| Expert,Simple | |
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| Many anal cancers can be found early. ,Many anal cancers can be found early. | |
| Early anal cancers often have signs and symptoms that lead people to see a doctor. ,Early anal cancers often have signs and symptoms that lead people to see a doctor. | |
| "Unfortunately, some anal cancers may not cause symptoms until they reach an advanced stage. ",But some anal cancers may not cause symptoms until they reach a late stage. | |
| Other anal cancers can cause symptoms like those of diseases other than cancer. ,Other anal cancers may also have symptoms of other conditions that are not cancer. This may delay their diagnosis. | |
| Anal cancers develop in a part of the digestive tract that your doctor can easily see and get to. ,Anal cancers start in a part of the GI tract that your doctor can easily see and get to. | |
| A digital rectal exam (DRE) can find some cases of anal cancer early. ,A digital rectal exam (DRE) by finger can find some cases of anal cancer early. | |
| "In this exam, the doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the anus to feel for unusual lumps or growths. ","In this exam, the doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the anus to feel for lumps or growths. " | |
| This test is sometimes used to look for prostate cancer in men (because the prostate gland can be felt through the rectum). ,This test may also used to look for prostate cancer in men (because the prostate gland can be felt during this exam). | |
| The rectal exam is also done routinely as part of a pelvic exam on women. ,The rectal exam may also done as part of a pelvic exam on women. | |
| The odds that anal cancer can be found early depend on the location and type of the cancer. ,The chances of anal cancer being found early depends on the location and type of the cancer. | |
| Cancers that begin higher up in the anal canal are less likely to cause symptoms and be found early. ,Cancers that begin higher up in the anal canal may not cause symptoms and may not be found early by digital exam. | |
| "Anal melanomas tend to spread earlier than other cancers, making them harder to diagnose them early.","Anal melanomas tend to spread earlier than other cancers, making them harder to diagnose them early." | |
| Screening people at high risk ,Screening people at high risk | |
| Looking for a disease like cancer in someone with no symptoms is called screening . ,Looking for a disease like cancer in someone with no symptoms is called screening . | |
| "The goal of screening is to find cancer at an early stage, when treatment is likely to be most helpful. ","The goal of screening is to find cancer at an early stage, when treatment is likely to be most helpful. " | |
| "Anal cancer is not common in the United States, so screening the general public for anal cancer is not widely recommended at this time. ",Anal cancer is not common in the United States. Screening the general public for anal cancer is not widely recommended at this time. | |
| "Still, some people at increased risk for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN, a potentially pre-cancerous condition) and anal cancer might benefit from screening. ",Some people are at increased risk for anal cancer and might benefit from screening. | |
| "This includes men who have sex with men (regardless of HIV status), women who have had cervical cancer, vaginal cancer , or vulvar cancer , anyone who is HIV-positive, and anyone who is immunocompromised (such as people who have received an organ transplant or are on long-term steroids). ","This includes >Known anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN, a potentially pre-cancerous condition). >men who have sex with men (regardless of HIV status). >women who have had cervical, vaginal or vulvar cancer. >anyone who is HIV-positive. >anyone who is immunocompromised (such as people who have received an organ transplant or are on long-term steroids). " | |
| Some experts also recommend screening for anyone with a history of anal warts and women older than 45 years old who are HPV 16 positive. ,Additional screening recommendations: >anyone with a history of anal warts. >women older than 45 years old who are HPV positive. | |
| "For these people, some experts recommend screening with regular anal cytology testing (also known as an anal Pap test or anal Pap smear because it is much like a Pap test for cervical cancer). ",For this group it is also recommended that they receive regular anal cytology testing. Also known as an anal Pap test or smear because it is much like a Pap test for cervical cancer). | |
| "For an anal Pap test, the anal lining is swabbed, and cells that come off on the swab are looked at closely in the lab. ","For an anal Pap test, the lining of the anus is swabbed, and the cells are looked at closely in the lab for changes. " | |
| The anal pap test can then be followed by a DRE or a procedure called an anoscopy . ,The anal pap test can then be followed by a DRE or a procedure called an anoscopy (a small tube is inserted into the anus to view the tissue). | |
| "The anal Pap test has not been studied enough to know how often it should be done, or if it actually reduces the risk of anal cancer by catching AIN early. ",The anal Pap test has not been studied enough to know how often it should be done. Some experts recommend that the test be done in at-risk people who are: >Annually HIV-positive. >every 2 to 3 years in at-risk people who are HIV-negative. | |
| "Some experts recommend that the test be done every year in at-risk people who are HIV-positive, and every 2 to 3 years in at-risk people who are HIV-negative. ","Some experts recommend that the test be done every year in at-risk people who are HIV-positive, and every 2 to 3 years in at-risk people who are HIV-negative. " | |
| "But there is no widespread agreement on the best screening schedule, or even exactly which groups of people can benefit from screening. ","There is no widespread agreement on the best screening schedule, or even exactly which groups of people can benefit from screening. " | |
| Patients with positive results on an anal Pap test should be referred for a biopsy. ,Patients with positive results on an anal Pap test should receive a biopsy. | |
| "If AIN is found on the biopsy, it might need to be treated (especially if it is high-grade).","If AIN is found on the biopsy, it might need to be treated (especially if it is high-grade)." | |
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| Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found before they have spread too far to be removed by surgery. ,Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found early. Most are found when they have spread too far to be taken out with surgery. | |
| "The bile ducts are deep inside the body, so small tumors can’t be seen or felt during routine physical exams. ","The bile ducts are way down inside the body, so small areas of cancer can’t be seen or felt when you go to the doctor for a regular visit. " | |
| There are no blood tests or other tests that can reliably detect bile duct cancers early enough to be useful as screening tests. ,Looking for cancer in people who are not having any problems is called screening. There are no blood tests or other tests that can help screen people for bile duct cancer. | |
| (Screening is testing for cancer in people without any symptoms.) ,(Screening is testing for cancer in people without any symptoms.) | |
| "Because of this, most bile duct cancers are found only after the cancer has grown enough to cause signs or symptoms. ","Because of this, most bile duct cancers are found after the cancer has grown big enough to cause problems (or symptoms)." | |
| "The most common symptom is jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, which is caused by a blocked bile duct.","The most common symptom is jaundice, when your skin and the white part of your eyes look yellow. This is caused by a clogged up bile duct." | |
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| Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. ,Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. | |
| There are several risk factors associated with bile duct cancer . ,There are several risk factors associated with bile duct cancer . | |
| "Not everyone with one or more of these risk factors will develop the disease, and the disease will develop in some people who don’t have any known risk factors. ",Not everyone with one or more of these risk factors will develop the disease. The disease may develop in some people who don’t have any known risk factors. | |
| People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. ,People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. | |
| "Risk factors for bile duct cancer include the following conditions: >primary sclerosing cholangitis (a progressive disease in which the bile ducts become blocked by inflammation and scarring) >chronic ulcerative colitis >cysts in the bile ducts (cysts block the flow of bile and can cause swollen bile ducts, inflammation, and infection ) >infection with a Chinese liver fluke parasite There are actions you can take that can help to decrease your risk of getting cancer. ","Risk factors for bile duct cancer include the following conditions: >primary sclerosing cholangitis (a progressive disease in which the bile ducts become blocked by inflammation and scarring). >chronic ulcerative colitis >cysts in the bile ducts (cysts block the flow of bile and can cause swollen bile ducts, inflammation, and infection ). >infection with a Chinese liver parasite (Fluke). There are actions you can take that can help to decrease your risk of getting cancer. " | |
| "To learn more about ways to prevent cancer, see Cancer Prevention Overview . ","To learn more about ways to prevent cancer, see Cancer Prevention Overview . " | |
| "If you would like to reproduce some or all of this content, see Reuse of NCI Information for guidance about copyright and permissions. ","If you would like to reproduce some or all of this content, see Reuse of NCI Information for guidance about copyright and permissions. " | |
| "In the case of permitted digital reproduction, please credit the National Cancer Institute as the source and link to the original NCI product using the original product's title; e.g., “Bile Duct Cancer Causes and Risk Factors was originally published by the National Cancer Institute.” ","In the case of permitted digital reproduction, please credit the National Cancer Institute as the source and link to the original NCI product using the original product's title; e.g., “Bile Duct Cancer Causes and Risk Factors was originally published by the National Cancer Institute.” " | |
| Want to use this content on your website or other digital platform? ,Want to use this content on your website or other digital platform? | |
| Our syndication services page shows you how.,Our syndication services page shows you how. | |
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| Screening is the process of looking for cancer or pre-cancer in people who have no symptoms of the disease. ,Screening is looking for cancer or pre-cancer in people who are not having any problems. | |
| Regular colorectal cancer screening is one of the most powerful tools against colorectal cancer. ,Getting screened a lot is one of the most important ways to keep from getting colorectal cancer. This is called regular screening. | |
| "Screening can often find colorectal cancer early , when it's small, hasn't spread, and might be easier to treat. ","A lot of the time, screening can find colorectal cancer early, when it is small, has not moved to other parts of the body, and might be easier to take care of. " | |
| Regular screening can even prevent colorectal cancer . ,Regular screening can even keep you from getting colorectal cancer. | |
| A polyp can take as many as 10 to 15 years to develop into cancer. ,It can take up to 10 to 15 years for a polyp to turn into cancer. | |
| "With screening, doctors can find and remove polyps before they have the chance to turn into cancer.","By screening, doctors can find and take out polyps before they have time to turn into cancer." | |
| Why is colorectal cancer screening important?,Why is colorectal cancer screening important? | |
| Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the US. ,Colorectal cancer is one of the top cancers that cause people to die in the US. | |
| "But the death rate (the number of deaths per 100,000 people per year) of colorectal cancer has been dropping for several decades. ",But the number of people who die from colorectal cancer each year gets lower all the time. | |
| One reason for this is that colorectal polyps are now more often found by screening and removed before they can develop into cancers. ,One reason for this is that now more colorectal polyps are found by screening and taken out before they can turn into cancers. | |
| "When colorectal cancer is found at an early stage before it has spread, the 5-year relative survival rate is about 90%. ","When colorectal cancer is found very early and before it has spread, most people who get treatment for it will still be alive 5 years later. " | |
| But only about 4 out of 10 colorectal cancers are found at this early stage. ,But only about 4 out of 10 colorectal cancers are found when they are that early. | |
| "When cancer has spread outside the colon or rectum, survival rates are lower. ","When cancer has spread outside the colon or rectum, the number of people who will still be alive 5 years later is much smaller. " | |
| "Unfortunately, about 1 in 3 people in the US who should get tested for colorectal cancer have never been screened. ",About 1 out of 3 people in the US who need to get tested for colorectal cancer have never been screened. | |
| "This may be because they don't know that regular testing could save their lives from this disease, or due to things like cost and health insurance coverage issues. ",This may be because they don't know that screening could keep them from getting colorectal cancer. It may also be because it costs too much and their health insurance does not cover it. | |
| See Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests for more on the tests used to screen for colorectal cancer. ,See Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests for more on the tests used to screen for colorectal cancer. | |
| American Cancer Society Recommendations for Colorectal Cancer Early Detection has our guidelines for using these tests to find colorectal cancer and polyps.,American Cancer Society Recommendations for Colorectal Cancer Early Detection has our guidelines for using these tests to find colorectal cancer and polyps. | |
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| "Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older, but getting regular physical activity and keeping a healthy weight may help lower your risk. ",Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. Getting regular physical activity and keeping a healthy weight may help lower your risk. | |
| Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. ,Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. | |
| Other risk factors include having— >Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. ,Other risk factors include having >Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. | |
| >A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. ,>A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. | |
| >A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). ,>A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). | |
| Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include,Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include | |
| >Lack of regular physical activity. ,>Lack of regular physical activity. | |
| >A diet low in fruit and vegetables. ,>A diet low in fruit and vegetables. | |
| ">A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. ",">A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. " | |
| >Overweight and obesity. ,>Overweight and obesity. | |
| >Alcohol consumption. ,>Alcohol consumption. | |
| >Tobacco use.,>Tobacco use. | |
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| "Abdominal pain, aches, or cramps may be symptoms of colorectal cancer. ","Stomach pain, aches, or cramps might be problems caused by colorectal cancer. " | |
| "If you have any symptoms that worry you, be sure to see your doctor right away. ","If you have any of these problems and they are bothering you, be sure to see your doctor right away (now). " | |
| "Colorectal polyps (abnormal growths in the colon or rectum that can turn into cancer if not removed) and colorectal cancer don’t always cause symptoms, especially at first. ","Colorectal polyps (lumps in the colon or rectum that can turn into cancer if they are not taken out) and colorectal cancer don’t always cause problems (symptoms), especially when they start. " | |
| Someone could have polyps or colorectal cancer and not know it. ,Someone could have polyps or colorectal cancer and not know it. | |
| That is why getting screened regularly for colorectal cancer is so important. ,Getting screened a lot is one of the most important ways to keep from getting colorectal cancer. This is called regular screening and it is very important. | |
| "If you have symptoms, they may include— >A change in bowel habits. ",Some of the symptoms can be: >A change in how often you poop. | |
| >Blood in or on your stool (bowel movement). ,>Blood in or on your poop (bowel movement). | |
| ">Diarrhea, constipation, or feeling that the bowel does not empty all the way. ",">Diarrhea, constipation (not being able to poop), or feeling that you did not finish pooping. " | |
| ">Abdominal pain, aches, or cramps that don’t go away. ",">Stomach pain, aches, or cramps that don’t go away. " | |
| >Weight loss and you don’t know why. ,>If you lose weight and don’t know why. | |
| "If you have any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor. ","If you have any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor. " | |
| They may be caused by something other than cancer. ,They may be caused by a problem other than cancer. | |
| The only way to know what is causing them is to see your doctor.,The only way to know what is making them happen is to see your doctor. | |
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| "Because carcinoid tumors usually start out very small and grow and spread slowly, about half of all gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are found in an early or localized stage, often before they cause any problems. ","Since most carcinoid tumors start out very small and grow and spread slowly, about half of all gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are found early, or before they cause any problems. " | |
| Carcinoid tumors often are found by accident. ,Carcinoid tumors are found by accident a lot of the time. | |
| These tumors aren’t causing any symptoms but are found when tests are done for other reasons or diseases. ,"These tumors aren’t causing any problems, but they are found by accident when the doctor orders tests for other reasons." | |
| They may also be found when parts of the gastrointestinal system are removed to treat other diseases. ,They can also be found when parts of the gastrointestinal system are taken out to treat other sicknesses. | |
| "When patients have parts of their stomach or small intestine removed to treat other diseases, taking a close look in the microscope often shows small groups of neuroendocrine cells that look like tiny carcinoid tumors. ","When patients have parts of their stomach or small intestine taken out to treat other problems, sometimes small groups of cells that look like tiny carcinoid tumors can be seen with a microscope. " | |
| "Researchers still do not know why some tumors stay small, but others grow large enough to cause symptoms. ","People who study cancer still do not know why some tumors stay small, but others grow big enough to cause problems. " | |
| "For example, a person with stomach pain or bleeding may have a test called an upper endoscopy to look for an ulcer. ","For example, a person with stomach pain or bleeding may have a test called an upper endoscopy to look for an ulcer. " | |
| "In this test, the doctor looks at the stomach lining through a flexible lighted tube. ","In this test, the doctor looks at the inside of the stomach through a bendable tube with a light on it. " | |
| "During this test, the doctor might notice a small bump in the stomach wall that turns out to be a carcinoid tumor. ","During this test, the doctor might notice a small bump in the stomach wall that turns out to be a carcinoid tumor. Another test doctors use is a colonoscopy. In this test, a bendable tube with a light is used to look at the large bowel. " | |
| "Sometimes during colorectal cancer screening, a routine sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy (looking at the large bowel through a flexible lighted tube) will incidentally find a small carcinoid tumor. ","Sometimes during colorectal cancer screening tests (like an endoscopy or colonoscopy), a small carcinoid tumor can be found by accident. " | |
| "Sometimes when the appendix is removed (to treat appendicitis or as part of a larger operation), a small carcinoid tumor is found at the tip. ","Sometimes when the appendix is taken out for another reason, a small carcinoid tumor is found at the tip. " | |
| This happens in about 1 of every 300 people who have appendix surgery. ,This happens to about 1 of every 300 people who have appendix surgery so not very much. | |
| Most of these carcinoids were too small to have caused any symptoms.,Most of these carcinoids were too small to cause any problems. | |
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| It is often hard to find liver cancer early because signs and symptoms often do not appear until it is in its later stages. ,It is often hard to find liver cancer early because signs and symptoms often do not appear until it is in its later stages. | |
| Small liver tumors are hard to detect on a physical exam because most of the liver is covered by the right rib cage. ,Small liver tumors are hard to detect on a physical exam because most of the liver is covered by the right rib cage. | |
| "By the time a tumor can be felt, it might already be quite large. ","By the time a tumor can be felt, it might already be quite large. " | |
| "At this time, there are no widely recommended screening tests for liver cancer in people who are at average risk. ","At this time, there are no widely recommended screening tests for liver cancer in people who are at average risk. " | |
| (Screening means testing for cancer in people who have no symptoms or history of cancer.) ,(Screening means testing for cancer in people who have no symptoms or history of cancer.) | |
| But testing might be recommended for some people at higher risk.,But testing might be recommended for some people at higher risk. | |
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| "Worldwide, liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. ","In the whole world, liver cancer is ranked #6 on the list of cancers that most people have and #3 in the list of cancers that cause people to die. " | |
| "In the United States, rates are highest in American Indian or Alaska Native individuals. ","In the United States, the people who get liver cancer the most are American Indian or Alaska Native people." | |
| Liver cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States.,Liver cancer is ranked #6 on the list of cancers that cause people to die in the United States. | |
| Liver cancer causes and risk factors,Liver cancer causes and risk factors | |
| "The most common type of liver cancer in adults, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), typically develops in people with chronic (long-lasting) liver disease caused by hepatitis virus infection or cirrhosis. ","Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the kind of liver cancer that most adults have. Most of the time, it happens in people who have a bad liver caused by sickness that has been there a long time. " | |
| Men are more likely to develop HCC than women. ,Men usually have HCC more than women. | |
| People with multiple risk factors have an even higher risk. ,_______________________more of a chance of getting liver cancer. These are called risk factors. | |
| Many risk factors have been associated with liver cancer. ,People with more than one risk factor have an even bigger chance. | |
| "Not everyone with one or more of these risk factors will develop the disease, and the disease will develop in some people who don’t have any known risk factors. ","Not everybody with one or more of these risk factors will get liver cancer, and some people can get liver cancer and not have any risk factors. " | |
| "Risk factors include the following: >Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection : HBV can be transmitted in blood, semen , or other body fluids. ",Some risk factors are: >Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection : HBV is a virus that you can get from someone else’s blood or other liquids that come from their body. | |
| "The infection can be passed from mother to child during childbirth, through sexual contact, or by sharing needles that are used to inject drugs. ","HBV can be passed from a mother to her baby when the mother is having the baby, or through having sex, or using the same needle as someone else. " | |
| It can cause inflammation (swelling) of the liver that leads to cancer. ,It can cause problems with the liver that can turn into cancer. | |
| Routine HBV vaccination in infancy is reducing the incidence of HBV infection. ,Getting a shot for HBV when you are a baby can help keep you from getting HBV. | |
| Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in Asia and Africa. ,HBV is the #1 reason that people get liver cancer in Asia and Africa. | |
| >Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection : HCV can be transmitted in the blood. ,>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection : You can get HCV from someone else’s blood. | |
| "The infection can be spread by sharing needles that are used to inject drugs or, less often, through sexual contact. ",You can get HCV by using the same needle as someone else or sometimes from having sex. | |
| "In the past, it was also spread during blood transfusions or organ transplants . ",You used to have a chance of getting HCV by getting blood through a vein or during a kind of surgery called an organ transplant. | |
| "Today, blood banks test all donated blood for HCV, which greatly lowers the risk of getting the virus from blood transfusions. ","Now, when a person gives blood, it is checked for HCV, and that means that there is less of a chance of someone getting the virus when they get blood through their vein. " | |
| It can cause cirrhosis that may lead to liver cancer. ,HCV can cause a disease called cirrhosis that may cause liver cancer. | |
| "Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in North America, Europe, and Japan. ","HCV is the #1 reason that people get liver cancer in North America, Europe, and Japan. " | |
| ">Cirrhosis : The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have cirrhosis, a disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue . ",">Cirrhosis : You have a bigger chance of getting liver cancer if you have cirrhosis, which is a disease where a healthy liver becomes unhealthy. " | |
| The scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver and keeps it from working as it should. ,"When the liver becomes unhealthy, blood cannot get to the liver and it stops working like it should. " | |
| Chronic alcoholism and chronic hepatitis infections are common causes of cirrhosis. ,Drinking too much alcohol and having infections in your liver can be reasons for getting cirrhosis. | |
| People with HCV-related cirrhosis have a higher risk of developing liver cancer than people with cirrhosis related to HBV or alcohol use. ,People with cirrhosis that is caused by HCV will have a bigger chance of getting liver cancer than people who have cirrhosis caused by alcohol or HBV. | |
| >Heavy alcohol use : ,>Drinking too much alcohol: | |
| "Heavy alcohol use can cause cirrhosis, which is a risk factor for liver cancer. ","Drinking too much alcohol can cause cirrhosis, which gives you a bigger chance of getting liver cancer. " | |
| Liver cancer can also occur in heavy alcohol users who do not have cirrhosis. ,People who drink too much alcohol and do not have cirrhosis can still get liver cancer. | |
| "Heavy alcohol users who have cirrhosis are ten times more likely to develop liver cancer, compared with heavy alcohol users who do not have cirrhosis. ",People who drink too much alcohol and have cirrhosis have a much bigger chance of getting liver cancer than people who drink too much and do not have cirrhosis. | |
| Studies have shown there is also an increased risk of liver cancer in people with HBV or HCV infection who use alcohol heavily. ,Some people who study cancer believe that people with HBV or HCV who drink a lot of alcohol have a bigger chance of getting liver cancer. | |
| ">Aflatoxin B1 : The risk of developing liver cancer may be increased by eating foods that contain aflatoxin B1 (poison from a fungus that can grow on foods, such as corn and nuts, that have been stored in hot, humid places). ",">Aflatoxin B1 : Eating foods that have aflatoxin B1 in them can give you a bigger chance of getting liver cancer. Aflatoxin is poisonous and can grow on foods, corn and nuts, that have been kept in hot, steamy places. " | |
| "It is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and China. ","This happens most in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and China. " | |
| >Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) : ,>Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) : | |
| NASH is a condition that can cause cirrhosis that may lead to liver cancer. ,NASH is a problem that can cause cirrhosis which can lead to liver cancer. | |
| "It is the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, where there is an abnormal amount of fat in the liver. ","NASH is the worst kind of nonalcoholic (not caused by alcohol) fatty liver disease, where there is too much fat in the liver. " | |
| "In some people, this can cause inflammation and injury to the cells of the liver. ","In some people, this can hurt the liver. " | |
| Having NASH-related cirrhosis increases the risk of developing liver cancer. ,People who have the NASH kind of cirrhosis have a bigger chance of getting liver cancer. | |
| Liver cancer has also been found in people with NASH who do not have cirrhosis. ,People who have NASH who do not have cirrhosis can also get liver cancer. | |
| >Cigarette smoking : Cigarette smoking has been linked to a higher risk of liver cancer. ,>Smoking Cigarettes can give you a bigger chance of getting liver cancer. | |
| The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years the person has smoked. ,It depends on the number of cigarettes that a person smokes each day and for how many years. | |
| >Other conditions : Certain rare medical and genetic conditions may increase the risk of liver cancer. ,>Some other problems can give you a bigger chance of getting liver cancer. | |
| These conditions include the following:,These problems are: | |
| >untreated hereditary hemochromatosis ,>untreated hereditary hemochromatosis | |
| >alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency ,>alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency | |
| >glycogen storage disease ,>glycogen storage disease | |
| >porphyria cutanea tarda ,>porphyria cutanea tarda | |
| >Wilson disease,>Wilson disease | |
| Liver cancer prevention,Liver cancer prevention | |
| Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. ,Cancer prevention = things that you can do to help keep you from getting cancer. | |
| "By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. ","By doing these things, the number of people who get cancer will be lower. " | |
| "Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. ",The hope is that this will also lower the number of people who die from cancer. | |
| Anything that increases your chance of getting cancer is called a risk factor. ,Anything that gives you a bigger chance of getting cancer is called a risk factor. | |
| Anything that lowers your chance of getting cancer is called a cancer protective factor. ,Anything that gives you a smaller chance of getting cancer is called a protective factor. | |
| Prevention includes avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors. ,Part of Prevention is keeping away from risk factors and trying to do more protective factors. | |
| The following are protective factors for liver cancer: >Getting the hepatitis B vaccine : ,These are protective factors to help keep you from getting liver cancer: >Get the hepatitis B vaccine: | |
| Preventing HBV infection (by being vaccinated for HBV as a newborn) has been shown to lower the risk of liver cancer in children. ,Giving the HBV vaccine to babies can lower the chance of them getting liver cancer when they are a child. | |
| It is not yet known if being vaccinated lowers the risk of liver cancer in adults. ,But we do not know yet if that will lower the chance of them getting liver cancer when they are an adult. | |
| >Getting treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection : Treatment options for people with chronic HBV infection include interferon and nucleos(t)ide analog therapy. ,>Get treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection: Different kinds of treatment for people with chronic HBV infection are interferon and nucleos(t)ide analog therapy. | |
| These treatments may reduce the risk of developing liver cancer. ,These treatments can help lower the chance of getting liver cancer. | |
| >Reducing exposure to aflatoxin B1 : Replacing foods that contain high amounts of aflatoxin B1 with foods that contain a much lower level of the poison can reduce the risk of liver cancer.,">Make sure you don’t eat foods that have a lot of aflatoxin B1 in them. Instead, eat foods with a much smaller about of the poison in them. This can lower the chance of getting liver cancer." | |
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| Pancreatic cancer is hard to find early. ,Pancreatic cancer is hard to find early. | |
| "The pancreas is deep inside the body, so early tumors can’t be seen or felt by health care providers during routine physical exams. ",The pancreas is deep inside the body. Early tumors can’t be seen or felt by health care providers during routine physical exams. | |
| People usually have no symptoms until the cancer has become very large or has already spread to other organs. ,People usually have no symptoms until the cancer has become very large or has spread to other organs. | |
| "For certain types of cancer, screening tests or exams are used to look for cancer in people who have no symptoms (and who have not had that cancer before). ",There are screening tests or exams that are used to look for cancer in people who have no symptoms (and who have not had that cancer before). | |
| "But for pancreatic cancer, no major professional groups currently recommend routine screening in people who are at average risk. ","But for pancreatic cancer, there are currently no recommended routine screening in people who are at average risk. " | |
| This is because no screening test has been shown to lower the risk of dying from this cancer.,This is because no screening test has been shown to lower the risk of dying from this cancer. | |
| Genetic testing for people who might be at increased risk,Genetic testing for people who might be at increased risk | |
| Some people might be at increased risk of pancreatic cancer because of a family history of the disease (or a family history of certain other cancers). ,Some people might be at increased risk of pancreatic cancer because of a family history of the disease (or a family history of certain other cancers). | |
| Sometimes this increased risk is due to a specific genetic syndrome . ,Sometimes this increased risk is due to a specific genetic change. | |
| Genetic testing looks for the gene changes that cause these inherited conditions and increase pancreatic cancer risk. ,Genetic testing looks for the gene changes that cause these inherited conditions and increase pancreatic cancer risk. | |
| "The tests look for these inherited conditions, not pancreatic cancer itself. ","Your risk may be increased if you have one of these conditions, but it doesn’t mean that you have (or definitely will get) pancreatic cancer. " | |
| "Your risk may be increased if you have one of these conditions, but it doesn’t mean that you have (or definitely will get) pancreatic cancer. ","Knowing if you are at increased risk can help you and your doctor make decisions on screening. Screening before symptoms occur, when it might be easier to treat. " | |
| "Knowing if you are at increased risk can help you and your doctor decide if you should have tests to look for pancreatic cancer early, when it might be easier to treat. ",Determining whether you might be at increased risk is not a simple process. | |
| "The American Cancer Society strongly recommends that anyone thinking about genetic testing talk with a genetic counselor, nurse, or doctor (qualified to interpret and explain the test results) before getting tested. ","The American Cancer Society has strong recommendations for anyone thinking about genetic testing. This includes talking with a genetic counselor, nurse, or doctor (qualified to interpret and explain the test results) before getting tested. " | |
| "It’s important to understand what the tests can − and can’t − tell you, and what any results might mean, before deciding to be tested.","It’s important to understand what the tests can − and can’t − tell you, and what any results might mean, before deciding to be tested." | |
| Testing for pancreatic cancer in people at high risk,Testing for pancreatic cancer in people at high risk | |
| "For people in families at high risk of pancreatic cancer, newer tests for detecting pancreatic cancer early may help. ","For people in families at high risk of pancreatic cancer, newer tests for detecting pancreatic cancer early may help. " | |
| The two most common tests used are an endoscopic ultrasound or MRI. ,The two most common tests used are an endoscopic ultrasound or MRI. | |
| (See Tests for Pancreatic Cancer .) ,(See Tests for Pancreatic Cancer .) | |
| "These tests are not used to screen the general public, but might be used for someone with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer or with a known genetic syndrome that increases their risk. ",These tests are not used to screen the general public. But might be used with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer or with a known genetic syndrome that increases their risk. | |
| "Doctors have been able to find early, treatable pancreatic cancers in some members of high-risk families with these tests. ","Doctors have been able to find early, treatable pancreatic cancers in some members of high-risk families with these tests. " | |
| Doctors are also studying other new tests to try to find pancreatic cancer early. ,Doctors are also studying other new tests to try to find pancreatic cancer early. | |
| (See What's New in Pancreatic Cancer Research? ) ,(See What's New in Pancreatic Cancer Research? ) | |
| Interested families at high risk may wish to take part in studies of these new screening tests.,Interested families at high risk may wish to take part in studies (clinical trials) of these new screening tests. | |
| Original Text,Simplified Text | |
| Screening is testing for diseases like cancer in people who do not have any symptoms. ,Screening is testing for diseases like cancer in people who do not have any symptoms. | |
| "Screening tests can find some types of cancer early, when treatment is most likely to be effective. ",Screening tests can find some types of cancer early when treatment is most likely to be effective. | |
| "But small intestine adenocarcinomas are rare, and no effective screening tests have been found for these cancers, so routine testing for people without any symptoms is not recommended.","Small intestine cancers are rare, and no effective screening tests have been found for these cancers. Routine testing for people without any symptoms is not recommended." | |
| For people at high risk,For people at high risk | |
| "For people with certain inherited genetic syndromes who are at increased risk of small intestine cancer, doctors might recommend regular tests to look for cancer early, especially in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). ",Some people with certain inherited genetic syndromes are at increased risk of small intestine cancer. Doctors may recommend regular tests to look for this cancer before symptoms are present. Especially for disease in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). | |
| "Tests that might be done include upper endoscopy (in which a long tube with a tiny video camera on the end is passed down the throat, through the stomach, and into the duodenum), CT scans, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). ","Tests that might be done include >upper endoscopy (in which a long tube with a tiny video camera on the end is passed down the throat, through the stomach, and into the duodenum). >CT scans. >endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). " | |
| See Tests for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) to learn more about these tests.,See Tests for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) to learn more about these tests. | |
| Original Text,Simplified Text | |
| "Screening is testing for a disease, such as cancer, in people without symptoms. ","Screening is checking for disease, like cancer, in people who are not having any problems." | |
| "Some of the tests that can be used to screen for stomach cancer (also known as gastric cancer), such as upper endoscopy, are described in Tests for Stomach Cancer .","Some of the tests that doctors can use to screen people for stomach cancer (also known as gastric cancer), like upper endoscopy, are talked about in Tests for Stomach Cancer ." | |
| Stomach cancer screening in people at average risk,Stomach cancer screening in people at average risk | |
| No major medical organizations in the United States recommend routine screening for stomach cancer in people at average risk. ,Most groups of doctors agree that you should not have routine screening for stomach cancer if you do not have problems that would give you a bigger chance of getting it. | |
| "This is largely because this disease isn’t common in the US, so the benefits of screening most likely would not outweigh the possible harms (such as needing additional tests or procedures, even in some people who might not end up having stomach cancer). ","This is mostly because this cancer does not happen very often in the US, so getting the screening tests would probably cause more bad than good." | |
| "Because routine screening for stomach cancer is not done in the United States, most people are not diagnosed with stomach cancer until they have certain signs and symptoms that point to the need for medical tests. ","Because routine screening for stomach cancer is not done in the United States, most people do not find out they have stomach cancer until they are having problems and need to have tests. " | |
| "In some countries in East Asia and South America, where stomach cancer is much more common, mass screening of the population has helped find many stomach cancers at an early, possibly more curable stage. ","In some countries in East Asia and South America, where many more people have stomach cancer, it has been helpful to do more routine screening to find more stomach cancers when they are just starting and might be cured. " | |
| "However, it’s not clear if this has led to a lower number of stomach cancer deaths.","But, no one is sure if this will help lower the number of people who die from stomach cancer." | |
| Stomach cancer screening in people at increased risk,Stomach cancer screening in people at increased risk | |
| "The benefits of screening might outweigh the risks in some people who are at increased risk for stomach cancer because they have certain risk factors (for example, certain potentially pre-cancerous stomach conditions or inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP]). ",It might be helpful to screen people who have risk factors that give them a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer. Some of these factors are potentially pre-cancerous stomach conditions or inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP]). | |
| "For example, upper endoscopy might be recommended at regular intervals in these people. ",People with these risk factors might need to get endoscopies when their doctor says they should. | |
| "If you have risk factors that might increase your risk of stomach cancer, talk to your doctor about the possible pros and cons of stomach cancer screening for you. ","If you have risk factors that might give you a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer, talk to your doctor to see if you need to have cancer screening. " | |
| Screening isn't usually recommended for people in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). ,"Most of the time, doctors do not think that people in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) need to have screening tests. " | |
| "Instead, doctors often recommend that people who have changes in the CDH1 gene that causes this syndrome consider having their stomach removed (total gastrectomy), because their risk of stomach cancer is very high.","But, a lot of the time, doctors want people who have changes in the CDH1 gene that causes this syndrome to think about having their stomach taken out (total gastrectomy), because their chance of getting stomach cancer is very big." | |
| Original Text,Simplified Text | |
| "Stomach cancer is caused by certain changes to the way stomach cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. ","Stomach cancer is caused by changes in stomach cells, mostly how they grow and split into new cells. " | |
| "There are many risk factors for stomach cancer, but many do not directly cause cancer. ","There are a lot of risk factors for stomach cancer, but a lot of them do not actually cause cancer. " | |
| "Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to stomach cancer. ","But, they give you a bigger chance of having changes in your cells that can turn in to stomach cancer. " | |
| "To learn more about how cancer develops, see What Is Cancer? . ","To learn more about how cancer develops, see What Is Cancer? . " | |
| A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. ,A risk factor is anything that gives you a bigger chance of getting a disease (sickness). | |
| "Some risk factors for stomach cancer, like tobacco use, can be changed. ","Some risk factors for stomach cancer, like using tobacco, can be changed. " | |
| "However, risk factors also include things people cannot change, like their age and family history . ","But, risk factors can also be things people cannot change, like their age and sicknesses in their family. " | |
| Learning about risk factors for stomach cancer is important because it can help you make choices that might prevent or lower your risk of getting it.,Learning about risk factors for stomach cancer is important because it can help you make choices (or do things) that might keep you from or give you a smaller chance of getting it. | |
| Who gets stomach cancer,Who gets stomach cancer | |
| Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. ,Stomach cancer is ranked #5 on the list of cancers that most people have. | |
| "It is more common in countries in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South and Central America than in the United States and other Western countries. ","It happens more in countries in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South and Central America than in the United States and other Western countries. " | |
| Anyone can get stomach cancer. ,Anybody can get stomach cancer. | |
| "In the United States, the disease occurs more often among Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals than among White individuals. ","In the United States, the disease happens more in Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native people than in White people. " | |
| "Males are nearly twice as likely as females to be diagnosed with stomach cancer, and Black males are nearly twice as likely as White males to die of it. ",Men get it more than women and Black men get it more than White men. | |
| "In recent years, stomach cancer rates have been increasing in younger females, particularly among Hispanic females. ","In these past few years, the number of people who are getting stomach cancer has grown in younger women, mostly Hispanic women. " | |
| "Stomach cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but the risk increases as a person gets older.","You can get stomach cancer at any age, but your chances of getting it gets bigger as you get older." | |
| Risk factors for stomach cancer,Risk factors for stomach cancer | |
| There are several risk factors for stomach cancer. ,There are some risk factors for stomach cancer. | |
| Different risk factors may increase the risk of cancer in different parts of the stomach. ,Some risk factors can give you more of a chance of cancer in different parts of the stomach. | |
| "For example, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection increases the risk of cancer in the lower and middle part of the stomach, while obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) increase the risk of cancer in the upper stomach.","Like, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection gives you more of a chance of getting cancer in the bottom and middle part of the stomach, and being too big and having gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) gives you more of a chance in upper stomach." | |
| H. pylori infection,H. pylori infection | |
| Chronic infection of the mucosal layer of the stomach with H. pylori is a major risk factor for stomach cancer. ,H. pylori infection in the wall of the stomach that does not get better is a big risk factor for stomach cancer. | |
| "This bacterium spreads from person to person through direct contact with saliva, vomit, or stool. ","You can get this infection from someone who has the infection by touching their spit, throw-up or poop. " | |
| "Although many people with chronic H. pylori infections do not have symptoms, some develop stomach ulcers or an inflammation of the stomach called atrophic gastritis. ","Many people who have had H. pylori infection for a long time do not have problems, but some get stomach ulcers or a swollen stomach called atrophic gastritis. " | |
| "In some people, atrophic gastritis leads to increasingly severe changes in the stomach lining and eventually to stomach cancer or gastric MALT lymphoma (see What Is Stomach Cancer? ). ","In some people, atrophic gastritis can cause big changes in the wall of the stomach and can later turn into stomach cancer or gastric MALT lymphoma. " | |
| Treatment of H. pylori infections reduces the risk of these types of stomach cancer.,Getting treatment for H. pylori infections gives you a small chance of getting one of these types of stomach cancer. | |
| Other medical conditions,Other medical conditions | |
| The risk of stomach cancer is increased in people who have ,The chance of getting stomach cancer is bigger in people who have | |
| >chronic atrophic gastritis (thinning of the stomach lining caused by long-term inflammation of the stomach) ,>chronic atrophic gastritis (change in the wall of the stomach caused by swelling of the stomach that has been there a long time) | |
| >atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia (a condition in which the cells that line the stomach are replaced by cells that normally line the intestines) ,>atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia (when the cells that are in the wall of the stomach are switched out by cells that are normally in the wall of the intestines) | |
| >Epstein-Barr virus infection ,>Epstein-Barr virus infection | |
| ">pernicious anemia (an autoimmune condition in which the intestines can’t properly absorb vitamin B12 , resulting in a low red blood cell count) ",>pernicious anemia (a disease where the intestines can’t take in vitamin B12 like they should which causes a low red blood cell count) | |
| >obesity (excess body weight) ,>obesity (weighing too much or being too big) | |
| >gastroesophageal reflux disease (a condition in which stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus),>gastroesophageal reflux disease (when the acid in the stomach keeps going back up into the esophagus). | |
| Genetics and family history,Genetics and family history | |
| "The risk of stomach cancer is increased, sometimes to very high levels, in people who have ",The chance of getting stomach cancer can be higher or very high in people who have | |
| ">a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has had stomach cancer ",">a first-degree relative (mom/dad, brother/sister, or son/daughter) who has had stomach cancer." | |
| >familial adenomatous polyposis ,>familial adenomatous polyposis | |
| ">familial intestinal gastric cancer (FIGC), a type of stomach cancer that runs in families but does not have a known genetic cause ",">familial intestinal gastric cancer (FIGC), a kind of stomach cancer that people in the same family can have but the reason is not known. " | |
| >gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS) ,>gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS) | |
| "(To learn more, see GAPPS .) ","(To learn more, see GAPPS .) " | |
| ">hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) (To learn more, see HDGC .) ",">hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) (To learn more, see HDGC .) " | |
| >juvenile polyposis syndrome ,>juvenile polyposis syndrome | |
| >Li-Fraumeni syndrome ,>Li-Fraumeni syndrome | |
| >Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and HNPCC) ,>Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and HNPCC) | |
| >Peutz-Jeghers syndrome ,>Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | |
| ">Type A blood (To learn more, see the MedlinePlus page on blood types .)",">Type A blood (To learn more, see the MedlinePlus page on blood types .)" | |
| Diet,Diet | |
| "Eating a diet that is low in fruits and vegetables or that is high in salted, smoked, or poorly preserved foods may increase the risk of stomach cancer.","Not eating enough fruits and vegetables or eating foods that are salty, smoked or not kept fresh can give you a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer." | |
| Tobacco use,Tobacco use | |
| People who smoke have a higher risk of stomach cancer than nonsmokers. ,People who smoke have a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer than people who do not smoke. | |
| Smoking also makes treatment for H. pylori infection less effective. ,Smoking also makes treatment for H. pylori infection not work as well. | |
| Smokers who stop smoking lower their risk of having stomach cancer over time. ,Smokers who stop smoking can have a smaller and smaller chance of having stomach cancer the longer they don’t smoke. | |
| Learn about different tools to help you quit smoking and how to use them.,Learn about different tools to help you quit smoking and how to use them. | |
| Environmental and occupational exposures,Environmental and occupational exposures | |
| The risk of stomach cancer is increased in people who ,The chance of getting stomach cancer is bigger in people who | |
| >work in the rubber or coal industry ,>work in the rubber or coal business | |
| >have been exposed to very high levels of radiation ,>have worked around high levels of (or a lot of) radiation | |
| Having one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean you will get stomach cancer. ,Just because you have one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean that you will definitely get stomach cancer. | |
| "Many people with risk factors never develop stomach cancer, whereas others with no known risk factors do. ","A lot of people with risk factors never get stomach cancer, but others with no risk factors (that they know about) do. " | |
| Talk with your doctor if you think you might be at increased risk. ,Talk to your doctor if you think you might have a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer. | |
| "Stomach cancer screening or preventive surgery may be available to people at very high risk of stomach cancer, such as those with certain genetic conditions or family histories. ",People who have a very big chance of getting stomach cancer (like people who have genetic problems or family members with cancer) might be able to get checked for stomach cancer or have surgery that will keep them from getting stomach cancer. | |
| Learn about stomach cancer screening .,Learn about stomach cancer screening . | |