Ashikaga Yoshitane known as Ashikaga Yoshiki, was the 10th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate who headed the shogunate first from 1490 to 1493 and again from 1508 to 1521 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshitane was grandson of the sixth shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori. In his early life, he was named Yoshiki, Yoshitada — including the period of when he is first installed as shōgun; the 9th shōgun Ashikaga Yoshihisa died in 1489 on a battlefield of southern Ōmi Province. Yoshihisa left no heir. Father: Ashikaga Yoshimi Mother: daughter of Uramatsu Shigemasa Wife: Seiyun'in Concubine: daughter of Yamana Toyoshige Children: Takewakamaru a daughter Adopted Son: Ashikaga Yoshitsuna Significant events which shaped the period during which Yoshitane was shōgun: 1490 – Yoshitane appointed shōgun. 1491 – Hōjō Sōun gains control of Izu. 1493 – Hatakeyama Yoshitoyo forces Yoshitane to abdicate. 1500 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara accedes. 1508 – Ōuchi Yoshioki restores Yoshitane. 1520 – Dissension over Hosokawa succession.
1521 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara appoints Ashikaga Yoshiharu shogun. In 1493, Yoshitane lost in a power struggle against Hosokawa Masamoto and was formally replaced by the eleventh shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshizumi. In 1508, with the support of Ōuchi Yoshioki, Yoshitane regained the position of Sei-i Taishōgun from Yoshizumi. After a further power struggle with the Hosokawa clan and Hosokawa Takakuni, Yoshitane was forced to withdraw to Awaji Island, he died on the island of Shikoku. Hosokawa Takakuni arranged for the replacement of Yoshitane with the twelfth shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshiharu. Shōgun Yoshitane adopted the son of Yoshizumi, his cousin, Ashikaga Yoshitsuna and he designated Yoshitsuna as his heir and as his anticipated successor as shogun. However, when Yoshitane died prematurely, he was not succeeded by. In other words, after the death of his son, shōgun Yoshimasa adopted the son of his brother, Yoshimi. After the death of his adopted son, Yoshimasa adopted the son of Masatomo. Shogun Yoshimasa was succeeded by shōgun Yoshihisa by shōgun Yoshitane, by shōgun Yoshizumi.
Yoshizumi's progeny would become shōguns in due course. The great-grandson of Yoshitane would be installed as a puppet shōgun for a brief period, but external power struggles would unseat him, the Ashikaga dynasty of shōguns would end; the years in which Yoshitane was shogun are more identified by more than one era name or nengō. Entoku Meiō Bunki Eishō Daiei Ackroyd, Joyce. Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851. Nihon Ōdai Ichiran. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Ashikaga Yoshimasa was the 8th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1449 to 1473 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshimasa was the son of the sixth shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori, his childhood name was Miharu. His official wife was Hino Tomiko. On August 16, 1443, 10-year-old shōgun Yoshikatsu died of injuries sustained in a fall from a horse, he had been shōgun for only three years. The bakufu elevated Yoshinari, the young shōgun's younger brother, to be the new shōgun. Several years after becoming shōgun, Yoshinari changed his name to Yoshimasa, by which he is better known. Father: Ashikaga Yoshinori Mother: Hino Shigeko Wife: Hino Tomiko Concubine: Oodate Sachiko Children: son by Tomiko Ashikaga Yoshihisa by Tomiko daughter by Tomiko Koyama Masatoshi buddhist priest in Keikyoji by Tomiko Yuyama Suzho Sojiin by Sachiko Adopted sons: Ashikaga Yoshizumi Ashikaga Yoshitane Significant events which shaped the period during which Yoshimasa was shōgun: 1443 – Southern Court supporters steal the Imperial regalia.
1445 – Hosokawa Katsumoto, Kyoto kanrei. 1446 – Southern army suffers crushing defeat. 1448 – Remnants of Southern dynasty suppressed. 1449 – Yoshimasa appointed shōgun. 1450–1455 – Disturbances in Kamakura between Kantō kubō Ashikaga Shigeuji and his Kanrei. A number of decisions lead to armed conflict: 1454 – Dissension of Hatakeyama succession. 1455 – Dissension in Kamakura between Kubō and his Uesugi Kanrei line: "Koga Kubō" established. 1457 – "Horikoshi Kubō" established. 1458 – Imperial regalia restored to Northern Court. 1460 – Hatakeyama rebels against Yoshimasa. 1464 – Yoshimasa adopts Ashikaga Yoshimi. 1466 – Yoshihisa born. 1466 – Dissension over Shiba succession. 1467 – Outbreak of Ōnin War. By 1464, Yoshimasa had no heir, so he adopted his younger brother, Ashikaga Yoshimi, in order to avoid any conflicts which might arise at the end of his shogunate. However, in the next year, Yoshimasa was surprised by the birth of Ashikaga Yoshihisa; the infant's birth created a conflict between the two brothers over who would follow Yoshimasa as shōgun.
Yoshimasa's wife, Hino Tomiko, attempted to get Yamana Sōzen to support the infant's claim to the shogunate. By 1467 the simmering dispute had evolved, encouraging a split amongst the powerful daimyōs and clan factions; the armed conflict which ensued has come to be known as the Ōnin War. This armed contest marks the beginning of the Sengoku period of Japanese history, a troubled period of constant military clashes which lasted over a century. A number of developments affect the unfolding Ōnin War's battles: 1468 --. 1469 – Yoshihisa appointed heir to shogunate. 1471 – Asakura Takakage appointed shugo of Echizen Province. 1473 – Yamana Sōzen and Hosokawa Katsumoto both die. In the midst of on-going hostilities, Yoshimasa retired in 1473, he relinquished the position of Sei-i Taishōgun to his young son who became the ninth shōgun Ashikaga Yoshihisa. With the leaders of the two warring factions dead and with the ostensible succession dispute resolved, the rationale for continuing to fight faded away.
The exhausted armies dissolved and by 1477 open warfare ended. 1477 – The Ōnin War is considered at an end. When Yoshimasa declared that Yoshihisa would be the next shōgun after he stepped down from that responsibility, he anticipated that his son would out-live him; when shōgun Yoshihisa died prematurely, Yoshimasa reassumed the power and responsibility he had wanted to lay aside. Shōgun Yoshimasa adopted the son of Yoshimi. In 1489, shōgun Yoshitane was installed. Before Yoshimasa died in 1490, he again adopted a nephew as heir, this time the son of his brother, Masatomo. Although Yoshitane did outlive Yoshimasa, his shogunate would prove short-lived. Yoshitane died in 1493. Before he married Hino Tomiko, sister of Hino Katsumitsu, he had a concubine, Lady Oima, 8 months pregnant when Tomiko pushed her from the stairs which resulted in a miscarriage. Shōgun Yoshimasa was succeeded by shōgun Yoshihisa by shōgun Yoshitane, by shōgun Yoshizumi. Yoshizumi's progeny would directly succeed him as head of the shogunate.
In the future, power struggles from outside the clan would lead to a brief period in which the great-grandson of Yoshitane would be installed as a puppet leader of the Ashikaga shogunate. During Yoshimasa's reign Japan saw the growth of the Higashiyama culture, famous for tea ceremony, flower arrangement, Noh drama, Indian ink painting. Higashiyama culture was influenced by Zen Buddhism and saw the rise of Japanese aesthetics like Wabi-sabi and the harmonization of imperial court and samurai culture. In the history of this Higashiyama bunka period, a few specific dates are noteworthy: 1459: Shōgun Yoshimasa provided a new mikoshi and a complete set of robes and other accouterments for this festival on the occasion of repairs to the Atsuta Shrine in the 1457–1459. 1460: Yoshimasa initiated planning for construction of a retirement villa and gardens as early as 1460. February 21, 1482: Construction of the "Silver Pavilion" is commenced. January 27, 1490 (Entoku 2, 7th day of the 1st mo
Europe is a continent located in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south, it comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Since around 1850, Europe is most considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Although the term "continent" implies physical geography, the land border is somewhat arbitrary and has been redefined several times since its first conception in classical antiquity; the division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East-West cultural and ethnic differences which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. The geographic border does not follow political boundaries, with Turkey and Kazakhstan being transcontinental countries. A strict application of the Caucasus Mountains boundary places two comparatively small countries and Georgia, in both continents.
Europe covers 2 % of the Earth's surface. Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 741 million as of 2016; the European climate is affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast. Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization; the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Renaissance humanism, exploration and science led to the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery started by Portugal and Spain, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at various times the Americas all of Africa and Oceania and the majority of Asia.
The Age of Enlightenment, the subsequent French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic and social change in Western Europe and the wider world. Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the West and the Warsaw Pact in the East, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1949 the Council of Europe was founded, following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill, with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals, it includes all European states except for Belarus and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation.
The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most used among Europeans. In classical Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician princess; the word Europe is derived from her name. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, "wide, broad" and ὤψ "eye, countenance", hence their composite Eurṓpē would mean "wide-gazing" or "broad of aspect". Broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. There have been attempts to connect Eurṓpē to a Semitic term for "west", this being either Akkadian erebu meaning "to go down, set" or Phoenician'ereb "evening, west", at the origin of Arabic Maghreb and Hebrew ma'arav. Michael A. Barry, professor in Princeton University's Near Eastern Studies Department, finds the mention of the word Ereb on an Assyrian stele with the meaning of "night, sunset", in opposition to Asu " sunrise", i.e. Asia.
The same naming motive according to "cartographic convention" appears in Greek Ἀνατολή. Martin Litchfield West stated that "phonologically, the match between Europa's name and any form of the Semitic word is poor." Next to these hypotheses there is a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning "darkness", which produced Greek Erebus. Most major world languages use words derived from Europa to refer to the continent. Chinese, for example, uses the word Ōuzhōu. In some Turkic languages the Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa; the prevalent definition of Europe as a geographical term has been in use since the mid-19th century. Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water
Ashikaga Takauji was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, ended with his death in 1358, he was a descendant of the samurai of the Seiwa Genji line who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture. According to Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he was not afraid of death. Second, he was tolerant. Third, he was generous with those below him, his childhood name was Matagorō. Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331. After becoming disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige, seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, laid siege to Kamakura; when the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, his clansmen committed suicide.
This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as influence. Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration. However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became disillusioned with the reestablished imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored. Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335. Takauji took Kamakura for himself. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura. Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Mishima.
This cleared the path for Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto. He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, only to be driven out and to Kyūshū by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro. Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west. Takauji allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama, Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu", his brother advanced by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July. At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good. Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period, which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for 60 more years. Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade.
His buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono. Father: Ashikaga Sadauji Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko Siblings: Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi Natural Siblings: Ashikaga Maagoro Ashikaga Tadayoshi Wife: Akahashi Toshi Concubines: Kako no Tsubone Echizen no Tsubone Children: Ashikaga Tadafuyu adopted by Ashikaga Tadayoshi by Echizen Ashikaga Takewakamaru by Kako Ashikaga Yoshiakira by Toshi Ashikaga Motouji by Toshi Tazuo by Toshi Yoriko by Toshi Seiomaru Significant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shōgun are: 1338 – Takauji appointed shōgun. 1349 – Go-Murakami flees to A'no. 1351–1358 – Struggle for Kyoto. 1351 – Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto. 1352 – Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto. 1353 – Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji. 1354 – Takauji flees with Go-Kōgon. 1355 – Kyoto taken by Southern army. 1358 – Takauji dies. Takauji's son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death, his grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.
Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names, that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court. Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court: Engen
Reins are items of horse tack, used to direct a horse or other animal used for riding. They are long straps that can be made of leather, metal, or other materials, attach to a bridle via either its bit or its noseband. Reins are used to give subtle commands or cues known as rein aids. Various commands may ask for a slower speed, request a halt or rein back. Rein aids are used along with leg aids, shifting of body weight, sometimes voice commands. On some types of harnesses there might be supporting rings or "terrets" used to carry the reins over the animal's back; when pairs of equines are used in drawing a wagon or coach it is usual for the outer side of each pair to be connected to the reins and for the inside of the bits to be connected between the pair of horses by a short bridging strap or rope. The driver carries "four-in-hand" or "six-in-hand" being the number of reins connecting to the pairs. A single rein or rope may be attached to a halter to guide a horse or packhorse. A long rein called a longe line may be used to allow the horse to move in a circle for training purposes, or for the purpose of a clinical lameness evaluation by a veterinarian.
On certain designs of headgear, a third rein may be added to the paired reins, used for leading, longeing, or other specialized or stylistic purposes. The best-known example of a third rein used in the USA is the leading rein of the mecate of the classic bosal hackamore. Types of reins include: Closed reins, or loop reins: reins that are either a single piece or that buckle together at the ends. English riders use closed reins. Western riders in timed rodeo events use a single closed rein. A closed rein helps prevent the rider from dropping the reins. Double reins: The combined use of two pairs of reins, a curb rein and a snaffle rein; this is two single reins, though sometimes split reins may be seen on western-style bridles. Double reins are used with a double bridle, with bits such as the Pelham bit and, less on some gag bits used for polo. Draw reins and running reins: long reins made of leather or nylon webbing, that attach to the saddle or the girth, run through the bit rings, back to the rider.
Several design variations, they add mechanical advantage to the rider's hands and may the horse's ability to raise its head. Used in conjunction with a snaffle rein by English riders used alone by western riders. Lead rein: A third rein used on bridles, not to be confused with the single lead rope of a halter nor the direct rein aid known as the "leading rein". In North America a third rein is most seen as part of the mecate of a hackamore. In Mongolia it is integral to the bridle, tied to either a bit ring or a chin strap. Long reins, longlines, or driving lines: exceptionally long reins which allow the rider to control the horse from a cart, or from the ground, with the handler walking behind the horse. Mecate: a style of rein seen on a bosal style hackamore made of a single piece of rope that encompasses both a closed rein and a leading rope. Romal reins: a rein style from the vaquero tradition that incorporates a closed rein with a long quirt at the end. Side reins: used when longeing a horse, attached from the bit to the saddle or surcingle, they are not meant to be held by the rider.
Split reins: a rein style seen in western riding where the reins are not attached to one another at the ends. They prevent a horse from tangling its feet in a looped rein when the rider is dismounted, they are longer than closed reins. Two reins—reins used on bridles with two reins: Snaffle rein: Usually a laced rein that buckles at the center, used on the bradoon of a double bridle, or the upper ring of a pelham bit. Curb rein: The rein used at the end of the shank of a curb bit or pelham. Modern curb reins buckle together at the ends, though reins of the classical curb were sewn together at the ends to create a single rein. In popular culture, to rein in means to hold back, slow down, control or limit. Sometimes the eggcorn, reign in, is used. Usage of the opposing free rein dates back to Geoffrey Chaucer and means to give or allow complete freedom, in action and decision, over something. Horse tack Neck rein Riding aids Study of rein tension on side reins, The Veterinary Journal, Volume 188, Issue 3, June 2011, Pages 291–294 Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology, August 2005 Rein Check, June 2011
Ashikaga Yoshiaki was the 15th shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate in Japan who reigned from 1568 to 1573. His father, Ashikaga Yoshiharu was the twelfth shōgun, his brother, Ashikaga Yoshiteru was the thirteenth shōgun; the absence of an effective central authority in the capital of Japan had lasted until the warlord Oda Nobunaga's armies entered Kyoto in 1568, re-establishing the Muromachi shogunate under the puppet shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki to begin the Azuchi–Momoyama period. Ashikaga Yoshihide, the fourteenth shōgun, was deposed without entering the capital, his childhood name was Chitosemaru. Most historians consider 1573 to have been the year; the power of the Ashikaga was destroyed on August 27, 1573, when Nobunaga drove Yoshiaki out of Kyoto. Yoshiaki became a Buddhist monk, shaving his head and taking the name Sho-san, which he changed to Rei-o In; some note. Despite a renewed central authority in Kyoto and Nobunaga's attempt to unify the country, the struggle for power among warring states continued until unification and final peace was achieved long after Nobunaga's assassination in 1582.
Father: Ashikaga Yoshiharu Mother: Keijuin Concubines: Osako no Kata Kosaki no Tsubone Children: Ashikaga Yoshihiro Isshi Yoshitaka Nagayama Yoshiari Yajima Hideyuki Significant events shape the period during which Yoshiaki was shōgun: 1568 – Oda Nobunaga sets Yoshiaki up as shōgun. 1569 – Yoshiaki's Nijō residence is built. 1570 – Ikkō monks defeat Oda Nobunaga. 1571 – Oda Nobunaga destroys Enryaku-ji. 1573 – Takeda Shingen dies. 1588 – Yoshiaki resigns from his post as shōgun. The span of years in which Yoshiaki was shōgun are more identified by more than one era name or nengō. Eiroku Genki Tenshō Ackroyd, Joyce. Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851. Nihon Ōdai Ichiran. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069