs.gov/ minerals/pubs/commodity/silicon/.26. U.S. Geological Service, Mineral Commodity Summaries: Sili-
con, January 2007, p. 146, http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silicon/silicmcs07.pdf.27. Kosuke Kurokawa, Keichi Komoto, Peter van der Vleuten, DavidFaiman (eds.), Energy from the Desert: Practical Proposals for VeryLarge Scale Photovoltaic Systems (London: Earthscan, 2006). A 29page summary of the book is available from the International EnergyAgency at http://www.iea-pvps.org/products/rep8 02s.htm.28. International Energy Agency, World
Energy Investment Outlook 2003, p. 346, http://www.iea.org/Textbase/publications/free newDesc.asp?PUBS ID=1200.
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29. International Energy Agency, “Renewables in Global Energy Supply:
An IEA Fact Sheet,” January 2007, http://www.iea.org/Textbase/ publications/free new Desc.asp?PUBS ID=1596.30. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar American Initiative: A Plan for the IntegratedResearch, Development, and Market Transformation of Solar Energy Technologies, 5 February 2007, p. 9, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar america/pdfs/sai draft plan Feb5 07.pdf. The homepage for the Solar American Initiative is http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar america/.31. “23rd Annual Data Collection—Final,” PV News, April 2007, p. 8.PV News is published by the Prometheus Institute, Cambridge MA,http://www.prometheus.org/.32. Ibid.33. Michael Rogol, “Solar Annual 2006: The Gun Has Gone Off,” RenewableEnergyAccess.com, 4 September 2006, http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=45869. Solar Annual 2006 canbe purchased at www.photon-consulting.com.34. Ibid.35. Ibid.36. Solarbuzz, LLC, “Market Buzz 2007: World PV Industry ReportHighlights,” Market Buzz 2007, www.solarbuzz.com/marketbuzz2007intro.htm.37. “PV Market Demand through 2010,” PV News, July 2007, pp. 5–7,Promethesus Institute, Cambridge, MA, www.prometheus.org.38. Photon Consulting, “Executive Summary of The True Cost of SolarPower: 10 cents/kWh by 2010,” April 2007. This report summary isavailable on the company’s Web site at www.photon-consulting.com.The report itself can be purchased at the Web site.39. Solarbuzz LLC, Solar Electricity Price Index verses US Electricity tariff Price Index (U.S. cents per kilowatt hour), July 2007,http://www.solarbuzz.com/SolarPrices.htm.40. Photon Consulting, “Executive Summary of The True Cost of SolarPower: 10 cents/kWh by 2010.”41. Ibid.42. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Re-
newable Energy, Solar American Initiative: A Plan for the Integrated Research, Development, and Market Transformation of SolarEnergy Technologies, 5 February 2007, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar america/pdfs/sai draft plan Feb5 07.
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43. “2010 Cost Reduction Roadmap,” in “Analyst Silicon Field Trip,
March 28, 2007,” Renewable Energy Corp, p. 12, See investor relations area of www.recgroup.com web site, http://hugin.info/136555/R/1115224/203491.pdf.44. PV News, various issues, Prometheus Institute, Cambridge, MA,www.prometheus.org.45. “Supply and Demand Reconciliation,” PV News, August 2007, p. 7,Prometheus Institute, Cambridge, MA, www.prometheus.org.46. Photon International, “Silicon Sprint,” October 2006, p. 110.47. Michael Rogol, “Solar Annual 2006: The Gun Has Gone Off.”48. Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus (eds.), Chapter 1: “Status, Trends,
Challenges and the Bright Future of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics,” Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), p. 30.49. Ibid.50. Dow Corning, “Dow Corning Solar Solutions Introduces Breakthrough
Solar Material,” Silicon Metal, September 2006, www.dowcorning.com.51. “Analyst Silicon Field Trip, March 28, 2007,” Renewable Energy Corp,p. 30, See investor relations area of www.recgroup.com Web site,http://hugin.info/136555/R/1115224/203491.pdf.52. Ibid, p. 29.53. See company press release at http://www.solarworld.de/sw-eng/presse-adhoc/index.php.54. “23rd Annual Data Collection, Final,” PV News, April 2007, pp. 8–10,Prometheus Institute, Cambridge, MA, www.prometheus.org.55. Solarbuzz LLC Module Price Survey, www.solarbuzz.com, www.solarbuzz.com/ModulePrices.htm.
CHAPTER 61. Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind 2006 Report, 2006, p. 4,
http://www.gwec.net/uploads/media/gwec-2006 final.pdf.2. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewabl Energy Laboratory, Wind Power Today, May 2007, p. 2, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41330.pdf.3. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: How
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Wind Turbines Work,” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind how.html.4. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Labora-
tory, Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, andPerformance Trends: 2006, May 2007, p. 19, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41435.pdf.5. U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants,May 2007, vol. 1, p. 150, http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/Bituminous%20Baseline Final%20Report.pdf.6. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy Fact Sheet: Wind
Energy and Economic Development: Building Sustainable Jobs andCommunities,” http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/EconDev.PDF.7. Ibid.8. Ibid.9. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101: Basics,”
http://www.ifnotwind.org/we101/wind-energy-basics.shtml.10. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy Facts & Myths:Expensive and Unreliable,” http://www.ifnotwind.org/myths/mythexpensive.shtml.11. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101: Basics.”12. Ibid.13. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Grid Impacts of Wind Power: A Summary of Recent Studies inthe United States: Conference Paper, June 2003, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34318.pdf.14. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101: Potential,”http://www.ifnotwind.org/we101/wind-energy-potential.shtml.15. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2006, May 2007, p. 5, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41435.pdf.16. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101: Potential.”17. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
“Wind Powering America Fact Sheet Series: Wind Energy Myths,” May2005, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37657.pdf.18. Ibid.19. See note 10, Chapter 1.
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20. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2006, p. 3.21. Ibid., p. 7.22. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101 - Basics.”23. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Labora-
tory, Wind Power Today, May 2007, p. 2, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41330.pdf.24. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101:Basics.”25. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2006, p. 7 pdf.26. Ibid.27. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Wind Power Today, p. 2. pdf.28. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101: Basics.”29. Ibid.30. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2006, May 2007, p. 5.31. Ibid.,32. Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind 2006 Report, 2006, p. 4. pdf.33. Ibid., p. 12.34. Ibid., p. 4.35. Ibid., p. 12.36. Ibid., p. 4.37. Ibid., p. 12.38. Ibid., pp. 4 and 7.39. Ibid., p. 12.40. Ibid.41. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2006, May 2007, p. 4, pdf.42. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Wind Power Today, May 2007, p. 2, pdf.43. Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind 2006 Report, p. 12, pdf.44. Ibid., p. 13.
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45. Ibid.46. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Wind Power Today, May 2007, p. 2, pdf.47. The study, measured in 2006 dollars, took a sample comprising 58 per-
cent of added capacity for the period 1998–2006, and measured thecumulative weighted average costs. Costs include U.S. governmentsponsored Production Tax Credits (PTCs). They include some interconnection and transmission costs, and in some cases include the Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) program.48. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2006, May 2007, p. 10, pdf.49. Ibid., p. 11.50. Ibid.51. Ibid.52. Ibid.53. American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Energy 101—Potential.”54. American Wind Energy Association, http://www.awea.org/newsroom/
releases/Congress extends PTC 121106.html.55. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2006, May 2007, p. 12, pdf.56. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Wind Power Today, May 2007, p. 4. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41330.pdf.57. Global Energy Network Institute, “Policy Options: Electricity Feedin Laws: Case Study in Germany,” http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/policy/renewableenergy/electricityfeed-inlaws/germany/index.shtml.58. Worldwatch Institute, “Behind the Chilly Air: Impacts of China’sNew Wind Pricing Regulation,” Worldwatch.org, 30 March 2006,http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3904.59. Class 4 refers to the classification of wind sites according to average wind speed, ranging from class 1 through class 6, the higher theclass the faster the wind speed and, therefore, the better the location is for wind turbines. See U.S. Department of Energy, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, “Advanced Component Technology,”Wind Research—Advanced Component Technology—Wind Pact, 10April 2007, http://www.nrel.gov/wind/advanced technology.html.
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60. International Energy Agency, “Activities and Accomplishments,”
Current Activities and Accomplishments, http://www.ieawind.org/activities accomplishments.html.61. European Wind Energy Association, “Focus on Supply Chain:Supply Chain: The Race to Meet Demand,” Wind Directions,January–February 2007, p. 28, http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/eweadocuments/documents/publications/WD/2007 january/0701-WD26focus.pdf.62. Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind 2006 Report, 2006, p. 2. pdf.63. Ibid.64. Ibid.65. Ibid., p. 6.66. Ibid.67. Siemens AG, “Wind Turbines for Power Generation,” Siemens Power
Generation: Case Studies, http://www.powergeneration.siemens.com/en/windpower/casestudies/index.cfm.68. Siemens AG, “Hydro and Siemens cooperate on technology for fullscale demonstration of floating wind turbines,” Press Release, 26 June26 2007, http://www.siemens.com/index.jsp?sdc p=fmls4uo1452973ni1165473pcz3&sdc bcpath=1330815.s 4,1330854.s 4,1305779.s 4,:1328494.s 4,&sdc sid=17642218393&.69. Hydro has only one wind farm in operation with 40 MW capacity. Source: Hydro, “Operating Power Plants,” Operating PowerPlants—Hydro,http://www.hydro.com/en/our business/oil energy/renewable energy/wind power/operating power plants.html.70. Hoover’s, “Vestas Wind Systems A/S,” http://premium.hoovers.com/
subscribe/co/overview.xhtml?ID=fffrtryyyyfjfkhxxx.71. Vestas Wind Systems, Vestas Annual Report 2006: Wind, Oiland Gas,” 2006, p. 16, http://www.vestas.com/NR/rdonlyres/01B94D068F6B-4443-ABC7-0DAF2C97AA40/0/2006 AR UK.pdf.72. Staff, “Going Global,” New Energy: Magazine for Renewable Energy February 2007, p. 26, http://www.newenergy.info/index.php?id=1430.73. Suzlon Energy Ltd., “Suzlon signs one of the largest contracts in thehistory of US wind power industry,” Press Release, 29 June 2007,http://www.suzlon.com/images/you/Suzlon-PPM%20Announcement%20290607.pdf.74. REpower Systems AG, “Suzlon successfully concludes acquisitionbid for REpower and controls 87% of votes in the Hamburg-based
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company,” Press Release, 1 June 2007, http://www.repower.de/index.php?id=151&backPID=25&tt news=1363&L=1.75. REpower
Systems AG, “Portrait,” REpower Unternehmen,http://www.repower.de/index.php?id=38&L=176. Gamesa Corporacion Tecnologica, Gamesa, Resultados 2006, 20February 2007. http://www.gamesa.es/files/File/Gamesa Resultados2006.pdf.77. Ibid.78. Nordex AG, Annual Report 2006, 30 April 2007, p. 18, http://www.
nordex-online.com/fileadmin/MEDIA/Geschaeftsberichte/NordexGB 2006 GB.pdf.79. Clipper Windpower, Inc., “Investor Information 2006 Highlights,” 2006,http://www.clipperwind.com/2006 highlights.php.80. For more information on BP’s wind business, see BP, AlternativeEnergy: Wind Power, http://www.bp.com/subsection.do? categoryId=9013381&contentId=7026158.81. BTM Consult ApS via European Wind Energy (EWEA), “Focus onSupply Chain: Supply Chain: The race to meet demand,” Wind Directions, January/-February 2007, p. 29,. http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea documents/documents/publications/WD/2007 january/0701WD26-focus.pdf.82. Ibid.83. Ibid.84. Ibid., p. 30.85. Ibid., p. 31.86. American Semiconductor, Form 10-K, filed 6/14/2007 for period ending
3/31/2007, pp. 3–5.87. Zoltek Corp., “Panex: Applications and Uses,” http://www.zoltek.com/
products/panexuses.php.88. Zoltek Corp. “Zoltek reports new expanded carbon fiber supply agreement with Vestas Wind Systems,” 22 May 2007, http://ir.zoltek.com/releases.cfm.89. European Wind Energy Association, “Focus on Industry: New Playerson Board,” Wind Directions, March–April 2007, p. 41, http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea documents/documents/publications/WD/2007 march/WD0703-focus.pdf.90. See FPL Energy, “Plant Fact Sheets,” http://www.fplenergy.com/
portfolio/wind/plantfactsheet.shtml.
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91. FPL Energy, “About Us,” http://www.fplenergy.com/about/contents/
about us.shtml.92. See FPL Energy, “Solar,” http://www.fplenergy.com/portfolio/solar/
index.shtml.93. Jim Jelter, “Iberdrola to buy Energy East for $4.5 billion,” Market
Watch, June 25, 2007, http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/spains-iberdrola-buy-energy-east/story.aspx?guid=%7BB8510E60B4AE-4F70-BDDD-0E73259C7E57%7D.94. Acciona Energáia, “Eáolica,” http://www.acciona-energia.es/default.asp?x=00020201.95. Ibid.96. Staff, “Acciona nets US wind power assets,” Yahoo! News, 28,
June 2007, ttp://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070628/bs afp/spainenergycompany 070628171750&printer=1; ylt=Ap8Wbu1PJ28vbMaqy1ZtbC6oOrgF.97. Babcock & Brown, “Business Activities,” http://www.babcockbrown.
com/bnb-business-groups/infrastructure-/business-activities.aspx.
CHAPTER 71. For instance, an energy efficiency rate of 30 percent means that out of
all the energy contained within a fuel, only 30 percent can be put to useby means of the technology in question, the rest is lost.2. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc comparisonchart.pdf.3. Ibid.4. Fuel Cells 2000, Fuel Cell Basics: Types, Fuel Cells 2000: The On-
line Fuel Cell Information Source, http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html.5. For example platinum, whose prices have risen by 129 percentover a five-year period, from June 13, 2002, to June 13, 2007,in U.S. markets for opening prices per troy ounce. See JohnsonMatthey, “Current and Historical: PGM Prices,”. Platinum Today,http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/current historical.html.6. Fuel Cells 2000 claims that “properly configured fuel cells can achieveup to 99.9999% reliability, less than one minute of down time ina six year period.” See Fuel Cells 2000, Fuel Cell Basics: Benefits,
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NOTES
Fuel Cells 2000: The Online Fuel Cell Information Source, http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/benefits.html.7. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renew-
able Energy, Technical Plan: Technology Validation,” 27 April 2007,http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/techvalid.pdf.8. Ibid., p. 3.5-3.9. Fuel Cells 2000, Fuel Cell Baiscs: Types, Fuel Cells 2000: The On-
line Fuel Cell Information Source, http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html.10. Plug Power, Form 10-K, Filed 3/16/2007 for period ending 12/31/2006,p. F-5.11. Hydrogenics Corp., Delivered HySTAT Hydrogen Stations, http://
www.hydrogenics.com/onsite/pdf/delivered success.pdf.12. Regenerative fuel cells (RFC) are a closed-loop system in which wateris decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. Whenthe fuel cell is put to work, it reunites them to form water, which isrefueled into the system to be put through electrolysis again. A bigadvantage is that fuel does not occupy much space. The energy forthe electrolysis process comes from a renewable source, such as solaror wind, which makes RFCs ideal for satellites with solar panels.13. GrafTech, “GrafCell: Fuel Cells, http://www.graftechaet.com/Home/Brands/GRAFCELL.aspx.14. See Frost and Sullivan estimate, Thomas Weisel Partners, Plug Power:
Clean, Reliable On-Site Energy, 13 June 13, slide 8, http://www.b2i.us/Profiles/Investor/Investor.asp&quest;BzID=604&from=du&ID=39091&myID=1930&L=I&Validate=3&I=.15. EnerSys, Inc. Corporate Presentation, William Blair Growth Conference, Chicago IL, June 2007.16. Ballard Power Systems, Ballard Power Systems: Making Fuel
Cells a Commercial Reality, http://www.ballard.com/resources/documents/General%20IR%20PPT May%2010%202007.pdf.17. See Distributed Energy Systems, “Onsite Hydrogen Generation,”http://www.distributed-energy.com/hydrogen generation/onsite.html.18. For more information, visit the Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. Web site
at http://www.teledyneenergysystems.com/.19. Fuel Cells 2000, Fuel Cell Basics: Types, Fuel Cells 2000: The On-
line Fuel Cell Information Source, http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html.
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20. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renew-
able Energy, “Natural Gas Reforming,” Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, 8 November 2006, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/natural gas.html.21. Ibid.22. Gasoline gallon equivalent is the amount of hydrogen that produces
the same amount of energy as a gallon of gasoline.23. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renew-
able Energy, DOE Announces New Hydrogen Cost Goal,” Hydrogen,Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, 28 April 2006,http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/news cost goal.html.24. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy, “Hydrogen Production Overview,” FY 2006 Annual ProgressReport: DOE Hydrogen Program, p. 18, http://www.hydrogen. energy.gov/pdfs/progress06/ii 1 introduction.pdf.25. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “U.S.
Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices (Cents per Gallon),”http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/mg rt usw.htm.26. U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Energy FY 2008 Congressional Budget Request: Fossil Energy and Other,, February 2007, vol.7, p. 47, http://www.mbe.doe.gov/budget/08budget/Content/Volumes/Vol 7 FE.pdf.27. Ibid.28. U.S. Department of Energy, “U.S. Department of Energy Awards
$100 million in Fuel Cell R&D,” 24 October 2006, http://www.energy.gov/news/4401.htm.29. U.S. Department of Energy, “Future Fuel Cells R&D,” 10 May 2007,http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/.30. Ibid.31. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renew-
able Energy, “Preliminary draft research topics subject to revisionprior to a solicitation being issued May 1