8, 2007,” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/preliminary solicitationtopics.pdf.32. Ballard Power Systems, Ballard Power Systems: Making Fuel Cells aCommercial Reality.33. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy, Technical Plan: Technology Validation p. 3.5.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
336
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
NOTES
34. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, “U.S. Department of Energy Awards $100 million in Fuel CellR&D,” 24 October 2006, http://www.energy.gov/news/4401.htm.35. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, 2006 Office of Fossil Energy Fuel Cell Program Annual Report, September 2006, p. 6,http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/FY06Fuel Cell Program Report.pdf.
CHAPTER 81. Energy and Geosciences Institute, University of Utah, Briefing on
Geothermal Energy, prepared by the U.S. Geothermal Institute Industry Renewable Energy Task Force, 1997, Washington, D.C. Note: Thisbook uses the figure that 1 megawatt of power can supply 750 homeswhen discussing traditional power plants or geothermal power plants(as opposed to wind and solar plants which are intermittent), as recommended by the California Independent System Operator after consultations with California utilities. This is calculated as ((1 megawatt× 1000 kilowatts/megawatt × 8760 hours/year)/(10,656 kilowatt-hoursper year usage for average U.S. household)) × (about 90% capacity realized). The average annual U.S. household usage of 10,656 kilowatthours per year is sourced from Energy Information Administration,Electricity Consumption by End Use in U.S. Households, 2001, Table US-A, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/reps/endues/er01 us tab1.html. Seealso Bob Bellemare, “What is a Megawatt?,” UtiliPoint International,http://www.utilipoint.com/issuealert/print.asp?id=1728; and JohathanG. Koomey, et al., “Sorry, Wrong Number: The Use and Misuseof Numerical Facts in Analysis and Media Reporting of Energy Issues,” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment Journal 27(2002):119–158, http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/).2. Union of Concerned Scientists “How Geothermal Energy Works,”http://www.ucsusa.org/clean energy/renewable energy basics/offmenhow-geothermal-energy-works.html.3. See Geothermal Education Office, “Geothermal Energy—Worldwide,”geothermal.marin.org/geomap 1.html.4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Future of GeothermalEnergy Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on theUnited States in the 21st Century,” 22 January 2007, http:// geothermal.inel.gov. Note: A geothermal energy plant running at about 90 percent capacity could supply 750 homes for each megawatt of power. Seenote 1.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
Notes
337
5. Hreinn Hjaratarson, “Husavik Energy:- Multiple Use of Geothermal En-
ergy,” GHC Bulletin, June 2005, http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull262/art3.pdf.6. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Geothermal heat pumps make sense for homeowners,”DOE/GO-10098-651, 1999, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/pdfs/2616b.pdf.7. Ibid.8. Geothermal Energy Association, “All About Geothermal Energy:
Current Use,” http://geo-energy.org/aboutGE/currentUse.asp. Note: Ageothermal energy plant running at about 90 percent capacity couldsupply 750 homes for each megawatt of power. See notes 1 and 4.9. “Geothermal power,” Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/topic/geothermal-power?cat=technology.10. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Geothermal FAQs,” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/printable versions/faqs.html.11. California Energy Commission, Comparative Cost of California Central Station Electricity Generation Technologies: Final Staff Report,June 2003, http:www.energt.ca.gov/reports/2003-06-06 100-03-001f.pdf.12. J. Brugman, M. Hattar, K. Nichols, and Y. Esaki, Next GenerationGeothermal Power Plants, (Pasadena, CA: CE Holt Co. 1996).13. California Energy Commission, Comparative Cost of California Central Station Electricity Generation Technologies: Final Staff Report.14. Ibid.15. Environmental and Energy Study Institute, Energy: Tapping into the
Earth’s Core, 2006, http://www.eesi.org/publications/fact%20sheets/ec fact sheets/geothermal.pdf.16. Ibid.
CHAPTER 91. International Energy Agency, “The Utilization of CO2,” http://
jobfunctions.bnet.com/whitepaper.aspx?docid=111159).2. See U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, “Green Pricing,” The Green Power Network,http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/markets/pricing.shtml?page=1.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
338
NOTES
3. See Vail Resorts Management Company, “Ski with the Wind,”
http://www.snow.com/ info/windpower.asp.4. Joanne Kelley, “Vail casts its fate to wind power,” Rocky Moun-
tain News, 2 August 2006, http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/other business/article/0,2777,DRMN 23916 4887201,00.html.5. Florida Power and Light, “Sunshine Energy,” http://www.fpl.com/residential/electric/sunshine energy.shtml.6. See Energy Star, “Special Offers and Rebates from Energy Star
Partners,” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=rebate.rebate locator.7. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “NREL Ranks Leading
Utility Green Power Programs: Pricing programs give consumersclean power choices,” NREL Newsroom, 3 April 2007, http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2007/506.html.8. Anna Giovinetto, “On the Track of Green Certificates,” Environmental Finance, 15 September, 2003, http://www.evomarkets.com/assets/articles/ef9RECs rep.pdf.9. The Green-e Web site is located at http://www.green-e.org/about.shtml.10. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, “Renewable Energy Certificates: Commercial &/or wholesaleMarketers, The Green Power Network, http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/markets/certificates.shtml?page=4.11. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Biomass Today, Biomass Program, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/biomass today.html.12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Energy Projects and LandfillCandidates,” http://www.epa.gov/lmop/proj/index.htm.13. Environmental Power Corp., “Frequently Asked Questions,” http://www.environmentalpower.com/about/faq.php4.14. Noam Mohr, “A New Global Warming Strategy: How Environmentalists are Overlooking Vegetarianism as the Most Effective ToolAgainst Climate Change in Our Lifetimes,” EarthSave.org, August 2005,http://www.earthsave.org/news/earthsave global warming report.pdf.15. Schmack BioGas AG, “References,” http://www.schmack-biogas.
de/wEnglisch/referenzen/index.php?navid=80.16. Environmental and Energy Study Institute, “Renewable EnergyFact Sheet,” http://www.eesi.org/publications/Fact%20Sheets/EC FactSheets/Ocean Energy.pdf.17. Ibid.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
Notes
339
18. Peter Fairley, “Tidal Turbines Help Light Up Manhattan,” Technol-
ogy Review, 23 April 2007, http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/18567/.19. Environmental and Energy Study Institute, “Renewable Energy FactSheet.”20. Anthony Effinger, “War of the Tides,” Bloomberg Magazine, June 2007,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a3vWDlqcl6sU.
CHAPTER 101. U.S. Department of Energy, “Johnson Controls Energy Efficiency
Forum: Remarks for Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman,” 13 June 2007,http://www.doe.gov/print/5129.htm.2. International Energy Agency, World Energy Investment Outlook: 2003Insights, 2003, p. 341.3. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, An-
nual Energy Outlook 2007 with Projections to 2030, February 2007,http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/trend 3.pdf.4. More information about the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)can be found at its Web site, www.epri.com.5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Action Planfor Energy Efficiency: Executive Summary, July 2006, p. ES-4,http://www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/pdf/napee/napee exsum.pdf.6. Ibid., p. ES-5.7. Electric Power Research Institute, “Turning on Energy Efficiency”,EPRI Journal, Summer 2006, p. 11, http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/CorporateDocuments/EPRI Journal/2006-Summer/1013720 EnergyEff.pdf.8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Executive Summary, July 2006.9. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,“U.S. Household Electricity Report,” July, 2005, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/reps/enduse/er01 us.html.10. Energy Star, “History of Energy Star,” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab history.11. Ibid.12. Energy Star, “Special Offers and Rebates from Energy Star Partners,”http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=rebate.rebate locator.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
340
NOTES
13. Matthew L. Wald, “A U.S. Alliance to Update the Light Bulb,
New York Times, 14 March 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/business/14light.html?pagewanted=print.14. “Green Light Districts,” Wall Street Journal, 12 April 2007, p. A14.15. Energy Star, “Compact Florescent Light Bulbs,” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr cfls.16. “Australia Pulls Plug on Old Bulbs,” BBC News, 20 February 2007,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6378161.stm.17. “Ontario Government to Ban Incandescent Lights by 2012,” GreenBiz News, 23 April2007, http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news third.cfm?NewsID=34949.18. Smithsonian Institution, “Light Emitting Diodes,” The Quartz Watch,http://www.hrw.com/science/si-science/chemistry/careers/quartz/timeline/diodes.html.19. Toolbase Services, LED Lighting, PATH Technology Inventory,http://www.toolbase.org/Techinventory.20. Steve Bush, “Organic LEDs Are on the Way,” Electronics Weekly, 11November 2004, http://www.electronicsweekly.com/ARTICLES/2004/11/11/33567/Organic+LEDs+are+on+the+way.HTM.21. See U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Solar Lighting,” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar lighting.html.22. U.S. Green Building Council, “Green Building by the Numbers,” June2007, http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1442.23. US Environmental Protection Agency,”Green Buildings,” http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding.24. U.S. Green Building Council, “Green Building by the Numbers.”25. Lime Energy, Investors Presentation, September 2007, http://www.lime-energy.com/investors/LimeInvestorsSeptember07.ppt.26. Pollution figures are derived by Lime Energy from the calculator athttp://www.cleanerandgreener.org/resources/emission reductions.htm.27. Coal savings are computed by Lime Energy at http://www.usctcgateway.net/tool/.28. Lime Energy, Investors Presentation, September 2007.
CHAPTER 11The author would like to thank and acknowledge Melvin & Companyfor permission to use several excerpts and graphics in this chapter that
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
Notes
341
the author originally published in research reports written for Melvin &Company.1. Global Environment Fund, Center for Smart Energy, The Emerg-
ing Smart Grid: Investment and Entrepreneurial Potential inthe Electric Power Grid of the Future, October 2005, http://www.globalenvironmentfund.com/GEF%20white%20paper Electric%20Power%20Grid.pdf.2. Ibid.3. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Assessment of Demand Re-
sponse and Advanced Metering,” August 2006, http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf.4. Ibid., p. 31.5. Ibid., vi.6. Gary Fauth and Michael Wiebe, “Fixed-Network AMR: Lessons for
Building the Best Business Case,” AMRA News, September 2004, p. 5.7. Smart Grid Newsletter, November 2006.8. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Assessment of Demand Re-
sponse and Advanced Metering,” August 2006, p. 42.9. International Energy Agency, Implementing Agreement on Demand-
Side Management Technologies and Programmes, 2006 AnnualReport,http://dsm.iea.org/Files/Exco%20File%20Library/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Report%202006%20cvr.pdf.10. International Energy Agency, Implementing Agreement on DemandSide Management Technologies and Programmes, 2005 AnnualReport, p. 8, http://dsm.iea.org/Files/Exco%20File%20Library/Annual%20Reports/IEADSMAnnualReport2005.pdf11. Patti Harper-Slaboszewicz, UtiliPoint, “Regulator Interest in AMI andDemand Response,” written remarks submitted as panelist, FERCTechnical Conference, 5. Cited in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering,” Staff Report, Docket Number AD-06-2-000, Appendix 1, FigureVII-1. Regulator Treatment of AMI and Demand Response, p. I-10,http://ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf.12. Patti Harper-Slaboszewicz, “PG&E Throws the First Pitch in theAMI Game,” Issue Alert, UtiliPoint International, 25 July 2007,http://www.utilipoint.com/issuealert/.13. Ibid.14. Itron, Inc., 10k annual report management presentations, 2006.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
342
NOTES
CHAPTER 121. California Integrated Waste Management Board, “Electrical Stor-
age: Present, Past and Future,” http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/WPW/Power/ElectricStor.htm.2. Stationary Sodium-Sulfur (NAS) Battery, Electric Power ResearchInstitute, http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/default.asp?dbcommand=displayrelease&ID=790].3. “AEP to Deploy Additional Large-scale Batteries on DistributionGrid,” American Electric Power press release, Sep. 11, 2007, www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/default.asp?dbcommand=displayrelease&ID=1397.]4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Energy StorageSystems for Advanced Power Applications: Proceedings of the IEEE,vol. 89, no. 12 (December 2001).5. Ibid.6. U.K. Department of Trade and Industry, Review of Electrical EnergyStorage Technologies and Systems and of their Potential for the UK,2004, p. 10, http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file15185.pdf.7. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “‘Wind to Hydrogen’ facilityoffers new template for future energy production,” Hydrogen andFuel Cells Research, 23 April 2007, http://www.nrel.gov/features/0407 xcel wind hydro.html. See also National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Wind-to-Hydrogen Project, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Research,http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj wind hydrogen.html.8. Electricity Storage Association, “Applications of Electrical Storage,”http://www.electricitystorage.org/technologies applications.htm.9. Ibid.10. Enersys, Inc., corporate presentation, June 2007.11. Isidor Buchmann, “Battery Statistics,” Battery University, http://
www.batteryuniversity.com/print-parttwo-55.htm. The Battery University site is sponsored by Cadex Electonics, Inc.12. BCC Research, “Global Markets for Capacitors, Flywheels and SMESSystems,” http://www.bccresearch.com/egy/EGY041A.asp.
CHAPTER 131. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation
Statistics, “United States Fast Facts,” 2006, http://www.bts.gov/
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
Notes
343
publications/state transportation statistics/state transportationstatistics 2006/html/fast facts.html.2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from Transportation and Other Mobile Sources,” http://www.epa.gov/otaq/greenhousegases.htm.3. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway TrafficSafety Administration “CAFÉ Overview,” http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/cafe/overview.htm.4. “How Clean Diesel Fuel Works,” HowStuffWorks, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/how-clean-diesel-fuel-works.htm.5. Bill Harris, “How Natural-Gas Vehicles Work,” HowStuffWorks,
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ngv.htm.6. Ed Grabianowski, “How Liquefied Petroleum Gas Works,” HowStuff-
Works, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/lpg.htm.7. “How a Hydrogen-Boosted Gasoline Engine Works,” How Stuff Works,http://auto.howstuffworks.com/how-a-hydrogen-boosted-gasolineengine-works.htm.8. Moteru Development International, The Air Car, http://www.theaircar.com/.9. Bob Ewing, Air-Car Ready for Mass Production, 30 May 2007, Yahoo!Green, http://green.yahoo.com/index.php?q=node/315.10. “Car runs on compressed air, but will it sell,” Associated Press, 4 October 2004, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6138972.11. R.L. Polk & Co., “Hybrid Vehicle Registration Growth-Rate Slows
in 2006,” Polk News, 26 February 2006, http://usa.polk.com/news/latestnews/2007 0226 hybrid growth rate.htm.12. “Worldwide HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) Sales,” MarkLines.com,http://www.marklines.com/en/numproduct/index.jsp.13. “U.S. hybrid sales by manufacturer,” HybridCars.com, June 2007,
http://www.hybridcars.com/market-dashboard/jun07-us-sales.html.14. Ibid.15. Ibid.16. Tom Appel, “The Consumer Guide to Hybrid Vehicles,” Con-
sumers Guide Automotive, http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/the-consumer-guide-to-hybrid-vehicles-cga.htm/printable.17. “How Plug-in Hybrid Cars Work,” HowStuffWorks, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/plug-in-hybrid-car.htm.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
344
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
NOTES
18. Kevin Bullis, “Are Lithium-ion Electric Cars Safe?” Technology Review,
3 August 2006, http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/17250/.19. Johnson Controls, “Hybrid Vehicles: Batteries for vehicles with a hy-
brid drive,” http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/us/en/products/power solutions/Battery Technology Centers/AGM/Hybrid VehicleSystems Li-Ion NiMH .html.20. “Johnson Controls and Saft launch new joint venture forHEVs,” Saft Advanced Power Solutions, January 10, 2006, http://www.saftbatteries.com/000-corporate/pdf/JCI Saft JV.pdf.21. Dale Buss, “Fully Charged,” Edmonds.com, May 8, 2007, http://www.edmunds.com/advice/alternativefuels/articles/120672/article.html(sign-in required)22. Ibid.23. Jim Louderback, “Hands on with the Phoenix Electric Car,”
PCMagazine.com, 25 May 2007, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,2136457,00.asp.24. See Tesla Motors, Tesla Motors, http://www.teslamotors.com/index.php.25. Dan Lienert, “Best Cars 2006,” Forbes, 11 December 2006, http://
www.forbes.com/lifestyle/2006/12/08/best-cars-2006-forbeslife-cx dl1211bestcars.html.26. Bloomberg News, “Toyota Says It Plans Eventually to Offer
and All-Hybrid Fleet,” New York Times, 14 September 2005,http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/automobiles/14toyota.html?ei=5070&en=1fe7c42b0c08d7db&ex=1185768000&pagewanted=print.27. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Impact Assessment of PlugIn Hybrid Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US PowerGrids, by Michael Kintner-Meyer, Kevin Schneider, and Robert Pratt,http://www.pnl.gov/energy/eed/etd/pdfs/phev feasibility analysiscombined.pdf.
CHAPTER 141. John M. Urbanchuk, Contribution of the Ethanol Industry to the
Economy of the United States, 21 February-2006, http://www. ethanolrfa.org/objects/documents/576/economic contribution 2006.pdf.2. Lester Brown, “Distillery demand for grain to fuel cars vastly understated: World may be facing highest grain prices in history,” Earth
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
Notes
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
345
Policy Institute, 4 January 2007, http://www.earth-policy.org/ Updates/2007/Update63.htm.3. Sarah Tarver-Wahlquist and Tracy Fernandez Rysavy, “Corn Ethanol
Isn’t the Answer,” Co-op America Quarterly, no. 72, Summer 2007,http://www.coopamerica.org/pubs/caq/articles/Summer2007cornethanol.cfm.4. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Net Energy Balance for Bioethanol Production and Use,”http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/net energy balance.html.5. Ibid.6. Christoph Podewils, “Organized Wastefulness: Biofuel Is the Most In-
efficient Renewable Energy. Why Not Fill the Car’s Tank Directly withSolar Electricity?” Photon International, April 2007, pp. 106–113.7. A test by Consumer Reports on a Chevrolet Tahoe found thatE85 produced 27 percent lower mileage than gasoline, taking themileage down to 10 mpg from 14 mpg. See Eric Evarts, “Ethanol:Hope or Hype?” Consumer Reports Cars Blog, 19 September 2006,http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2006/09/ethanol hope or.html.8. George W. Bush, “Twenty in Ten: Strengthening America’s Energy
Security,” State of the Union, 2007, http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2007/initiatives/energy.html.9. “American Coalition for Ethanol Clears Confusion SurroundingUL’s E85 Safety Decision,” Biofuels Journal, 31 October 2006,http://www.biofuelsjournal.com/articles/American Coalition forEthanol Clears Confusion Surrounding UL s E85 Safety Decision10 31 2006-38597.html.10. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renew-
able Energy,”E85 Fueling Stations in California,” Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicle Data Center, http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ind state.php/CA/E85.11. The National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition tracks the number of E85 service stations in the United States and showed about 1,250 stations asof July 2007. See www.e85fuel.com.12. Jeffery Ball, “How California Failed in Efforts to Curb Its Addiction toOil,” Wall Street Journal, 2 August 2006.13. Center for American Progress, America is to Oil: 10 Tough Questions and Answers for President Bush on Kicking the Oil Habit,February 2006, p. 2, http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/kicking thehabit.pdf.
notes
JWPR076-Asplund
January 12, 2008
12:58
Char Count=
346
NOTES
14. Underwriters Laboratories, “Underwriters Laboratories Moves Closer
to Completing E85 Fuel Dispenser Requirements,” 22 March 2007.http://www.ul.com/newsroom/newsrel/nr032307.html.15. Renewable Fuels Association, “Annual World Ethanol Productionby Country,” July 2007, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E.16. “Brazil in ethanol production vow,” BBC News, 18 April 2007,http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6566