ilicon producer/startup, 106tSwitzerlandrenewable energy targets, 51tsolar PV support mechanisms, 98tSynthesis gas (syngas), 291Synthetic coal gasification products, 153
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ThermoGenesis, stock holdings, 18Thin film, 113tcompetition. See Silicon solar cellsPV technologies, production costs(reduction), 113silicon, competition, 116solar, 84Tide current system, 185Tide level system, 185Tide power, 185–186Time-based pricing, introduction, 205Time-of-use pricing, introduction, 204Tokuyama, polysilicon producer, 104, 105tTotal electricity generating capacity, IEAforecasts. See Organization for EconomicCooperation and DevelopmentTotal installed U.S. solar power generationcapacity, increase, 89Total U.S. energy consumptionfossil fuel percentage, 62nuclear power percentage, 62Toyota Motor Corp., 242–243Transportation. See Clean transportationenergy demand. See Organization forEconomic Cooperation andDevelopmentfuel. See Coal-to-liquid transportation fuelsector, energy consumption, 62signaling devices, usage, 87Trichlorosilane (TCS // HSiCl3 ), 86Trina Solar, U.S.-listed solar PV company, 121tTrough-based CSP power systems, electricitycost, 80–81Trough system, 77–78True Cost of Solar: 10 Cents/kWh by 2010(Photon Consulting), 101TV/radio towers, usage, 87Two-way advanced metering infrastructuresystems, 217Two-way meter communicationavailability, 208example, 209fTXU, AMI smart metering projects, 217
UTTata Motors, 241Tax breaks. See Renewable energyTCS. See TrichlorosilaneTechnological superiority, 310TECO Energy, 292Tectonic plate boundaries, hot spots(occurrence), 165Teledyne Technologies, 159Tesla Motors, 249Texassolar PV incentives, 94twind power, 56Thailand, renewable energy targets, 51tThermal solar power, 75
UL. See Underwriters LaboratoriesULSD. See Ultra-low sulfur dieselUltra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), 239Underwriters Laboratories (UL) E85certification, 260Ungeheuer, Udo, 80Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 150system, PEM fuel cell usage, 161Union of Concerned Scientists, belief. SeeRenewable electricityUnited Kingdomrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 98tUnited Nations Environment Programme(UNEP), 38
index
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369
Index
United Statescarbon emissions, increase, 58tKyoto Protocol exemption, 57United States-Canada AMR electric metermarket shares, 220fUnited States Climate Action Partnership, 59Upgraded Metallurgical Silicon (uMGS), 113tcompetition. See PolysiliconUPS. See Uninterruptible power supplyUpstream solar players, 103–112U.S. annual ethanol production, 263fU.S.-based investor, dollar conversion, 10U.S. BioEnergy, 269ethanol producer, 270tU.S. coal companies, 287–288U.S. corn-based ethanol industry, ethanolproduction (impossibility), 264U.S. dollar, U.S. trade deficit vulnerability, 10U.S. economic recession, 23U.S. electricity costs, future solar costs(contrast), 102tU.S. electricity flow, 66fU.S. electricity generationcosts. See Average U.S. electricity generationcostssources, overview, 65–68U.S. electricity prices, EIA report, 41U.S. electric power, source classification, 68fU.S. electric power consumptionsource classification, 67ftype classification, 67fU.S. energy consumption, 64fU.S. energy flowsoverview, 62–64schematic, 63fU.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)Alternative Policy forecasts, 70analysis. See Geothermal energyestimates. See Power-generating capacityforecasts. See Clean energy; Electric powergeneration; Fossil fuels; Primary energyconsumption; World energyconsumption; World fossil fuelconsumptionreport. See U.S. electricity pricesU.S. energy statistics, 311U.S. ethanol industrycompanies, involvement, 272–273market shares, 269–271obstacles, 258–260U.S. ethanol producers, 270tU.S. federal/state solar PV incentives, 93t–94tU.S. fuel cell companies, financial data, 155tU.S. Geothermal, 175U.S. Geothermal Resource map, 165, 166fU.S. government clean energy supportinitiatives, 53–57U.S. government support. See EthanolU.S. Green Building Council, establishment, 197U.S. hybrid market share, 244fU.S.-Iraq war. See Operation Desert Storm
U.S.-listed railroads, 273U.S.-listed solar PV companies, 121tU.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL), 6–7dish system company information, 79NREL-developed technologies, 7sun energy, estimates, 75wind research programs, 136U.S. petroleum import dependence, 32fU.S. power utilities, green power usage (NRELmonitoring), 180U.S. renewable energy power, IEA forecasts, 71fU.S. renewable energy targets, 51tU.S. retail electricity prices, 42fU.S. solar PVattractiveness, 101module prices, 122fU.S. Solar Technology Program, 76U.S. state clean energy initiatives, 56–57U.S. state-level renewable electricity standards,54fU.S. transportation fuel supply, ethanol(future), 263–265U.S. vital national interests, 32User-installed solar systems, electricitydistribution, 82Utah, Western Regional Climate ActionInitiative, 57Utilities, cleanup, 177
VVail Resorts, Green Pricing Program (success),179Valence Technology, 246Valuation, excess, 22–23Venezuela, total U.S. imports, 33Venture capital (VC)funds, 7, 8investment, 7–8VeraSun Energy, 260, 269, 271ethanol producer, 270tVerdant Power, 186Very large scale photovoltaic (VLS-PV) powergeneration systems, 88Vestas Wind Systems, 139, 141global pure-lay wind power manufacturer,140tmanufacturer/component supplier, 143tstock holdings, 20Vital national interests. See U.S. vital nationalinterestsVLS-PV. See Very large scale photovoltaicVoltage-regulated lead acid (VRLA)rechargeable batteries, 228
WWacker Chemie AG, 104, 105tWafersproducers, 103–112
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370Wafers (Continued)production costs, 103usage. See Solar photovoltaic powervalue chain, 85Waldpolenze Solar Park, construction cost, 88Walsh, Kevin, 12Washingtonsolar PV incentives, 94tWestern Regional Climate Action Initiative,57Waste byproducts, production (absence), 82Water shortages, 38Wave motion system, 185Wave power, 185–186Western Regional Climate Action Initiative,56–57WFI Industries Ltd., stock holdings, 18WG Associates, 79Who Killed the Electric Car?, 247Whole Foods Market, stock holdings, 18Wikipedia, input, 40Wildlife, wind power danger, 128Wind power, 125. See also Offshore wind poweradvantages, 125, 126Asian markets, growth, 132–133base, comparison, 72capacity. See Installed wind capacitydollar value, 131forecast. See Global cumulative installedwind capacitycomponent shortages, 137cost, 127credit, extension, 136danger. See Wildlifedisadvantages, 127–128diversification. See Energy sourceseconomics, 133–135electricity, derivation, 135fEuropean market, growth, 131–132government incentives, impact, 136–137government-sponsored incentives, 135–137greenhouse gas emissions, absence, 126impact. See Communicationindustrycompanies, 137–146growth rates/prospects, 131–133issues, 137installation costs, 127installations, forecast. See Global annualwind installationsintermittency, impact. See Power gridintermittent electricity production, 127job creation, 126land usability, 126location, output decrease, 127manufacturers. See Global pure-lay windpower manufacturernoise, 128onshore/offshore operation, 126operation/maintenance costs, 126operators, 144–146power generation solution, popularity, 309power transmission line costs, 127
INDEX
resources, 314–315significance, 134–135systems, 40technological developments, 129–130transmissionproblems, AWEA solution, 134rate pancaking, 134Wind projects, electricity sale price, (BerkleyLab study), 133–134Wind speed, importance, 129Wind turbinescomponent manufacturers, 142–144construction, 130control systems, manufacturers, 144function, 128–129gearboxes/bearings, manufacturers, 142, 144generators, manufacturers, 142manufacturers, 137–141. See also Pure-playpublicly traded wind turbinemanufacturerscomponent suppliers, 143tglobal market shares, 138fU.S. market shares, 139frotor blades, manufacturers, 142towers, manufacturers, 142, 144Winergy, market share, 142Winslow Green Growth Fund (WGGFX), 18clean energy mutual fund data, 19tWMO. See World Meteorological OrganizationWorld annual solar PV cell production, 90fWorld electricity generationfuel classification, 68frenewables, percentage, 65World energy consumption, EIA forecast,33–34World fossil fuel consumption, EIA forecast, 28fWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO), 38World oil supply (cutoff), Iran (impact), 33World primary energy production, 64fWyoming, solar PV incentives, 94t
XXcel Energy, 232renewable energy sales, ranking, 180t
YYingli Green Energy, 10, 120U.S.-listed solar PV company, 121tYork International Corp., acquisition, 198–199Yunnan Qujing Aixin Silicon Tech Project,polysilicon producer/startup, 106t
ZZAP, Inc., 249Zhengroung, Shi (wealth), 47–48ZigBee, 216Zoltek Companies, 144global pure-lay wind power manufacturer,140tstock holdings, 15
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