, appearance, 279usage. See Global corn usageCorn-based ethanol company, dependence,268–269Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), 238increase, 258Covanta Holding Corp., 184
index
JWPR076-Asplund
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355
Index
CPUC. See California Public UtilitiesCommissionCree Inc.LED manufacturer, 196stock holdings, 14Critical use pricing, implementation, 203–205Crude oil, stocks (correlation), 44Crude oil pricescontrast. See Melvin Clean Energy Index;Melvin Ethanol Index; Melvin PowerEfficiency Index; Melvin Solar PowerEnergy Indexdecrease, impact. See Ethanolfluctuations, 43OPEC control, 29volatility, 28Crude oil supply problem, exacerbation, 30Crystalline silicon waferscompetition, 116incumbent technology, 115market share, retention, 115CSG Holdings, polysilicon producer/startup,105tCSP. See Concentrating solar powerCurtailment programs, 205–206CVC Capital Partners, 221Cyber security attacks, tolerance, 203Cypress Semiconductor Corp., 120stock holdings, 15Cyprusrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 95tCzech Republicrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 95t
DDaimlerChrysler, Ballard Power Systems(partnership), 156Dakota Gasification Company, Great PlainsSynfuels Plant, 292Database of State Incentives for RenewableEnergy, 92DC. See Direct currentDC Chemical Co., polysilicon producer/startup,105tDCSI. See Distribution Control Systems Inc.Demand response. See Global demand responseadvanced metering, relationship, 210FERC definition, 204peak shaving, schematic, 205fpower efficiency solution, 203–206Denmarkrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 95tDeutsche Solar/Shell, global solar PVcell/module producer, 119tDiesel fuel, cleaning, 239Diesel-powered generators, 40Direct current (DC), usage, 87
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Direct electricity storage systems, types,227–230Direct liquid fuel cell (DLFC), 153Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), 153example, 153fusage, 156Dish system. See Concentrating solar powerlinkage. See Stirling engineDistributed Energy Systems Corp., 235–236analysis, 157HOGEN electrolysis product line, usage, 159U.S. fuel cell company, financial data, 155tDistributed power solutionsdemand, 40–41inclusion, 40Distribution Control Systems Inc. (DCSI), 222DLFC. See Direct liquid fuel cellDMFC. See Direct methanol fuel cellDMI Industries, wind tower manufacturer,142Domestic energy efficiency, 6Dominican Republic, renewable energy targets,51tDow Corning Corp., 104–105part owner. See Hemlock SemiconductorCorp.polysilicon startup, 106tDry steam geothermal plants, 168fDry steam power plants, 167Duke Energy Corp., 292DuPontinvolvement. See Biofuelspartnership. See Biobutanol
EE85certification. See Underwriters Laboratoriesoil company obstruction, 259pump costs, 259Earthwatch, 255Echelon Corporation, 200stock holdings, 14Ecomagination (GE), product variety, 11–12Economic activity, disruption, 38ECX. See European Climate ExchangeEdison, Thomas, 190Edison Internationaljoint venture. See British Petroleumpartnership. See Hydrogen-fueled power plantEducation/information dissemination, 50EGS. See Enhanced geothermal systemsEgypt, renewable energy targets, 51tEIA. See U.S. Energy InformationAdministrationElectricityconsumption, focus (narrowing), 34–35costs, future solar costs (contrast). See U.S.electricity costscustomer, environmental leader, 178derivation. See Wind power
index
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January 15, 2008
356Electricity (Continued )generation, 82assets, necessity, 88–89systems, economy. See On-site renewableelectricity generation systemsgrid, unreliability, 40–41inflation-adjusted retail price, 41markets, enablement, 203price hikes, protection, 82Electricity meters, 206–208market shares, 219–223upgrades, potential, 218fU.S.-Canada shipments, 219fElectricity prices. See Global residentialelectricity pricesEIA report. See U.S. electricity priceshikes, regulator blockage, 41increase, 42solar power, competition. See Residentialgrid electricity pricesElectricity storageresources, 316solutions, necessity, 226systemstypes. See Direct electricity storagesystemsusage, 225target market sizes, 233–236Electricity Storage Association (ESA),233–234Electric power generationEIA forecast, 35fsupply. See Non-OECD countriesElectric utilities, clean energy (EPA)encouragement, 178Electric vehicles, companies (involvement),246–247Electrolysisproduct line. See HOGEN electrolysis productlineusage. See HydrogenElectromechanical electric meter, example,207fElkem Solarplant construction, 118polysilicon startup,106tElster Metering, 221EMCORE Corp., U.S.-listed solar PV company,121tEmei Semiconductor Material Factory,polysilicon producer/startup, 105tEmissions reduction target, Bush plan(problems), 58EnCana, 292Enel SpA, 174–175Enercon, manufacturer/component supplier,143tEnergyconsumption. See Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development
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EIA forecast. See World energyconsumptionconversions, 318demand. See Global energy demand;Non-OECD energy demandsecurity, 31–33Brazil, approach, 33Energy Conversion Devices, U.S.-listed solar PVcompany, 121tEnergy East, AMI smart metering projects,217Energy from the Desert: Practical Proposalsfor Very Large Scale PhotovoltaicSystems, 88Energy Information Administration. See U.S.Energy Information AdministrationEnergy Policy Act of 2005demand response, importance, 210passage, 54–55standards, 187Energy Policy Conservation Act, 238Energy sources, wind power diversification,126Energy Star Program, 179, 189–190Energy technologies, changes, 39Energy technology, SIC classification, 40EnerNOC Inc., 223Enersys, 234Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), usage(possibility), 165, 167Environmental Power Corp., 184stock holdings, 20Environmental regulation, increase, 49Ersol Solar Energy AG, global solar PVcell/module producer, 119tESA. See Electricity Storage AssociationESCO Technologies, 221–222electricity meter market share, 219Estoniarenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 96tETFs. See Exchange-traded fundsEthanol, 253. See also Cellulosic-basedethanoladvantages/disadvantages, 254–257summary, 257attractiveness, 271Brazil, competition, 260–262company investmentanalysis, 266–269criteria, 272corn, usage, 265corn/sugar feedstock prices, 268fdisadvantage, 255–256economics, 260expense, 257feedstock products, futures/options, 21future, 265–266. See also U.S. transportationfuel supplyfuturescontracts, strip curve, 277–278
index
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357
Index
markets, 275–278prices, 276gasoline, mixture, 257imports, 264tariff (retention), U.S. farm lobby(strength), 262investment, conclusions, 271–272MTBE switch, 25plants, construction/ operation, 12–13prices, gasoline prices (contrast), 276fproducers, 261fproductioncorn, percentage, 266–267corn, usage (disadvantage), 255–256process, 254resources, 317stocksbearishness, 43crude oil prices, decrease (impact),44–45weakness, 23sugarcane, usage, 265U.S. government support, 257–258U.S. industry, GDP (addition), 255usage, 245Ethanol-corn crush profit margin, 267fEthanol-corn crush spread, 268EUA. See European Union AllowanceEuropecarbon emissions, increase, 58tinstalled wind capacity, 133fsolar hot water heating, increase,76–77solar PV support mechanisms, 95t–99tEuropean cap-and-trade CO2 emissions,explanation, 302–303European Climate Exchange (ECX)CFI CO2 futures, 301fCO2 futures, 298fcontract, 298settlement prices, 299tECI CO2 , futures prices, 301ffutures market, 297European CO2 allowances, trading, 297–300European Union Allowance (EUA), 298factors, 301European Union (EU)countries, renewable energy targets, 50Environment Commission, 300National Allocation Plan, setup, 302renewable electricity share targets, 52fEuropean Wind Energy Association (EWEA),126European wind power, success, 532Evergreen Solar, 120U.S.-listed solar PV company, 121tEWEA. See European Wind Energy AssociationExchange-traded funds (ETFs), 14. See alsoClean energyperformance, reduction, 15Exide Technologies, 234
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FFAG Kugelfischer AG, bearing manufacturers,142Farm tools/implements, 273FBR. See Fluidized bed reactionFederal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC)definition. See Demand responseinstructions, 210Feed-in tariffs. See Germanyusefulness, 51Ferroatlantica/Apollon, polysilicon startup, 106tFertilizer products, 273FFVs. See Flex-fuel vehiclesFinancial reporting, limitation, 9Finavera Renewables, 186Finlandrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 96tFirmware, remote updating, 216First Solar Inc., 112, 120global solar PV cell/module producer, 119tstock holdings, 14U.S.-listed solar PV company, 121tFirst Trust Nasdaq Clean Edge U.S. LiquidSeries Index Fund, clean energy ETF, 17tFirst U.S.-Iraq war. See Operation Desert StormFlash steam geothermal plants, 168fFlash steam power plants, 167Flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs), 259Florida, solar PV incentives, 93tFlorida Power and LightFPL Group ownership, 145Green Pricing Program, usage, 179renewable energy sales, ranking, 180tFluid Bed Silicon, 113tFluidized bed reaction (FBR), 103technology, 111Flywheel-based energy storage, development,234–235Flywheelspower storage systems, 232–233schematic, 233Fordhybrid sales, 243Ford, Ballard Power Systems (partnership), 156Foreign oildependence (reduction), geothermal power(impact), 164imports, U.S. dependence, 31Forward-looking integrated petroleumcompanies, 12Fossil fuelscartels, 27–31impact, 307–308market size, 69–70negatives, 27–31percentage. See Total U.S. energyconsumptionpollution, 28
index
JWPR076-Asplund
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358Fossil fuels (Continued)price spikes/increases, 27–31solution, unlikelihood, 308supply shocks, vulnerability, 28–29U.S. Energy Information Administration,forecasts, 28FPL Energy, 144–146wind capacity ranking, 145fFrancerenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 96tFriedman, Thomas, 47Front-end load expenses, 15Fuel blenders/retailers, biofuel mandates, 50FuelCell Energyanalysis, 157U.S. fuel cell company, financial data, 155tFuel-cell-powered vehicles, 241–242Fuel cells, 147advantages, 148backup/distributed power, 148classification, 151cogeneration, enhancement,148commercialization challenges, 158–162companies, financial data. See U.S. fuel cellcompaniescost, 148–149, 160–162defining, 149–154development, DOE promotion, 160disadvantages, 148–149disappointment, 309efficiency, increase, 148electricity, storage capability,148feasibility, 160–162hydrogen production, problem, 149industryanalysis, 154–157target markets, 158internal workings, 150fmegawatt/multimegawatt power production,150operating costs, comparison. See Hightemperature fuel cellsoperating temperature, tradeoff, 150–151perceptions, problems, 149pollution, absence, 148power storage system, 232remote operation, ability, 148resources, 314–315sector, investment guidelines,162system, Ballard Power Systems projections,161ttechnology, overview, 149–154types, 149–150classification, 151tusage, 40Fuel Systems Solutions, stock holdings, 20Fuel Tech Inc., 290–291
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FutureGen (DOE), 160Future of Coal, The (MIT study), 31Futures contracts, green relationship, 21Future solar costs, contrast. See U.S. electricitycosts
GGAAEX. See Guinness Atkinson AlternativeEnergy FundGamesa Corporacion Tecnologica, 141global pure-lay wind power manufacturer,140tmanufacturer/component supplier, 143tGamesa Corporation Technologica, stockholdings, 18Gasoline-electric hybrid sales, growth, 250Gasoline prices, tracking, 43General Electric (GE). See Ecomaginationassets/investments. See Capital-intensiveindustriesclean energy involvement, 11GE Energy Financial Services, 12lithium-ion battery partners, 246–247partnership. See Carbon capture; Carbongasificationresearch and development (R&D), 11–12turnkey coal gasification power plants,offering, 292–293wind power, involvement, 138wind production, 125wind turbine, 129fGeneral Electric (GE) Energy, manufacturer/component supplier, 143tGeneral Motors (GM)EV1 vehicle, 247hybrid sales, 243Generation options, accommodation, 203Geopolitical energy dependence, 69Geothermal energycapital-intensive technology, 171EIA analysis, 171extraction, 167–169future, 172–175market, companies, 173–175Geothermal energy, MIT report, 165, 167Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), 170advantages, 170–171EPA study, 170usage, 170Geothermal power, 163advantages, 163–164construction, impact. See Land stabilitycost, constancy, 163cost-competitiveness, 309disadvantages, 164–165economics, 171–172electricity generation costs, 163geographic viability, 164heat source depletion, problem, 165impact. See Foreign oil
index
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359
Index
plants. See Binary-cycle geothermal plantsconstruction cost, 171–172systems, development, 169–170resources, 315sludge production, problem, 164source, continuity, 164Geothermal resources, 165–167base, U.S. Geological Survey estimate, 172Germanyfeed-in tariff, 53renewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV growth, 91solar PV support mechanisms, 96tGHPs. See Geothermal heat pumpsGiraSolar, polysilicon producer/startup, 105tGlobal AMR electric meter market shares,220fGlobal annual wind installations, forecast, 132fGlobal clean energy stocks, holding, 15Global corn usage, 286–287Global cumulative installed wind capacity,forecast, 131fGlobal demand response, 215Global energydemand, 33–36flows, overview, 62–64statistics, 311–312Global ETFs, green mutual funds (relationship),20Global Ethanol, ethanol producer, 270tGlobal geothermal hot spots, 166fGlobal hybrid vehicle, monthly sales, 243fGlobal market shares multicrystalline PVwafers, 107fGlobal oil companies, production (stability), 30Global petroleum companies, 12–14Global polysilicon producers, 104fGlobal power failures, occurrence, 40–41Global pure-lay wind power manufacturers,140tGlobal renewable power annual growth rates,71fGlobal residential electricity prices, 100fGlobal solar industry, development, 9Global solar PV cell/module producers, ranking,119tGlobal solar PV industry, mass productionstage, 82Global solar PV module production forecast, 90Global temperature variation, 37fGlobal warming, 69greenhouse gas emissions, cause, 37–38increase, model forecasts, 37methane impact, EarthSave data, 183problem, increase, 308Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), forecast,131–132Global wind operators, capacity ranking, 145fGlucose (C6 H12 O6 ), decomposition, 254Goodell, Jeff, 288Good-till-cancelled stop, usage, 23
Gore, Al, 36–37Governmentclean energyincentives/mandates, 48–50support initiatives. See U.S. governmentclean energy support initiativesmandates/incentives, impact. See Cleanenergysupport, success, 53Government-sponsored incentives. See WindpowerGrafTech International (GTI), analysis, 157Greecerenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 96tGreen buildings, 197–198services, 6Green-e, monitoring. See Renewable EnergyCertificateGreenFuel Technologies Corporation, 294Greenhouse gasesreduction, 13release, 28Greenhouse gases emissions, 36–39, 69absence, 82cause. See Global warmingcurbs, 49Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, stockholdings, 18Green mutual funds, 18, 19trelationship. See Global ETFsGreen New Deal, proposal, 57Green powermarketing programs, 315usage, NREL monitoring. See U.S. powerutilitiesGreen power marketing programs, 178–180Green Power Partnership (EPA), 178Green Pricing Program (DOE), 178–179success. See Vail Resortsusage. See Florida Power and LightGrid. See Smart gridefficiency/reliability, 201modernization, Center for Smart Energyelements, 203reliability, resources, 316unreliability. See ElectricityGrid-connected residential system, 92Grid electricity prices. See Residential gridelectricity pricesGTI. See GrafTech InternationalGuinness Atkinson Alternative Energy Fund(GAAEX), 20clean energy mutual fund data, 19tGWEC. See Global Wind Energy Council
HHalogen bulbs, 190Handbook of Photovoltaic Science andEngineering, 115–116
index
JWPR076-Asplund
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360Harper-Slaboszewicz, Patti,216–217HawaiiCO2 emissions caps, 56solar PV incentives, 93tHawkeye Renewables, LLC (ethanol producer),270tHeating/ventilating/air conditioning (HVAC),electricity usage (efficiency), 198Hemlock Semiconductor Corp., 103–105, 105tDow Corning, part owner, 117HEV. See Hybrid electric vehicleHigh temperature fuel cells, operating costs(comparison), 150–151High-temperature superconductor (HTS), 230,234HOGEN electrolysis product line, 159Hoku Scientific, polysilicon producer/startup,105tHonda, hybrid sales, 243Hot dry rock system, 169–170Household end-users, electricity demand, 204HSiCl3 . See TrichlorosilaneHSL. See Hybrid Solar LightingHTS. See High-temperature superconductorHungaryrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 96tHunt Technologies, 221electricity meter market share, 219HVAC. See Heating/ventilating/air conditioningHybrid electric vehicle (HEV), 242companies, involvement, 246–247mileage, 243–244resources, 316Hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles, 242–244Hybrid Solar Lighting (HSL), 196–197Hydrocarbon fuels, reforming, 158–159Hydroelectric power, percentage, 65Hydrogenconcentration, 291delivery costs, 159–160economy, 147electrolysis, usage, 158–159external reformer, 151tinput fuel, 151internal production, 151tobtaining, processes, 158–159power, BP involvement, 13productionDOE goal, 159problem. See Fuel cellsHydrogen-based engines, 240Hydrogen-based fuel, 153Hydrogen-fueled power plant, BP/EdisonInternational partnership, 13Hydrogenics Corp.analysis, 157U.S. fuel cell company, financial data, 155tHydrothermal convection systems, occurrence,167
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IIberdrola SA, 145–146wind capacity ranking, 145fICE. See Intercontinental Exchange, Inc.;International Commodity ExchangeIEA. See International Energy AgencyIGCC. See Integrated gasification combinedcycleImplementing Agreement on Demand-SideManagement Technologies andProgrammes (IEA), 215Incandescent bulbs, 190Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore), 36–37Independent power producers (IPPs), 144Indiacarbon emissions, increase, 58tcoal consumption, 289fcoal usage, increase, 287Kyoto Protocol exemption, 57renewable energy targets, 51tIndustrial Information Resources, 290–291Industry meter penetration rates/upgradeopportunities, 217–218Information resources, 311Information technology, 39Initial public offering (IPO), 7execution, 8Installed wind capacity, 133fInstitutional investors, encouragement, 9Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC),292Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (ICE), 280–281Futures network, 297Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), 36–37greenhouse gas emission information, 37–38Internal combustion enginealternative fuels, 239–240elimination, 241–242phaseout, 309saving, 238International Commodity Exchange (ICE),carbon allowance futures contracts, 21International Energy Agency (IEA)Alternative Policy, 72forecast, 70. See also Organization forEconomic Cooperation andDevelopment; Power; U.S. renewableenergy powerprojected annual compounded growth rates,70, 72International Energy Outlook 2007 (EIA), 69Interros, partnership. See Norilsk NickelInterval data, provision, 216Inverter, necessity, 87Investment tax credit (ITC), 92Investor portfolio, diversification, 8IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChangeIPPs. See Independent power producers
index
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361
Index
Iranimpact. See World oil supplyrevolution, 28Irelandrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms,97tIsis Pharmaceuticals, stock holdings, 18Iso-butane, usage, 168Isofoton, global solar PV cell/module producer,119tIsofoton/Endesa, polysilicon producer/startup,105tIso-pentane, usage, 168Israel, renewable energy targets, 51tItalyrenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 97tITC. See Investment tax creditItron, Inc., 219–220
JJapancarbon emissions, increase, 58trenewable energy targets, 51tRoofs program, cash subsidy, 92solar program, success, 53solar PV growth, 91JA Solar Holdings, 120U.S.-listed solar PV company, 121tJFE Steel, polysilicon producer/startup, 105t,106tJiangsu Sunshine, polysilicon producer/startup,105tJohnson, Warren, 198Johnson Controls, Inc., 198–199lithium-ion PHEV contracts, 246strategic goals, 199Joint Solar Silicon GmbH & Co., polysiliconproducer/startup, 105tJones, Paul Tudor, 186
KKalina system, 170Korea, renewable energy targets, 51tKuwait, Hussein invasion, 28,31–32Kyocera, global solar PV cell/module producer,119tKyoto Protocol, 57–58
LLandfill gas, methane percentage, 183Landis & Gyr, 221Land stability, geothermal plant construction(impact), 165Large-cap companyinvestment, 11pure-play, consideration. See Clean energy
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Large-cap stocks, 11–12Large-scale electricity storage solutions,usefulness, 226Latin America, installed wind capacity, 133fLatviarenewable electricity share targets, 52fsolar PV support mechanisms, 97tLCFS. See CaliforniaLDK Solar Co., 10U.S.-listed solar PV company, 121tLead acid rechargeable batteries, 227–228Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign (LEED), 197–198certification, 197–198LED. See Light emitting diodeLEED. See Leadership in Energy andEnvironmental DesignLEGG LLC, research, 255Light emitting diode (LED), 193–196. See alsoOrganic light emitting diodeadvantages, 194–195Lighting efficiency, 50, 190–197Lime Energy, 