Last year in the UK, 2.5 million people bought a new car, around 80% of them using some form of car finance. It’s an impressive figure that proves how popular car finance is. But before you follow suit and sign on the dotted line, allow us to guide you through the tangled world of car finance so you know exactly what you’re letting yourself in for.
There are three main types of car finance: Personal Contract Purchase (PCP), Hire Purchase (HP) and Personal Contract Hire (PCH). You can find out more about them by clicking on the links. Read our guide to GAP insurance, too. This helps ease the financial pain should your car be written off, so is well worth considering.
Personal Contract Purchase (PCP)
Personal contract purchase is the most popular way to ‘own’ a new car. We say ‘own’ because in fact you never actually own it until you’ve paid the final settlement figure. This figure, technically known as the guaranteed minimum future value, or GMFV, is what the car finance company calculates the car will still be worth at the end of the finance period.
You don’t have to finance this sum, only your portion of the car’s full price. Until the GMFV is paid, the car belongs to the car finance company. That said, you are the registered keeper while you are paying your portion.
Depending on the terms of the PCP, you may or may not have to put down a deposit but you will have to make fixed monthly repayments. These may or may not include interest. If they include interest it is interest charged on the entire invoice amount, less your deposit.
At the end of your contract, after a fixed number of payments have been made, you will have three choices. You can either return the car to the retailer and walk away, or make a balloon payment (called the Guaranteed Minimum Future Value) to own the car outright. Alternatively, you can use the difference between the GMFV and the actual value of the vehicle at the end of the contract to pay the deposit on a new car.
The last option is the most popular, but it’s worth remembering that the gap between the GMFV and the current value of the vehicle isn’t equity, even if this is the term the dealer uses. Any difference is down to you paying a little more over the duration of the contract than the car is worth, so trading into a new model allows you to capitalise on the difference – you can’t claim it back if you decide to leave the deal.
One of the reasons PCP deals are popular is that they allow you to tailor the package to your needs: the bigger a deposit you put down and the longer the term of the agreement, the lower the monthly payments will be.
The disadvantage of PCP deals is that the monthly payments tend to be quite low because the balloon payment at the end tends to be quite high. As with most car-finance packages, you don’t own the car if you buy it using PCP: it remains the property of the finance company until you’ve paid it off. PCP deals also come with mileage limits: exceed these and you could be hit with a big bill at the end of the term.
Hire Purchase (HP)
Hire purchase cars are bought in a similar way to cars purchased on a PCP: after you’ve chosen the car you want, you put down a deposit and agree to make monthly payments, over a fixed term. These monthly payments tend to be higher than with PCP deals. That’s because you’re paying for the car itself, rather than just its depreciation.
Once you’ve made your final payment at the end of the HP agreement, you’ll own the car outright, with no balloon payment. Although the finance company will own the car until you’ve made that final payment, some people prefer HP to PCP, as while the monthly payments are higher, there’s no balloon payment at the end to make before you own the car. Customers also like the idea of making payments towards ownership of a car, rather than buying themselves into what often becomes a rolling contract with PCP deals.
Like PCP deals, HP agreements are arranged by the car dealer. The car can also be taken away from you if you fall behind with your payments. HP agreements usually require a 10% deposit and monthly payments and interest rates are fixed when you take out the policy.
Personal Contract Hire
‘Hire’ is the operative word here: Personal Contract Hire (PCH) agreements are long-term rentals. You never own the car outright, and at the end of the term you simply hand it back, with no option of buying it outright.
Personal Contract Hire can offer a cheap route into driving a brand-new car and the monthly payments tend to be relatively low, as you’re not putting money towards purchasing the car or paying off its depreciation, just renting it.
Like PCP contracts, PCH agreements require that you get the car serviced on time, although package deals can make this an affordable obligation. Unlike PCP contracts, Personal Contract Hire doesn’t offer you the option of buying the car outright at the end of the agreement – nor will you be able to put the car towards the deposit on a new car: you simply return it to the dealer at the end of the contract hire period.
Cash or credit cards
In an ideal world, we’d all pay for our cars outright, using cash or a debit card. Because new cars tend to cost many thousands of pounds, however, this isn’t an option for the vast majority of car buyers.
Some people choose to pay for their car with a credit card, but it’s an option we strongly advise against. Unless you have access to a 0% interest credit-card deal and either pay off or move the debt quickly, you could end up paying far more than you need to. Car finance deals have much lower interest rates than credit cards, which are a notoriously expensive method of borrowing money.
As the name suggests, a personal loan is a loan you arrange yourself, typically through a bank, building society, the Post Office or an online lender. You sign a contract agreeing to the monthly payments and interest rate, before being given the loan as a lump sum. This can then be used to pay for a car outright.
Personal loans can be secured or unsecured: a secured loan requires collateral, usually in the form of your house. If you fail to make the payments, the lender can repossess your house before selling it and using this to repay the loan.
An unsecured loan doesn’t require collateral. The lender makes an assessment of you as a borrower before agreeing to lend you the money. Unsecured personal loans tend to require that you have a good credit record and their interest rates tend to be higher than those on secured loans.
Personal loans generally have higher Annual Percentage Rates (APR) than the financial packages offered by dealers, making them a more expensive way of borrowing money. If you use a personal loan to buy a car, however, there’ll be no restrictions (such as mileage limits) on how you use the car, as you’ll own it outright.
Logbook loans are a high-risk, high-cost method of using a car you own as collateral against a loan. In return for lending you money, the loan company takes your car’s V5C document – commonly known as the logbook. This means the finance company essentially owns your car until the loan is repaid.
Logbook loans are easy to arrange via online or high-street lenders and typically allow you to borrow up to 50% of the value of your car. Most
Car finance terms explained
APR (Annual Percentage Rate) APR is a realistic calculation of how expensive a finance option will be. Unlike a simple flat rate of interest, APR takes into account all associated costs and fees.
Deposit contribution Some manufacturers offer contributions towards your deposit on a new car to incentivise customers. These range from a few hundred to several thousand pounds and are normally only offered for fixed periods of time, much like a sale. You usually have to sign up for specific financial packages to qualify for a deposit contribution.
Excess mileage If you lease a car or use a PCP package, you’ll usually be restricted to a certain mileage during the agreement. Exceed this and you’ll have to pay several pence for every mile you’ve gone over the limit. Mileage limits are there to guarantee the value of your car when you return it, or trade it in, as cars with high mileage are worth less money.
Gap insurance GAP – or Guaranteed Asset Protection insurance – makes up any shortfall between the value of your car and any loans taken out against it in the event it’s written off. Standard insurance policies tend to under-value cars in the event of a claim; GAP insurance protects you from any potential losses. GAP insurance policies from third-party sellers can cost as little as £100 over three years, although dealers’ policies can be more expensive than this. Our guide to GAP insurance explains the different levels of cover available.
Guaranteed Minimum Future Value (GMFV) When you buy a car using PCP, the dealer will guarantee that at the end of the PCP term, the car will be worth a minimum agreed value. This protects you from any unforeseen drops in value. GMFV also means you know how much the ‘balloon payment’ will be at the end of the PCP agreement, should you wish to purchase the car outright then. GMFV tends to be a conservative estimate of the car’s likely value and many car buyers use the resulting equity toward the deposit on their next car.
Zero percent or 0% APR Car dealers and manufacturers sometimes offer 0% APR to tempt buyers. If you can find a 0% APR deal for a new car, you’re onto a good thing. A car dealer might typically offer 10% APR, meaning borrowing £10,000 will cost you £11,616 over three years. Secure a 0% APR deal and you’ll pay back just the £10,000 you originally borrowed.