 Check out this self-driving truck. These are getting pretty good. Waymo's testing autonomous tractor trailers in Atlanta right now, and this Einride truck you can see there isn't even space for a driver. There's no deployment plans yet, but when these finally make it onto the roads, they're going to make shipping a lot cheaper. At the same time, millions of people who drive trucks right now are going to be looking for a new job. It's not just truckers. This McKinsey report estimated that about half of the jobs people are doing right now could be automated with technology we already have. The same report says that between now and 2030, 400 million workers globally could lose their jobs to automation. This isn't just about computers becoming smarter than humans. It's a profound change in the way our economy works, and it doesn't have to be a bad one. You just have to look at the big picture. So what's happening to trucking is the same thing that happened to Blockbuster, travel agents, grocery store cashiers, and dozens of other jobs. They're being replaced by a piece of software, which means the first model is expensive, but all the copies are basically free. In the business world, they call this zero marginal cost, which means you can add new users and revenue without spending more money. To see how that works, think about how we share photos. Kodak film for the times of your life. For most of the 20th century, Kodak was the biggest name in photography, but it couldn't survive the smartphone. Kodak filed for bankruptcy in 2011, just four years after the first iPhone launched. Now instead of manufacturing millions of canisters of film, we just use an app. It's a good app, but it's not that complicated, and throwing more programmers at it won't really make it better. At its peak, Kodak employed 145,000 people. Instagram? It's just under 500. And Instagram's worth a lot more money. So what happened to all those jobs? The shift didn't come from some brilliant new film-developing robot. We just stopped using film. It's not robots replacing workers, but zero marginal cost businesses replacing legacy industry. People argue a lot whether this is good for business or bad for workers. If you're a pessimist, it looks like the end of jobs as we know it. All the high-employment companies like Kodak lose out to smaller, smarter tech replacements. Production gets more efficient, wealth gets more concentrated, and unemployment goes through the roof. But where pessimists see a future without jobs, optimists see a future without work. It used to take a lot of labor to call a cab or get something shipped to your house. But now it's easy. Businesses found a way to serve lots of people with a single upfront investment, and that efficiency makes it a lot cheaper for everyone. When people look at that process and imagine a society where automation makes almost everything free, technological unemployment could be offset by a vastly cheaper cost of living and social programs like a basic income. People get really excited about this idea, sometimes too excited. You fucking learn how to use computers to make money in an easy way, and then you use that money to sustain like a commune, basically. It's the first new economic system to enter onto the world stage since capitalism and socialism in the 19th century. It's remarkable. But we're still really far from that world. Most of the benefits of scaled software are going to people who own Facebook and Google stock. It hasn't touched stuff like housing, healthcare, and education, which are still where Americans spend most of their money. That's all getting more expensive, and swapping out your cable bill for Netflix isn't going to make up the difference. But it doesn't have to be that way. Even if we don't go all the way to luxury space communism, we can still use progressive taxation to fund things like public education and universal healthcare. But first, we have to admit there's a problem.
 Check out this self-driving truck.
 These are getting pretty good.
 Waymo's testing autonomous tractor trailers in Atlanta right now, and this Einride truck
 you can see there isn't even space for a driver.
 There's no deployment plans yet, but when these finally make it onto the roads, they're
 going to make shipping a lot cheaper.
 At the same time, millions of people who drive trucks right now are going to be looking for
 a new job.
 It's not just truckers.
 This McKinsey report estimated that about half of the jobs people are doing right now
 could be automated with technology we already have.
 The same report says that between now and 2030, 400 million workers globally could lose
 their jobs to automation.
 This isn't just about computers becoming smarter than humans.
 It's a profound change in the way our economy works, and it doesn't have to be a bad one.
 You just have to look at the big picture.
 So what's happening to trucking is the same thing that happened to Blockbuster, travel
 agents, grocery store cashiers, and dozens of other jobs.
 They're being replaced by a piece of software, which means the first model is expensive,
 but all the copies are basically free.
 In the business world, they call this zero marginal cost, which means you can add new
 users and revenue without spending more money.
 To see how that works, think about how we share photos.
 Kodak film for the times of your life.
 For most of the 20th century, Kodak was the biggest name in photography, but it couldn't
 survive the smartphone.
 Kodak filed for bankruptcy in 2011, just four years after the first iPhone launched.
 Now instead of manufacturing millions of canisters of film, we just use an app.
 It's a good app, but it's not that complicated, and throwing more programmers at it won't
 really make it better.
 At its peak, Kodak employed 145,000 people.
 Instagram? It's just under 500.
 And Instagram's worth a lot more money.
 So what happened to all those jobs?
 The shift didn't come from some brilliant new film-developing robot.
 We just stopped using film.
 It's not robots replacing workers, but zero marginal cost businesses replacing legacy
 industry.
 People argue a lot whether this is good for business or bad for workers.
 If you're a pessimist, it looks like the end of jobs as we know it.
 All the high-employment companies like Kodak lose out to smaller, smarter tech replacements.
 Production gets more efficient, wealth gets more concentrated, and unemployment goes through
 the roof.
 But where pessimists see a future without jobs, optimists see a future without work.
 It used to take a lot of labor to call a cab or get something shipped to your house.
 But now it's easy.
 Businesses found a way to serve lots of people with a single upfront investment, and that
 efficiency makes it a lot cheaper for everyone.
 When people look at that process and imagine a society where automation makes almost everything
 free, technological unemployment could be offset by a vastly cheaper cost of living
 and social programs like a basic income.
 People get really excited about this idea, sometimes too excited.
 You fucking learn how to use computers to make money in an easy way, and then you use
 that money to sustain like a commune, basically.
 It's the first new economic system to enter onto the world stage since capitalism and
 socialism in the 19th century.
 It's remarkable.
 But we're still really far from that world.
 Most of the benefits of scaled software are going to people who own Facebook and Google
 stock.
 It hasn't touched stuff like housing, healthcare, and education, which are still where Americans
 spend most of their money.
 That's all getting more expensive, and swapping out your cable bill for Netflix isn't going
 to make up the difference.
 But it doesn't have to be that way.
 Even if we don't go all the way to luxury space communism, we can still use progressive
 taxation to fund things like public education and universal healthcare.
 But first, we have to admit there's a problem.