Sodium, Random, Feces
NY State Approved Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.
Determining the cause of chronic diarrhea
Special Instructions and Forms Describes specimen collection and preparation information, test algorithms, and other information pertinent to test. Also includes pertinent information and consent forms to be used when requesting a particular test
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES)
Reporting Name A shorter/abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test; an abbreviated test name
Sodium, Random, F
Specimen Type Describes the specimen type needed for testing
Specimen Required Defines the optimal specimen. This field describes the type of specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing. The volume allows automated processing, fastest throughput and, when indicated, repeat or reflex testing.
Container/Tube: Stool container (Supply T291)
Specimen Volume: 20 g
1. Collect a very liquid stool specimen.
2. See Stool Collection Information Sheet in Special Instructions.
1. Do not send formed stool. In the event a formed stool is submitted, the test will not be performed. The report will indicate "A formed stool specimen was submitted for analysis. This test was not performed because it only has clinical value if performed on a watery stool specimen."
2. High concentrations of gadolinium and iodine are known to interfere with most metals tests. If either gadolinium- or iodine-containing contrast media has been administered, a specimen must not be collected for 96 hours.
Specimen Minimum Volume Defines the amount of specimen required to perform an assay once, including instrument and container dead space. Submitting the minimum specimen volume makes it impossible to repeat the test or perform confirmatory or perform reflex testing. In some situations, a minimum specimen volume may result in a QNS (quantity not sufficient) result, requiring a second specimen to be collected.
Specimen Stability Information Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the laboratory. Alternate acceptable temperature(s) are also included.
|Fecal||Frozen (preferred)||14 days|
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
The concentration of sodium in fecal water and the rate of excretion are dependent upon 3 factors:
-Five% to 10% of the normal daily dietary load of sodium passes into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
-Sodium is passively transported from serum and other vascular spaces to equilibrate fecal osmotic pressure with vascular osmotic pressure
-Certain rare toxins (cholera toxin) cause sodium transport into fecal water
Fecal osmolality is normally in equilibrium with vascular osmolality, and sodium is the major affector of this equilibrium. Fecal osmolality is normally 2 x (sodium + potassium) unless there are exogenous factors inducing a change in this ratio, such as the presence of other osmotic agents (magnesium sulfate, saccharides), or drugs inducing secretions, such as phenolphthalein or bisacodyl.
If the relationship between osmolality, potassium, and sodium (see equation above) indicates an osmotic gap, diarrhea may be osmotically induced by exogenous agents such as magnesium sulfate or saccharides. If there is no osmotic gap but sodium concentration is 2 to 3 times normal, secretory diarrhea may be the cause, and agents such as phenolphthalein, bisacodyl, or cholera toxin should be suspected.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
0-15 years: not established
> or =16 years: 0-159 mEq/kg
Typically, stool sodium is similar to serum since the gastrointestinal (GI) tract does not secrete water. A useful formula is 2x (stool sodium + stool potassium) = stool osmolality + or - 30 mOsm.
Increased fecal sodium content or daily excretion rate with normal fecal potassium and no osmotic gap indicates secretory diarrhea.
Normal fecal sodium and potassium in the presence of an osmotic gap (>30 mOsm/kg) suggests osmotic diarrhea.
Normal or low fecal sodium in association with high fecal potassium suggests deterioration of the epithelial membrane or a bleeding lesion.
High sodium and potassium in the absence of an osmotic gap indicate active electrolyte transport in the GI tract that might be induced by agents such as cholera toxin or hypersecretion of vasointestinal peptide.
If sodium concentration or 24-hour sodium excretion rate is 2 to 3 times normal and osmotic gap >30 mOsm/kg, secretory diarrhea may be the cause. Agents such as phenolphthalein, bisacodyl, or cholera toxin should be suspected.
For very low stool osmolality, consider factitial diarrhea.
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
This test will be performed on watery feces (diarrhea) only.
In the event a formed stool is submitted, the test will not be performed and the report will indicate: "A formed stool specimen was submitted for analysis. This test was not performed because it only has clinical value if performed on a naturally occurring watery stool specimen."
High concentrations of gadolinium and iodine are known to interfere with most metals tests. If either gadolinium- or iodine-containing contrast media has been administered, a specimen must not be collected for 96 hours.
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
1. Phillips S, Donaldson L, Geisler K, et al: Stool composition in factitial diarrhea: a 6-year experience with stool analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:97-100
2. Ho J, Moyer T, Phillips S: Chronic diarrhea: the role of magnesium. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:1091-1092
Method Description Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference
A small fraction of weighed feces is digested in hydrochloric acid and then analyzed for sodium concentration (along with magnesium and potassium) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Aqueous acidic calibrating standards, quality control samples, patient specimens, and blanks are diluted with diluent containing an internal standard. In turn, all diluted blanks, calibrating standards, quality control samples, and patient specimens are aspirated into a pneumatic nebulizer and the resulting aerosol directed to the hot plasma discharge by a flow of argon. In the annular plasma the aerosol is vaporized, atomized, and then ionized. Emission signals from sodium and the internal standard are observed radially by the emission spectrometer. Instrumentation response is defined by the linear relationship of analyte concentrations versus the ratio of the sodium emission signals ratioed with the internal standard. After reagent blank subtraction, unknown sample sodium concentrations are calculated by entering the net unknown intensity ratios into the linear calibration equation. (Unpublished Mayo method)
Day(s) and Time(s) Test Performed Outlines the days and times the test is performed. This field reflects the day and time the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time required before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means assays are performed several times during the day.
Monday through Friday; evening
Analytic Time Defines the amount of time it takes the laboratory to setup and perform the test. This is defined in number of days. The shortest interval of time expressed is "same day/1 day," which means the results may be available the same day that the sample is received in the testing laboratory. One day means results are available 1 day after the sample is received in the laboratory.
Maximum Laboratory Time Defines the maximum time from specimen receipt at Mayo Medical Laboratories until the release of the test result
Specimen Retention Time Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded
Performing Laboratory Location The location of the laboratory that performs the test
Test Classification Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer's instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR), Investigation Use Only (IUO) product, or a Research Use Only (RUO) product.
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
CPT Code Information Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Medical Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.
LOINC® Code Information Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the result codes returned for this test or profile.
|Result ID||Reporting Name||LOINC Code|
|32300||Sodium, Random, F||14055-8|