- Original Research Article
- Open Access
Performance of albumin-bilirubin score in prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding
Egyptian Liver Journal volume 11, Article number: 18 (2021)
Hepatic encephalopathy exacerbates the morbidity, delays hospital discharge, and increases the rate of readmissions of cirrhotic patients, particularly those are admitted by acute variceal bleeding. We evaluated the performance of albumin-bilirubin score in prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding, in comparison to Child-Pugh and MELD scores. This prospective cohort study was conducted on 250 cirrhotic patients who were consecutively presented by acute variceal bleeding in the period from January to December 2020 at Tanta university emergency hospital. Albumin-bilirubin, Child-Pugh, and MELD scores were measured at admission, and then all patients were followed up for 4 weeks after endoscopic bleeding control for possible occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy
Albumin-bilirubin, Child-Pugh, and MELD scores had significant performances in prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding; in this regard, albumin-bilirubin score had the highest accuracy (AUC 0.858, CI 0.802-0.914, sig 0.000) followed by Child-Pugh score (AUC 0.654, CI 0.574–0.735, sig 0.001) and then MELD score (AUC 0.602, CI 0.519–0.686, sig 0.031). The cumulative incidence of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with albumin-bilirubin grade 3 was found to be significantly more than that present in albumin-bilirubin grade 2; most of these hepatic encephalopathy cases occurred in the first 2 weeks of follow-up period.
Albumin-bilirubin score has a significant performance in risk prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding better than Child-Pugh and MELD scores. Albumin-bilirubin grades could be used as a risk stratifying tool to triage cirrhotic patients who will benefit from early discharge after bleeding control and those patients who will benefit from prophylactic measures for hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) exacerbates the morbidity and delays hospital discharge as well as increases the rate of hospital readmissions of cirrhotic patients, particularly those are admitted by acute variceal bleeding (AVB) [1,2,3,4,5]. The varying severity of liver decompensation is related to both the incidence and prevalence of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients [1, 6]; the underlying residual liver functions are commonly and widely evaluated by Child-Pugh score ; however, this score has some limitations due to the interrelation between albumin and ascites and the subjective assessment of encephalopathy and ascites . The new albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score was developed previously by Johnson et al.; this model depends on two objectively evaluated parameters (serum albumin and serum bilirubin); it assesses the degree of underlying hepatic reserve function in cirrhotic patients and has a high degree of performance in prediction of mortality due to liver failure . This score was widely validated in many reports [10,11,12,13]. In this study, we assessed the performance of albumin-bilirubin score in prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding, in comparison to Child-Pugh and MELD scores.
This is a prospective cohort study that was conducted in accordance to strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines .
Source of data and potential eligible population
This study was conducted at adult gastroenterology unit of internal medicine department at Tanta university hospitals, in the period from January 2020 to December 2020 on a total of 319 patients who were admitted consecutively by acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding (hematemesis and/or melena); all patients were resuscitated and then they were evaluated by upper gastro-intestinal (GIT) endoscopy for assessment and control of bleeding source. Our eligible participants were recruited in accordance to our inclusion and exclusion criteria that were assessed within the first 24 h after admission.
Exclusion and inclusion criteria
Fifty-four patients were excluded as they did not fulfill study inclusion criteria (31 patients were excluded due to non-variceal upper GIT bleeding, 9 patients excluded as they were clinically unfit for upper GIT endoscopy, 10 patients were excluded due to failure of endoscopic control of variceal bleeding, 4 patients were excluded because cirrhosis was not confirmed), five patients were excluded as they were presented by hepatic encephalopathy before upper GIT endoscopy, three patients were excluded as they died shortly after admission during preoperative resuscitation, and seven patients were excluded as they refused follow-up in our unit. Therefore, the eligibility criteria were fulfilled in only 250 cirrhotic patients who were presented consecutively by acute variceal bleeding and were controlled successfully by upper GIT endoscopy.
Each patient was meticulously evaluated after admission and resuscitation with or without blood transfusion, and then upper GIT endoscopy was done within 12 h from the occurrence of hematemesis and/or melena for fit patients to diagnose and control of bleeding source; all the operators were highly experienced physicians at our endoscopy unit. The following first admission criteria were evaluated for all patients who fulfilled our inclusion criteria: demographic criteria (age and sex), clinical criteria (presence of hematemesis and/or melena, ascites, spleen diameter, variceal grading, endoscopic modality of variceal bleeding control and their need for blood transfusion), and laboratory criteria (AST, ALT, s.albumin. s.bilirubin, INR, s.creatinine, platelet count, hemoglobin). The collected patients’ laboratory data were used to calculate Child-Pugh, MELD, and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) scores. Albumin-bilirubin score was calculated using the following formula [(log10 bilirubin in μmol/L × 0.66) + (albumin in g/L × − 0.085)]. Levels ≤ − 2.6 was considered as ALBI grade 1, levels > − 1.39 was considered as ALBI grade 3, and other levels were considered as ALBI grade 2 . All patients were followed up for 4 weeks for possible occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy; we considered the day of hematemesis or the day of first appearance of melena as the initiation time point of follow-up period; all patients were followed up firstly at our emergency unit for few days and then completed the follow-up period at internal wards of our gastroenterology unit or at our outpatient clinic through scheduled examinations every week, as illustrated in study participants’ flow diagram (Fig. 1). All patients received broad spectrum antibiotics routinely for at least 1 week after endoscopy as a prophylactic measure for post-endoscopic bacterial infection.
Statistical analysis methods
We used IBM SPSS, version 23 statistic software (IBM, NY, USA), for both summarization and statistical analysis of our collected data. The mean and standard deviation (SD) was used for normally distributed quantitative data while the median and interquartile range (IQR) was calculated for abnormally distributed quantitative data; however, all qualitative data were tabulated as frequency and relative frequency tables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for our ALBI, Child-Pugh, and MELD scores, and their areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were computed. The cumulative incidence functions for hepatic encephalopathy in-between ALBI grades were illustrated using Kaplan-Meier curve and analyzed using the Log Rank test. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Table 1 of our results shows the main demographic, clinical, and laboratory baseline criteria for study eligible population as well as their baseline scores of liver functions (Child-Pugh, MELD, and ALBI scores).
Table 2 of our results shows cross-tabulation of hepatic encephalopathy versus deferent grades of ALBI score along the follow-up period; the cumulative incidence of HE in our study was found to be 18.3% (46 HE cases) after 4 weeks follow-up time; 39 of these HE cases (84.8%) occurred in patients with ALBI grade 3 while the remaining 7 HE cases (15.2%) occurred in patients with ALBI grade 2.
Figure 2 of our results illustrates the receiver operating criteria curve for baseline ALBI, Child-Pugh, and MELD scores in prediction of hepatic encephalopathy with AUC and their respective confidence intervals and significance values (AUC 0.858, 0.654, and 0.602; CI 0.802–0.914, 0.574–0.735, and 0.519–0.686 with sig 0.000, 0.001, and 0.031 for ALBI, Child-Pugh, and MELD scores respectively.
Figure 3 of our results illustrates cumulative incidence function for different ALBI grades as a risk factor predicting hepatic encephalopathy, in which there was a significant difference between ALBI grade 2 and ALBI grade 3 (sig = 0.000).
Acute variceal bleeding is a known predisposing risk factor for hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients [1, 3]; this may exacerbate the morbidity and delay hospital discharge as well as increase the rate of hospital readmissions and mortality in those patients [1,2,3,4,5,6]; consequently, early administration of appropriate prophylactic measures for HE in risky patients with AVB may mitigate both morbidity and mortality burden as well as alleviate the possible shortage of hospital places especially in emergency situations.
In this respect, the risk stratification of those cirrhotic patients with AVB at hospital admissions could be helpful for early prediction of possible occurrence of HE even after bleeding control; these predictors were evaluated in many reports [15, 16]. One of these risk stratifying factors is the underlying liver function which is commonly assessed by Child-Pugh score ; however, this score may be limited by the interrelation between albumin and ascites and the subjective assessment of encephalopathy and ascites . In our study, we used the new ALBI score for the underlying liver functions as a risk stratifying factor for prediction of HE in cirrhotic patients with AVB; we hypothesized that this score has a better performance in comparison to Child-Pugh and MELD scores as it depends on only two objectively assessed parameters (serum albumin and serum bilirubin).
First of all, we found that the cumulative incidence of HE in our patients were about 18.3% within 4 weeks follow-up period, and the reported cumulative incidences of HE after AVB have great variability; it was reported as 16.9% by Win J et al. , 31.4% by Fouad TR et al. , 40% by Sharma P et al. , and 54.5% by Higuera-de-la-Tijera F et al. ; this wide discrepancy may be due to the wide variability of the underlying reserve liver functions, variability in follow-up periods, and variability in modalities of variceal bleeding control. Various prophylactic measures of HE in cirrhotic patients after acute upper GIT bleeding were studied in many reports and were found to significantly improve the incidence rates of HE in those patients; these measures aim to eliminate the blood from GIT to decrease the absorption of its toxic products which is the main mechanism of HE after AVB [17,18,19,20].
As regards the accuracy of ALBI score in prediction of HE in cirrhotic patients with AVB in comparison to both Child-Pugh and MELD scores, we found that all of these scores had a significant performance; however, we found that ALBI score had the highest performance followed by Child-Pugh score then MELD score. Fouad TR et al.  reported a similar conclusion to ours as they identified the possible risk prediction of HE for ALBI score in comparable to Child-Pugh and MELD scores.
In our study, we used ALBI grades for risk stratifying of our patients, and we found that the cumulative incidence function of HE in cirrhotic patients with ALBI grade 3 was significantly more than that present in ALBI grade 2; most of these HE cases occurred in the first 2 weeks of follow-up period, so we could suggest that early hospital discharge for those cirrhotic patients after good control of AVB could be possible in absence of ALBI grade 3; this is the same concept that was reported by Fouad TR et al. . At the same time, we could encourage the administration of prophylactic measures for those cirrhotic patients with ALBI grade 3 who are admitted with AVB.
Our study has some limitations; the first limitation is the uni-centericity of this study, and the second is that the methods of follow-up were not the same for all patients; however, we tried to select the most appropriate method for each patient; the third limitation is that we did not assess the possible hazard of rebleeding; however, we found only 11 cases (4.4%) of mild rebleeding episodes that were appropriately controlled. Lastly, we did not correlate between ALBI score and different stages of HE; however, we focused in our study on the possible predictive performance of ALBI score for possible occurrence of HE.
We could conclude that albumin-bilirubin score has a significant performance in risk prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding better than both Child-Pugh and MELD scores. Albumin-bilirubin grades could be used as a risk stratifying tool to triage cirrhotic patients who will benefit from early discharge after bleeding control and those patients who will benefit from prophylactic measures for hepatic encephalopathy.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Area under the curve
Acute variceal bleeding
Chronic hepatitis B
Chronic hepatitis C
Endoscopic band ligation
Endoscopic injection therapy
International normalized ratio
Modified end-stage liver disease
Receiver operating characteristics
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; European Association for the Study of the Liver (2014) Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Hepatol 61(3):642–659
Bleibel W, Al-Osaimi AM (2012) Hepatic encephalopathy. Saudi J Gastroenterol 18(5):301–309. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.101123
Patidar KR, Bajaj JS (2015) Covert and overt hepatic encephalopathy: diagnosis and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(12):2048–2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.06.039
Volk ML, Tocco RS, Bazick J, Rakoski MO, Lok AS (2012) Hospital readmissions among patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 107(2):247–252. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.314
Seraj SM, Campbell EJ, Argyropoulos SK, Wegermann K, Chung RT, Richter JM (2017) Hospital readmissions in decompensated cirrhotics: factors pointing toward a prevention strategy. World J Gastroenterol 23(37):6868–6876. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i37.6868
Del Piccolo F, Sacerdoti D, Amodio P, Bombonato G, Bolognesi M, Mapelli D et al (2003) Central nervous system alterations in liver cirrhosis: the role of portal-systemic shunt and portal hypoperfusion. Metab Brain Dis 18(1):51–62. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021930702815
Pugh R, Murray-lyon I, Dawson J (1973) Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 60(8):646–649. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800600817
Wang YY, Zhao XH, Ma L, Ye JZ, Wu FX, Tang J, You XM, Xiang BD, Li LQ (2018) Comparison of the ability of Child-Pugh score, MELD score, and ICG-R15 to assess preoperative hepatic functional reserve in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 118(3):440–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25184
Johnson PJ, Berhane S, Kagebayashi C, Satomura S, Teng M, Reeves HL, O'Beirne J, Fox R, Skowronska A, Palmer D, Yeo W, Mo F, Lai P, Iñarrairaegui M, Chan SL, Sangro B, Miksad R, Tada T, Kumada T, Toyoda H (2015) Assessment of liver function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a new evidence-based approach-the ALBI grade. J Clin Oncol 33(6):550–558. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.57.9151
Hiraoka A, Kumada T, Michitaka K, Kudo M (2019) Newly proposed ALBI grade and ALBI-T score as tools for assessment of hepatic function and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Liver Cancer 8(5):312–325. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494844
Wang YY, Zhong JH, Su ZY, Huang JF, Lu SD, Xiang BD, Ma L, Qi LN, Ou BN, Li LQ (2016) Albumin-bilirubin versus Child-Pugh score as a predictor of outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 103(6):725–734. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10095
Toyoda H, Lai PB, O'Beirne J, Chong CC, Berhane S, Reeves H et al (2016) Long-term impact of liver function on curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: application of the ALBI grade. Br J Cancer 114(7):744–750. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.33
Hiraoka A, Kumada T, Nouso K, Tsuji K, Itobayashi E, Hirooka M, Kariyama K, Ishikawa T, Tada T, Toyoda H, Kawasaki H, Hiasa Y, Michitaka K (2016) Proposed new sub-grouping for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma using albumin-bilirubin grade. Oncology. 91(3):153–161. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447061
Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, Poole C, Schlesselman JJ, Egger M, STROBE Initiative (2014) Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Int J Surg 12(12):1500–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014
Rattanasupar A, Tiawijit N, Rachatapantanakorn B (2014) Predictive factor for hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients who presented with acute variceal bleeding. J Med Assoc Thail 97(6):567–573
Kumar AS, Sibia RS (2015) Predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients presenting with variceal gastrointestinal bleeding. Saudi J Gastroenterol 21(1):43–46. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.151226
Wen J, Liu Q, Song J, Tong M, Peng L, Liang H (2013) Lactulose is highly potential in prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: results of a controlled randomized trial. Digestion. 87(2):132–138. https://doi.org/10.1159/000346083
Fouad TR, Abdelsameea E, Abdel-Razek W, Attia A, Mohamed A, Metwally K, Naguib M, Waked I (2019) Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Egyptian patients with cirrhosis: post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 34(9):1604–1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14659
Sharma P, Agrawal A, Sharma BC, Sarin SK (2011) Prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in acute variceal bleed: a randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus no lactulose. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26(6):996–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06596.x
Higuera-de-la-Tijera F, Servín-Caamaño AI, Salas-Gordillo F, Pérez-Hernández JL, Abdo-Francis JM, Camacho-Aguilera J et al (2018) Primary prophylaxis to prevent the development of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018:3015891
We would like to thank all staff members in Gastroenterology Unit of Internal Medicine department at Tanta University Hospital that assisted us in this study.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Tanta Faculty of Medicine (No: 19/12/33594). All patients provided written informed consent. The results of the research were used only in scientific purposes and not in any other aims.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Elsafty, R.E., Elsawy, A.A., Selim, A.F. et al. Performance of albumin-bilirubin score in prediction of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding. Egypt Liver Journal 11, 18 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43066-021-00088-6
- Albumin-bilirubin score
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Variceal bleeding