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|Chiến hạm BRP Gregorio del Pilar cuả HQ Philippines|[](http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=us%20give%20phillipine%20a%20second%20coast%20guard%20boats&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navytimes.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F11%2Fap-us-vows-second-warship-for-philippines-111711%2F&ei=_e7GTqTiMe6TiAect4TaDw&usg=AFQjCNGX0s_Hb95Ndk4GIlH9ivsQ7Wj40g&cad=rja)
By Jim Gomez - The Associated PressMANILA, Philippines — The United States will provide a second warship to the ill-equipped Philippine military as it confronts China in increasingly tense territorial disputes in the South China Sea, a Philippine official said Thursday.
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton assured Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin during talks in Manila on Wednesday that Washington would give its longtime ally a second Coast Guard cutter virtually for free some time next year.
The first second-hand cutter from the U.S. Coast Guard sailed into Manila in August and became the most modern vessel in the dilapidated Philippine fleet. Clinton assured the Philippine military of intensified U.S. assistance Wednesday when the allies marked the 60th anniversary of the signing of their Mutual Defense Treaty aboard a U.S. Navy destroyer in Manila.
The first U.S. ship, which has been renamed the BRP Gregorio del Pilar, would be deployed to secure Philippine territorial waters in the South China Sea as early as this month, the military said.
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[Obama asserts U.S. strength in Asia-Pacific](http://www.militarytimes.com/news/2011/11/ap-obama-asserts-us-strength-in-asia-pacific-111711/)
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Gazmin said he and Foreign Secretary Albert del Rosario would meet Clinton and U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta at the Pentagon in January to discuss America’s assistance, including a Manila request for a third Coast Guard cutter.
During his Wednesday meeting with Clinton and other U.S. officials, Gazmin said he told them the Philippines would try to bolster its defense capability on its own but appreciated the help in case of any emergency in the volatile South China Sea.
“We will stand alone as much as possible,” Gazmin told The Associated Press. “But when push comes to shove, it’s reassuring somebody is behind us.”
About 50 students, opposing any increased U.S. military involvement in the country, burned a mock U.S. flag and called for the abrogation of a treaty allowing American military troops and ships to visit and train.
The 120,000-strong military said it was awaiting the upgrade of 20 MG520 assault helicopters and delivery of four other combat helicopters, seven multipurpose assault sea vessels and 40 military trucks soon. The army is also acquiring 335 light rocket launchers and 100 81-mm mortars.
Some of the new equipment would be deployed to guard the country’s extensive coast and territorial waters, including near disputed South China Sea areas, military chief Gen. Eduardo Oban Jr. said.
China and the Philippines, along with Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Brunei have been contesting ownership of the potentially oil-rich Spratlys, which straddle international sealanes. All except for Brunei have stationed combat troops on islands and reefs they claim.
The Philippines and Vietnam have accused Chinese government vessels of repeatedly intruding into their claimed territories in the Spratlys and of disrupting oil explorations in their territorial waters in the first half of the year.
Last year, the Indonesian navy came close to a shooting encounter with Chinese vessels, which strayed into waters off Jakarta’s Natuna island gas field near the South China Sea. Indonesian officials played down the incident as an intrusion by ordinary fishermen unrelated to the South China Sea dispute.
China’s claim over virtually the entire South China Sea, which Beijing first made public in 2009 before the United Nations, appears to overlap with Indonesia’s territorial waters off Natuna. China has not detailed the limits of the South China Sea claim, according to maritime experts.
———
*Associated Press writer Niniek Karmini contributed to this report from Jakarta, Indonesia.*
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![Ho Chi Minh and Mao Zedong Ho Chi Minh and Mao Zedong](http://www.corbisimages.com/images/Corbis-BE046963.jpg?size=67&uid=c6c08e87-6729-4804-bc2c-39b4740f60a6)
by Bob Seals
So why did the powerful modern nations of France and the United States lose two wars in Vietnam to a third rate military power like North Vietnam? This is the logical question that many historians have asked and attempted to answer since the Second Vietnam War ended in April 1975 with the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese tanks. Some historians have stressed the support of the Communist party and its leadership, others point to the support of the Vietnamese people, and still other historians explain the North Vietnamese victory as an effect of the post-colonial nationalism wave that swept through Asia after the Second World War. However, few historians, with the possible exception of Qiang Zhai, among others, attribute the victory of the Vietnamese Communists in both Vietnam Wars to the considerable support provided by the communist colossus of the north, the People’s Republic of China. [2] This Chinese military support, to include equipment, advisors and planning assistance, provided from 1949-1975, would prove in both the First and Second Indochina Wars to be decisive. This substantial military support would give the People‘s Army of Vietnam an edge to resist Western forces and eventually subjugate the Republic of South Vietnam. This support, for various reasons, has never really been acknowledged by most popular histories of the conflict. This is perhaps due to the fact that such acknowledgement of the massive Chinese military support provided challenges many cherished myths of Vietnamese Communist military brilliance and the “heroic struggle” against overwhelming western imperialists. Two recent histories bear this out. Case in point
*A Military History of China,*edited by David A. Graff makes no mention of Chinese support for Vietnam while Bruce A. Elleman’s Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989, dismisses Chinese support in a mere two sentences. [3] However, unless this decisive Chinese support is properly understood by students of both Vietnam wars the answer to the question of why North Vietnam won will remain incomplete and misunderstood. This paper will attempt to outline the Chinese communist support in both wars and explain exactly why this support was so decisive. **Background** ![ Sailors belonging to the Vietnamese navy march during a ceremony in 2010.](http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/27/china.vietnam.timeline/t1larg.vietnamese.navy.afp.gi.jpg)
This traditional relationship between China and Vietnam was not always harmonious as many have pointed out, since, for obvious reasons, no nation enjoys domination by a more powerful neighbor.
The Chinese Vietnamese Communist ties had existed for decades, in fact, before the first Chinese military advisor arrived in North Vietnam in 1950. The life of Nguyen That Thanh, who would ultimately be known to the world under the pseudonym Ho Chi Minh, best personifies the close relationship that existed between the two communist parties, and ultimately the two armies.
The ties go back to right after the First World War, in fact. In 1920 Ho would be one of 285 delegates, and the only “Comrade Indochinese Delegate,” that founded the French Communist Party in Tours. [5] Ho made an impassioned speech at the conference listing France’s crimes in Vietnam “…we have not only been oppressed and exploited shamelessly, but also tortured and poisoned…we have been poisoned with opium, alcohol, etc.” [6]
The following year the Chinese Communist Party would be formed in 1921. The party from the beginning would serve as a rallying point for disgruntled Vietnamese such as Ho, and others, wanting to resist French rule in Vietnam. [7] After several years of training in Moscow, Ho eventually made his way to China, the then front lines of the revolution, to assist Mikhail Borodin, the Communist International, or COMINTERN representative to the new Nationalist government of Sun Yat-sen. Organizing Vietnamese revolutionaries in Canton, Ho lectured at the famous Nationalist Whampoa Military Academy, meeting such communist luminaries such as Zhou Enlai and others, before returning to Moscow after the Chinese Nationalist-Communist split in 1927. [8] He would also organize the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 which in time would become the Vietnamese Worker Party. A dedicated COMINTERN agent who traveled on a Soviet passport, Ho was known as Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot) during this period and would only be known as Ho Chi Minh (Ho the Enlightened ) after 1943. He would travel between Asia and Moscow before finally returning to China in 1938 to serve as an advisor to the Chinese Communist 8th Route Army, along with other senior Vietnamese revolutionaries. [9] Ho became quite proficient in Chinese and would translate Mao’s celebrated work, “On the Protracted War,” from Chinese into French. [10]
**Second World War and French Reoccupation** ![ ](http://theropeswing.greenmtn.edu/storage/INDO-2.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1350234753736)
Seasoned by years of training and his experiences China Ho would found the Viet Minh independence movement in 1941, the Vietnamese Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, the League for the Independence of Vietnam, or Viet Minh. He would spend the remainder of the war organizing in the north of Vietnam and attempting to remain out of French and Chinese jail. During the war the Viet Minh would consolidate their power in the north of Vietnam with history teacher turned General Vo Nguygen Giap building communist forces reaching some 5,000 in number. [11]
By the time the Second World War ended in August of 1945, with the collapse of Imperial Japan, the organized and disciplined Vietnamese communists and Ho were perfectly positioned to move into the power vacuum left in the wars wake in Vietnam. In September of 1945 Ho would proclaim the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with American Office of Strategic Service (OSS) officers beside him in Hanoi. Nationalist Chinese and British troops that same month arrived to take the surrender of the Japanese forces, with reoccupation by the returning French soon afterwards. A period of unease settled over Vietnam with the French and Vietnamese negotiated over the future of Vietnam, with Ho at one point traveling to Paris for unsuccessful meetings with the French government. Ho would formally request military aid to include advisors and equipment from Stalin and the USSR in 1945, with no response to these requests given in return. [12] The Chinese in the future would not make the same mistake.
**First Indochina War**
The First Vietnam War would finally begin in December of 1946 as the French attempted to disarm the Viet Minh Self Defense Forces in Hanoi and full scale fighting broke out. [13] By early 1947 the French had driven the Viet Minh out of the major cities throughout the country but the communists controlled the countryside in the north with a growing army of some 50,000 men capable of standing up to the best the professional French Army and Navy could throw at them. [14] The war settled down to a deadly affair of guerrilla war, ambush and counter ambush as the Vietnamese and French forces fought for control of Vietnam and the population.
It was during these early years of the war that the Chinese military support of the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) began on a rather minor scale. This military aid started in March of 1946 as the Chinese Communist First Regiment of the Southern Guangdong People’s Force crossed into Vietnam in order to avoid Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist 46th and 64th Armies during the Chinese Civil War. [15] In addition to avoiding destruction this Chinese Regiment would begin to lay the groundwork for training and advising the less mature Vietnamese forces. This one thousand man unit of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, PLA, would provide officers to the Vietnamese Advanced Infantry School and Cadre Training Center in North Vietnam with some 830 personnel trained by the year 1947. [16] Direct contact to include cable traffic and funding existed at this early point between the two communist movements.
The strategic balance of power, in Asia and perhaps across the globe, was forever altered with the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in October of 1949. After two years of relatively small scale guerrilla warfare dating from 1947 in Vietnam, the conflict would now expand and become much more deadly. With the arrival of Chinese communist troops along the Sino-Vietnamese border, the inevitable end was in sight for the French in Vietnam. As General Giap would write years later, “This great historic event, which altered events in Asia and throughout the world, exerted a considerable influence on the war of liberation of the Vietnamese people. Vietnam was no longer in the grip of enemy encirclement, and was henceforth geographically linked to the socialist bloc.” [17]
Understandably enough Ho and the Viet Minh wasted no time in sending representatives northward to ask for support and assistance from the new communist government. Diplomatic recognition would be granted to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in January of 1950 by the PRC, the first nation to do so, followed soon by Stalin and the USSR also granting recognition. [18] Stalin, as the senior member of the communist firm, had informed Mao during meetings in Moscow soon afterwards that providing support and assistance to the Vietnamese struggle was a responsibility, and financial obligation, of the Chinese and the PRC. [19] This would not be an obligation that the Chairman would shirk from, far from it, he would honor Stalin's wishes and support the Vietnamese communist cause for the next 25 years. Mao would see Vietnam as one of three areas of Western imperialism bordering on China that threatened the PRC, the other two areas being Taiwan and Korea. Additionally Mao sincerely believed in supporting “national liberation movements in colonial nations” and fancied himself as the champion of non-European peoples across the globe. [20]
For the USSR and Stalin it was a low risk gamble. Its allies, the Chinese under Mao, and the Koreans and Vietnamese, could potentially tie down so much U.S. and Western strength in Asia that the global balance of power might shift, allowing the Soviets to strike westwards into Europe. Stalin discounted a Third World War and the west’s reaction since Germany and Japan were post-war shells, proclaiming “Should we fear this [world war]? In my opinion, we should not…If a war is inevitable, then let it be waged now, and not in a few years time.” [21] The die would be cast for warfare in Asia, and possibly elsewhere.
**Chinese military support, 1950-54**
![]()
In 1950 a classified U.S. Central Intelligence Report, CIA, stated that “The French position in Indochina is precarious,” somewhat of an understatement at the time. [22] The war had been going badly for the French and would only get worse. Ho would formally request military aid in the nature of equipment, advisors and training for the PAVN in April of 1950. Interestingly enough he would also request Chinese commanders at the regimental and battalion level to assist the Vietnamese Army, a request wisely denied by China, who would send advisors, not commanders to the North of Vietnam. [23] Such a request for Chinese commanders of PAVN units highlights the leadership problems present at the time in the Vietnamese forces, and the prevailing lack of confidence in Vietnamese commanders.
**Chinese Military Advisory Group**
After this request by Ho, the PRC in April of 1950 would begin forming the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) in order to provide military assistance to the Vietnamese forces fighting the French. General Wei Guoqing would lead the CMAG to North Vietnam, along with Senior General Chen Geng, the “scholar general,” and the PRC ambassador. The Second, Third and Fourth PLA field armies were directed to select experienced officers for service in Vietnam. Some 281 officers were selected with many having command experience. [24]
In June, two days after the start of the Korean War, as the powerful North Korean Army crossed the 38th parallel, the Chairman spoke with his military advisors enroute to Vietnam, “It is President Ho chi Minh who has asked me for [your assistance], Who would have thought our revolution would succeed first? We should help them. It is called internationalism. You will help them to win the battles after you get to Vietnam.” [25] The advisors of the CMAG would do exactly that as the impact of these Chinese advisors and new weapons for the PAVN would soon be apparent in the war. Standard Chinese Maoist doctrine for revolutionary wars would be stressed and advisors were informed to avoid the “mentality of big-state chauvinism and not to display contempt for the Vietnamese.” [26] By 1950 the French had almost completely lost control of the border region with China with isolation garrisons in Cao Bang and Langson struggling to maintain a presence.
The border region would be the first test of the new Chinese trained and equipped PAVN forces. General Chen Geng wrote in a report that “Some Vietnamese crack units are in high morale after receiving training and equipment in Yunnan and Guangxi, but Vietnamese cadres above the battalion level lack command experience in actual combat.” [27] This was an accurate statement concerning the PAVN but it was one problem about to be corrected.
The CMAG would provide planning guidance, among other things, for the upcoming Border Campaigns of 1950. This campaign would begin in September with garrison after garrison falling to the Viet Minh in the north with tremendous losses for the isolated French garrisons near the Sino-Vietnamese border. Outnumbered 8 to 1 by the Vietnamese, the French would lose immense amounts of men to include 6,000 of 10,000 men in the north, and supplies to include 13 artillery pieces, 125 mortars and 450 trucks, in what some have described as the greatest defeat in French colonial history since the French and Indian War in North America. [28]
Within 48 hours after these successful assaults on those isolated French outposts in the north, Chinese General Chen would hold what we would call today an after action review. Chen would brief Giap and other high ranking officers for four hours on the shortcomings of the Vietnamese Army. These short comings according to Chen would include not following the order for battle and attacking late, commanders not leading assaults from the front, poor communications, and cadres making false reports to superiors.[29] One wonders how such criticism was received but such reviews are vital for an army’s subsequent growth and improvement. To General Giap “The victory shows Mao’s military thought was very applicable to Vietnam.” [30]
In addition to the training and planning guidance by the CMAG the logistical support from China began to increase steadily. The support provided was only 10-20 tons a month in 1951, increasing to 250 tons a month in 1952, further increasing to 600 tons a month in 1953 and 1,500 to 4,000 tons monthly during the last year of the war in 1954. [31] Additionally the Chinese transportation network to include roads and railways leading from China to Vietnam was improved also with some 1,000 trucks provided to the PAVN. This military aid provided by China enabled the PAVN to expand into a well armed and trained conventional force capable of defeating the French Army in large scale offensive operations. From a force in 1950 of 3 divisions the PAVN would expand two years later into a force of 7 divisions. All in all the Chinese military aid would arm a total of over 7 PAVN divisions. All this military support would not go unnoticed by the west, with the CIA, by March 1952, estimating that some 15,000 Chinese Communists were serving in Vietnam in various “technical, advisory and garrison capacities” with the PAVN against the French. [32] The Vietnamese Army now was a lethal force well equipped with small arms, machine guns, heavy 120mm mortars and 105mm howitzers, in addition to 20 and 40mm anti-aircraft guns. [33]
**Decisive battle of Dien Bien Phu**
By 1954 “Giap and the Chinese had built a tough, well-equipped, experienced, and dedicated army-a tool awaiting a great task and a master craftsman.” [34] The great task would be the decisive battle of Dien Bien Phu in western Vietnam near Laos, a battle that would end the First Vietnam War and the French presence in Indochina. Evidence suggests that the Vietnamese leadership did not see the opportunity provided by the French reoccupation of the valley until Chinese advisors alerted the Vietnamese, who initially wanted to move through Laos to invade South Vietnam, until convinced otherwise by General Wei Guoqing. [35] Additionally the CMAG would provide the Viet Mihn with a copy of the Navarre Plan, outlining French goals and objectives by the new French Commander in Vietnam.
With the signing of the Korean Armistice in July 1953 China could and would shift additional resources to Vietnam. Specific support provided for the Dien Bien Phu campaign would include planning, logistics, engineering advisors, trucks, rocket and 75mm recoilless rifle battalions, and Soviet Katyusha Rocket Launchers or “Stalin Organs.” A combined headquarters was established as the Dien Bien Phu Campaign Command with General Giap as Commander in Chief with Chinese General Wei Guoqing as General Advisor. [36]
Giap wrote years after the battle that “I felt there needed to be a meeting with the head of the team of friendly military experts who was also present. Generally speaking, relationships between us and friendly military experts ever since the Border Campaign had been excellent. Our friends had given us the benefit of their invaluable experience drawn from the revolutionary war in China and the anti-US war in Korea.” [37] It is interesting that in his account of the battle Giap makes no mention of Chinese material support or advice and planning assistance provided throughout this decisive last battle of the First Vietnam War. The Chinese advisors, such as General Wei Guoqing, are not identified or given any credit by Giap. Perhaps this is understandable given that one of the Chinese advisors would write later that “The greatest shortcoming of the Vietnamese Communists was their fear of letting other people know their weaknesses. They lacked Bolshevist self-criticism.” [38] The siege of Dien Bien Phu was to last 8 weeks with China providing 8,286 tons of supplies, including 4,620 tons of petroleum, 1,360 tons of ammunition, 46 tons of weapons and 1,700 tons of rice from supply depots 600 miles away. [39]
Chinese advisors would be involved at all levels during the battle including digging in the all important Vietnamese artillery into shellproof dugouts, experience learned the hard way in the hills of Korea. [40] In effect the battle of Dien Bien Phu would be planned and assisted by Chinese advisors and fought with Chinese trained, equipped, supplied, transported and fed PAVN troops in a military soup to nuts manner. This support is rarely mentioned as a contributing factor to the Vietnamese victory in 1954 but should be acknowledged in analyzing the battle.
**Post-war support, 1955-63**
In 1954, with the ending of the First Vietnam War, and the Big Power Geneva conference, Vietnam would be split into two nations, North and South Vietnam. In the north Ho and the party’s attention would be focused; at least for several years, on consolidating power and economic development. The inevitable Communist collectivization and tribunals began with confiscations, arrests, localized uprisings and the execution of 15,000 Vietnamese before order could be restored by the PAVN. [41] The CMAG returns to China in September of 1955 having accomplished its mission, quite possibly one of the most successful advisory missions ever. [42]
China would continue; however, to provide substantial levels of military aid for North Vietnam to the tune of $106 million from 1955 to 1963, effectively giving the North the resources needed to begin the insurgency in the South. [43] Thus, the North Vietnamese would form the National Liberation Front, NLF, in December of 1960 and the People’s Liberation Armed Forces, PLAF, the following year in 1961. Both the NLF and PLAF would be more commonly referred to as the Viet Cong, or Vietnamese Communists. [44]
A campaign of terror and assassination against the South Vietnamese government would soon begin as thousands of officials would be killed or kidnapped by Viet Cong insurgents. [45] The United States would not sit idly by during this period but began an ambitious program of military aid to the fragile government of South Vietnam. The stage was set, for a second war in Vietnam which would be, once again, fought largely with Chinese military aid.
**Second Indochina War, 1964-75**
The catalyst for the Second Vietnam War would be the controversial Gulf of Tonkin incident in August of 1964 between the U.S. Navy and North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the China Sea. [46] Perhaps convinced by President Johnson’s own words that election year that he would not expand the limited war in Vietnam by bombing the North or “committing a good many American boys to fighting a war that I think ought to be fought by the boys of Asia,” the North continued its attacks. Now with U.S. aircraft striking targets in North Vietnam the liberation war paradigm changed. The incident greatly alarmed both the Vietnamese and Chinese Communist leadership and caused both to move closer together in responding to increased U.S. military actions in Southeast Asia. China took immediate steps to move forces south towards the border with Vietnam and sent MIG jet aircraft to Hanoi to bolster the DRV’s defensives. Perhaps due to several factors, to include possible concern over Chinese intervention, the United States would gradually adopt a strategy of attempting to limit the war in Vietnam, or gradualism, not applying the maximum force possible towards defeating an enemy on the battlefield. [47] To the north Chairman Mao remained concerned about the U.S., in his opinion “the most ferocious enemy of the people of the world.” [48] Thus, when senior North Vietnamese leaders, to include General Giap, formally requested Chinese military aid in April of 1965, the response would be swift and sure. The PRC President would tell the Vietnamese that the Chinese people and party were obligated to support the North and therefore “…we will do our best to provide you with whatever you need and whatever we have.” [49]
**Support requested and provided**
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|Hoàng Sa|
The most immediate need was for anti-aircraft artillery, units to counter the overwhelming American air power over North Vietnam. Ho would request Chinese AAA units during a meeting with Mao in May of 1965 and PLA forces would begin flowing into North Vietnam in July of 1965 to help defend the capital of Hanoi and the transportation network to include railroad lines and bridges.[50] This movement of troops from China was not lost on the U.S. as reported in a Top Secret CIA Special Report which identified seven major PLA units in North Vietnam to include the 67th AAA Division, and an estimated 25,000 to 45,000 Chinese combat troops total. [51] Recent Chinese sources indicate that this PLA AAA Division did indeed operate in the western area of North Vietnam. [52] In addition to AAA forces the PLA also provided missiles, artillery and logistics, railroad, engineer and mine sweeping forces. These forces would not only man AAA sites but would also build and repair Vietnamese infrastructure damaged or destroyed by U.S. airstrikes. [53] Such units would have quite a bit of repair work to do given that there would be more than a million tons of bombs dropped by U.S. aircraft upon North Vietnam from 1965 to 1972. [54] The Second Vietnam War would drag on for years as a sort of operational stalemate existed in the skies over North Vietnam. The U.S. could and did bomb the North at will, but the sheer numbers of Chinese forces, to include a total of 16 AAA divisions serving with a peak strength of 170,000 troops attained in 1967, would ensure that a high price would be paid by U.S. pilots with targets often rapidly rebuilt after destruction. [55] Chinese engineering and logistics units would perform impressive feats of construction throughout their stay in North Vietnam effectively keeping the transportation network functioning.
The U.S. Air Campaign over North Vietnam would thus be somewhat of a lost cause, not significantly hurting the communist North enough for Ho and the senior leadership to contemplate ending the insurgency in South Vietnam. Chinese troops in North Vietnam would eventually withdraw, for the most part, by 1970 as the Sino-Vietnamese relationship began to sour over the Paris Peace Talks, and the USSR, among other things. In addition to the AAA umbrella over the North, China would also provide the sinews of modern war that would enable the North Vietnamese Army to undertake modern, large scale offensive operations against South Vietnam in both 1972 and 1975. Chinese trucks, tanks, Surface to air missiles, MIG jet aircraft, 130mm artillery pieces, 130mm mortars, and shoulder fired anti-aircraft missiles, were all moved south. The PAVN had enough first class material to launch a 20 division mechanized Easter Offensive in 1972 into South Vietnam, more divisions than ever commanded by General Patton in Europe during World War II, as one American Officer would point out. [56] The North Vietnamese would pay a terrible price for this gamble, thanks to U.S. airpower and advisors on the ground, losing an estimated 450 tanks and over 100,000 troops killed in action during the 1972 offensive. [57] China would, again, make up for much of the PAVN equipment lost, after the Paris Peace Treaty was signed, in 1973 and 1974, enabling the North Vietnamese to reconstitute units for another offensive in 1975. U.S. forces would not be present this time to help its South Vietnamese allies as 18 well trained and equipped PAVN divisions rolled to Saigon in April of 1975, effectively ending the Second Vietnam War. [58] Both Vietnam Wars, from 1946-1975, ended in victory for North Vietnam against the west, but without the massive amounts of military aid provided by the PRC, most likely the outcome would have been different. As with all what-if’s of history we shall never know.
**Analysis of support**
“So the more troops they send to Vietnam, the happier we will be, for we feel that we will have them in our power, we can have their blood…They will be close to China…in our grasp. They…will be our hostages.” [59]
- - Chou En-lai speaking to Nasser, 1965
So how does one analyze the considerable military support provided by the PRC for the DRV during the 25 year period from 1950-1975, encompassing both the First and Second Vietnam Wars? Was the military aid provided, to include equipment, advisors and planning assistance, decisive in both conflicts or would the North Vietnamese have prevailed without this Chinese military support? In retrospect it seems clear that the Chinese military support for the DRV would be crucial. This Chinese support would be, in many respects, timely, appropriate and helpful without doing the job that the North Vietnamese needed to do themselves; that is, fight and win on the ground in South Vietnam. The PRC would not conduct an intervention on the scale that it conducted in Korea, avoiding the international perception of acting in the traditional China/tributary state relationship with Vietnam, all the while providing the tools and assistance required to “tip the scales” in both conflicts against the West. The People’s Republic would be, in effect, the world’s largest unsinkable aircraft carrier and army base, a strategic advantage that Western nations thousands of miles removed from the fighting could not hope to match.
As a biographer of Chairman Mao would remark “It was having China as a secure rear and supply depot that made it possible for the Vietnamese to fight for 25 years and beat first the French and then the Americans.” [60]
The numbers would be impressive enough, of the military equipment and supplies provided by China. According to Qiang Zhai, during the period 1950-54, the PRC would provide enough weapons, 116,000 small arms and 4630 artillery pieces, to equip some 5 infantry divisions, one heavy engineering and artillery division, one direct fire anti-aircraft artillery regiment and one guards regiment. [61] This infusion of equipment for almost seven divisions worth of troops could not, and would not, be matched by the French. As one U.S. military officer would comment years later “The French politicians continued their irresolute, incoherent, and penny-pinching support of military operations in Indochina, while demanding ‘decisive solutions.’” [62] The numbers would be even more impressive in the Second Vietnam War. Chinese support provided would increase by a factor of ten with arms and equipment from uniforms to tanks to small arms on a yearly basis greater than the entire military aid provided in the early 1950’s against the French. [63] Additionally the Chinese anti-aircraft artillery troops, peaking at a total of 17 divisions and 150,000 men in 1967, would claim credit for downing 1,707 U.S. aircraft over North Vietnam. [64] These Chinese combat troops who were not to be used south of the 21st parallel in North Vietnam; however, the presence of these units secured the North’s rear, turning the nation into the most heavily defended area in the world, and allowing the DRV to use resources in South Vietnam and elsewhere that would have been devoted to homeland defense. [65] In effect the U.S. would not be able to open a second front over the skies of North Vietnam, as it had been able to so successfully over Germany in the Second World War, due to these Chinese divisions.
But the mere presence of China to the north would also be a constant “sword of Damocles” hanging over the heads of Western and South Vietnamese nations. This nearness would also ensure that the ever present possibility of massive, full scale Chinese intervention would always be a factor that had to be considered by Western political and military leaders. Any plans for taking the fight to the North Vietnamese enemy on his home field by going north could not be seriously considered given the clear warnings by the PRC that it would intervene with massive force. The Chinese took great pains to communicate this willingness to fight on behalf of North Vietnam, if seriously threatened, to the United States, communicating warnings via various channels to include ambassadorial talks in Poland, third-party leaders such as the Pakistani and Tanzania Presidents and the British ambassador in Beijing. [66] In some respects this pledge of assistance was just as valuable as the tanks, trucks and guns provided by the PRC.
**Conclusion**
“Why have the Americans not made a fuss about the fact that more than 100,000 Chinese troops help you building the railways, roads and airports although they knew about it?” [67]
- - Chairman Mao to Vietnamese Premier Dong, 1970
[In conclusion, as we can see from the considerable historical material outlined above, the military support provided by the People’s Republic of China, to include advisors, equipment and combat troops, was the decisive factor for the Communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam prevailing during 1949-1975 in both the First and Second Vietnam Wars. The small arms, mortars, ammunition, uniforms, tanks, artillery, radars, anti-aircraft guns, jet aircraft, trucks, and naval vessels were critical in the North Vietnamese struggle. However, what was even more critical and normally not acknowledged in the laundry list of war material is the psychological and strategic advantage provided by Communist China’s pledge to intervene in the advent of a United States invasion of North Vietnam, and communicating that pledge to the U.S. This strategic advantage in effect cannot be overstated.](http://www.greatmirror.com/index.cfm?countryid=1295&chapterid=1306&picid=11&picturesize=medium) ![Vietnam: Hue: Outside the Citadel picture 11 Vietnam: Hue: Outside the Citadel picture 11](http://www.greatmirror.com/images/medium/025493.jpg)
![Vietnam: Hue: Outside the Citadel picture 11 Vietnam: Hue: Outside the Citadel picture 11](http://www.greatmirror.com/images/medium/025493.jpg)
As General Westmoreland’s former G-2, or Intelligence Officer would write after the Vietnam Wars “With a friendly China located adjacent to North Vietnam, there would have been little chance for a Vietnamese victory against the French, and later against the Americans and South Vietnamese.” [68] It is rather ironic that most professional historians tend to downplay or ignore China’s decisive role in North Vietnam’s victory while the military and intelligence communities, U.S. at least, are much more willing to acknowledge this fact. Perhaps this is understandable since if one acknowledges the role played by China it calls into question such Vietnam myths as the “poorly armed guerrilla” and the “military genius” of Giap, among other issues. Historians such as Xiaoming Zhang and Qiang Zhai are challenging the paradigm of accepted Vietnam history and in doing so are performing a great service.
“Thus the highest realization of warfare is to attack the enemy plans;” according to the learned military theorist Sun-Tzu in the Art of War. [69] In respects this is exactly what the North Vietnamese, and Chinese did in both Vietnam Wars: they successfully attacked the Western powers war plans. The considerable support for the DRV by the PRC, to include a promise to intervene with massive numbers of troops in the event of an invasion of North Vietnam, effectively eliminated this course of action, and perhaps others, as potential war winning options for the West. Thus, with the support of China, on a strategic level of war the DRV was able to remain upon the offensive throughout the war, maintaining the initiative and finally achieving victory as Saigon fell in April of 1975.
|* * *|
[1]. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday,
*Mao: The Unknown Story,*(New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 482.
[2]. Qiang Zhai, “Transplanting the Chinese Model: Chinese Military Advisers and the First Vietnam War, 1950-1954,” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 57, No. 4, October 1993.
[3]. Bruce A. Elleman,
*Modern Chinese Warfare*, 1795-1989, (New York, NY: Routledge, 2001), 285.
[4]. Micheal Clodfelter,
*Vietnam in Military Statistics, A History of the Indochina Wars, 1772-1991*, (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co, Inc., 1995), 7-12.
[5]. Yevgeny Kobelev,
*Ho Chi Minh,*(Hanoi, Vietnam: The Gioi Publishers, 1999), 57-58.
[6]. Bernard B. Fall,
*Last Reflections on a War,*(Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1967), 72.
[7]. Xiaobing Li,
*A History of the Modern Chinese Army,*(Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 35.
[8]. Ibid, 43.
[9]. Fall, 109-111.
[10]. Qiang Zhai, 695.
[11]. Li, 207.
[12]. Qiang Zhai,
*China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975,*(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 13.
[13]. Phillip B. Davidson, Lieutenant General USA, Ret.,
*Vietnam at War, The History 1946-1975.*(Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1988), 39-40.
[14]. Ibid, 41-48.
[15]. Qiang Zhai, Book, 11.
[16]. Ibid, 11-12.
[17]. Davidson, 63.
[18]. Qiang Zhai, 693.
[19]. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, 356-357.
[20]. Qiang Zhai, 20-22.
[21]. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, 359.
[22]. National Intelligence Estimate-5, Indochina: Current Situation and Probable Developments, CIA Report, 29 December 1950, Freedom of Information Act, accessed on line, http://www.foia.cia.gov, June/July 2008.
[23]. Qiang Zhai, 18-19.
[24]. Li, 208-209.
[25]. Xiaobing Li, 209.
[26]. Qiang Zhai, 18-25.
[27]. Qiang Zhai, Book, 28.
[28]. Davidson, 74-82.
[29]. Qiang Zhai, 29-31.
[30]. Qiang Zhai, 33.
[31]. Clodfelter, 18-19.
[32]. National Intelligence Estimate-35/1, Indochina: Probable Developments in Indochina through Mid-1952, CIA Report, 3 March 1952, Freedom of Information Act, accessed on line, http://www.foia.cia.gov, 30 June 2008.
[33]. Davidson, 123.
[34]. Ibid, 160.
[35]. Qiang Zhai, 46.
[36]. Ibid.
[37]. General Vo Nguyen Giap,
*Dien Bien Phu,*(Hanoi, Vietnam, The Gioi Publishers, 1994), 23.
[38]. Qiang Zhai, Book, 64.
[39]. Clodfelter, 28.
[40]. Davidson, 204-205.
[41]. Clodfelter, 34-35.
[42]. Li, 215.
[43]. Ibid.
[44]. Ibid, 216.
[45]. Clodfelter, 39-40.
[46]. Davidson, 284-289.
[47]. Ibid, 303-304.
[48]. Qiang Zhai, Book, 140.
[49]. Li, 217.
[50]. Ibid.
[51]. Special Report, Status of Soviet and Chinese Military Aid to North Vietnam, CIA Report, 03 September 1965, and Intelligence Memorandum, Chinese Communist Forces in North Vietnam, CIA Report, 29 September 1966, Freedom of Information Act, accessed on line, http://www.foia.cia.gov, 30 June 2008.
[52]. Li, 218.
[53]. Ibid, 217-218.
[54]. Clodfelter, 225.
[55]. Li, 217-219.
[56]. Davidson, 605.
[57]. Ibid, 634.
[58]. Ibid, 707.
[59]. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, 482.
[60]. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, 357.
[61]. Qiang Zhai, 715.
[62]. Davidson, 47.
[64]. Li, 217-219 and Xiaoming Zhang, 759.
[65]. Xiaoming Zhang, 757.
[66]. Qiang Zhai, 138-139.
[67]. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, 578.
[68]. Davidson, 32.
[69]. Ralph D. Sawyer,
*The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China, Sun-tzu’s Art of War,*(New York, NY: Basic Books, 2007), 161.
|* * *|
Copyright © 2008 Bob Seals.
Written by Bob Seals. If you have questions or comments on this article, please contact Bob Seals at:
![](http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/images/mail.gif)
[.](mailto:robert.d.seals@us.army.mil) __robert.d.seals@us.army.mil__ **About the author:**
Bob Seals is a retired Army Special Forces officer with service in the 1st and 3rd Special Forces Group, 1st Special Warfare Training Group, SF Command, Security Assistance Training Management Organization, and Special Operations Command-Korea. He is working as an Operations Analyst for General Dynamics Information Technology at the Special Operations Mission Training Center, Fort Bragg, NC.
Published online: 09/23/2008.
* Views expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily represent those of MHO.
T.S. Bill Laurie chuyển
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# Vietnam Closeup - Hành Trình Xuyên Việt 36 (Trích Đoạn)
[hành trình xuyên Việt.7. gồm 5 video](/a208456/hanh-trinh-xuyen-viet-7-gom-5-video.html)
# Vietnam Closeup - Hành Trình Xuyên Việt 31 (Trích Đoạn)
[hành trình xuyên Việt.6. Gồm 5 video](/a208453/hanh-trinh-xuyen-viet-6-gom-5-video.html)
# VIetnam Closeup - Hành Trình Xuyên Việt 26 (Trích Đoạn)
[hành trình xuyên Việt 5. gồm 5 video](/a208449/hanh-trinh-xuyen-viet-5-gom-5-video.html)
# Vietnam Closeup - Hành Trình Xuyên Việt 21 (Trích Đoạn)
[hành trình xuyên Việt 4. gồm 5 video](/a208447/hanh-trinh-xuyen-viet-4-gom-5-video.html)
# Vietnam Closeup - Hành Trình Xuyên Việt 16 (Trích Đoạn)
[hành trình xuyên Việt 3. gồm 5 video](/a208443/hanh-trinh-xuyen-viet-3-gom-5-video.html)
# Vietnam Closeup - Hành Trình Xuyên Việt 11 (Trích Đoạn)
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[hành trình xuyên Việt.1. gồm 5 video](/a208438/hanh-trinh-xuyen-viet-1-gom-5-video.html)
# Vietnam Closeup - Hành Trình Xuyên Việt 01 (Trích Đoạn)
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![](http://lh6.ggpht.com/_6nktQOihaMo/S0lSmPdAPXI/AAAAAAAAEzg/kRxLxoUDqGc/DSC00358.JPG)
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** ngày 9 tháng 1 năm 2010Dzu cùng đoàn làm film tư liệu chùa Tiên Châu đã có một ngày lênh đênh sông nước bốn xã cù lao huyện Long Hồ- Vĩnh Long. Chuyến đi cả ngày đến nhiều nơi gặp nhiều người dựng được nhiều cảnh; nhưng Dzu vẫn tìm cách tranh thủ chụp ảnh và đã chụp được những tấm ảnh này.**

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# Cách tìm hợp âm
Điều này hơi khó vì cần kinh nghiệm, và sự kiên trì học hỏi. Nhưng muốn đệm hát được, dù là tự hát hay đệm cho người khác hát thì bạn cũng phải biết các hợp âm của bài hát đó. Nếu có sẵn thì coi như bạn chỉ cần theo đúng nhịp điệu, cứ chiếu theo hợp âm có sẵn mà chuyển thôi. Nhưng nếu không có sẵn, mà cái này mới là chính vì bạn khó có thể nhớ hết hợp âm cho mọi bản nhạc. Hơn nữa mỗi người lại có một giọng khác nhau, bạn không thể bắt người hát phải theo một giọng duy nhất. Nếu người hát biết và nói cho bạn biết giọng của họ thì như phần dưới sẽ bàn, bạn chỉ việc theo đúng giọng đó mà đệm thôi. Còn nếu nguời hát không biết giọng của họ là gì thì bạn một là dạo vài vòng những hợp âm quen thuộc và họ sẽ theo đó mà hát, hai là họ cứ thế mà hát, hát sai hát đúng gì cũng hát trước và bạn sẽ phải dò tìm giọng, tìm hợp âm để đệm. Nói nôm na là
Hợp âm Đô trưởng (C):
**DÒ GAM**. Một lần nữa xin nhắc lại là chúng ta cố gắng tiếp cận âm nhạc nói chung và Đệm hát Bằng Guitar một cách đơn giản và dễ hiểu.Gam tức là hợp âm, rõ hơn thì Gam là tập hợp của 7 nốt nhạc và chia ra thành trưởng và thứ. Khi đặt 3 nốt Đồ, Mi, Sol lại với nhau chẳng hạn, ta được một tổ hợp gam Đô trưởng, hoặc đặt 3 nốt Mi, La, Đô lại với nhau, ta được một gam La thứ. Như hình vẽ bên dưới…
Hợp âm Đô trưởng (C):
![C ](http://sodzach.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/C.jpg)
![C ](http://sodzach.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/C.jpg)
Tuy nhiên, bạn sẽ thắc mắc là tại sao trên hình vẽ thấy 6 nốt cho một hợp âm sao ở trên lại chỉ nói 3 nốt? Đó là hợp âm 3, ba nốt chính cần thiết cho một Gam mà bạn sẽ dùng để đệm hát.
Trên cây đàn Guitar, muốn bấm được một tổ hợp gam mà ta cần, chỉ việc dò tìm các nốt thuộc gam đó và bấm cho đủ các nốt đó trên cần đàn.
**Nhắc lại một chút về nhạc lý:**Ta đã biết có 7 nốt nhạc cơ bản: Đồ Rê Mi Fa Sol La Si.. Viết theo ký hiệu là C, D, E, F, G, A, H. Nhưng thực ra để đầy đủ các nốt từ nốt Đồ – đến nốt Đố tức là một **quãng 8**ta có đến 12 nốt:
C – C# – D – D# – E – F – F# – G – G# – A – A# – H.
**Qui luật hoà âm 1-6-8:**Để có 3 hợp âm chính cho một bản nhạc, chiếu theo thứ tự 12 nốt nhạc như quãng 8 trên, nếu Hợp âm chủ đạo là thứ nhất thì các hợp âm còn lại sẽ là thứ 6 và thứ 8. Và theo qui luật là *1 thứ – 6 thứ – 8 trưởng*. Ví dụ ta lấy gam A làm gam chủ đạo, tiến lên 6 nốt ta có được D, tiến thêm đến nốt thứ 8 ta được E, vậy là với gam chủ Am, ta có tổ hợp Am – Dm – E. Cứ theo cách đấy, nếu lấy gam E (mi) làm chủ đạo, ta được Em – Am – H. Trong thời gian đầu, với những nhạc phẩm của Việt Nam, nắm vững qui luật này bạn đã có thể đệm hát được rất nhiều. Đương nhiên sẽ có thêm nhiều hợp âm phụ nữa, hơn nữa không phải mọi bản nhạc đều theo qui luật này. Ngoài ra còn có **qui luật 1-4-5**, sẽ bàn ở dưới, tuy vậy mình khuyên bạn dùng qui luật 1-6-8 trong thời gian đầu.
Xét một cách toàn diện, bạn cần tìm hợp âm chủ đạo, từ đó theo qui luật 1-6-8 để tìm các hợp âm còn lại, và cuối cùng là đặt các hợp âm đó vào bản nhạc.
1. Tìm chủ âm
2. Tìm các hợp âm
3. Đặt các hợp âm vào bài nhạc.
2. Tìm các hợp âm
3. Đặt các hợp âm vào bài nhạc.
Đến đây sẽ nảy sinh ra mấy trường hợp:
* Người hát biết chủ âm và nói cho bạn biết, ví dụ Am, khi đó nhiệm vụ của bạn là chơi đúng điệu và chuyển qua lại giữa Am-Dm-E
* Theo bản nhạc có sẵn nhưng chưa có hợp âm mà chỉ có nốt nhạc. Nhiệm vụ của bạn là dựa vào bản nhạc, tìm ra chủ âm.
* Không có bản nhạc, người hát cũng không biết chủ âm. Bạn phải dựa vào tai nghe, kinh nghiệm để tìm chủ âm.
* Theo bản nhạc có sẵn nhưng chưa có hợp âm mà chỉ có nốt nhạc. Nhiệm vụ của bạn là dựa vào bản nhạc, tìm ra chủ âm.
* Không có bản nhạc, người hát cũng không biết chủ âm. Bạn phải dựa vào tai nghe, kinh nghiệm để tìm chủ âm.
Trường hợp thứ nhất: Việc tìm Chủ âm với trường hợp đầu coi như xong, tạm thời không bàn nữa.
Trường hợp thứ hai: Hãy nhìn vào bộ khóa ở đầu bài nhạc, ta sẽ thấy có 3 trường hợp xảy ra:
* Bộ khóa không có dấu thăng giảm: Chủ âm của bài có thể là Do trưởng (C) hay La thứ (Am)
* Bộ khóa có dấu thăng: Từ dấu thăng cuối cùng, cọng thêm nửa cung thì sẽ có tên chủ âm trưởng, rồi từ đó đếm xuống 2 nốt sẽ có tên âm giai tương ứng là chủ âm thứ.
* Bộ khóa có dấu giảm: Nếu có 1 dấu giảm (Bb) thì chủ âm của bài có thể là Fa trưởng (F) hay Re thứ (Dm) . Nếu có hơn 1 dấu giảm, thì dấu giảm ngay trước dấu giảm cuối sẽ là tên của chủ âm trưởng và sau đó đếm xuống 2 nốt sẽ có tên của chủ âm ở cung thứ
* Bộ khóa có dấu thăng: Từ dấu thăng cuối cùng, cọng thêm nửa cung thì sẽ có tên chủ âm trưởng, rồi từ đó đếm xuống 2 nốt sẽ có tên âm giai tương ứng là chủ âm thứ.
* Bộ khóa có dấu giảm: Nếu có 1 dấu giảm (Bb) thì chủ âm của bài có thể là Fa trưởng (F) hay Re thứ (Dm) . Nếu có hơn 1 dấu giảm, thì dấu giảm ngay trước dấu giảm cuối sẽ là tên của chủ âm trưởng và sau đó đếm xuống 2 nốt sẽ có tên của chủ âm ở cung thứ
Với bộ khoá có dấu thăng hay giảm, như trên ta sẽ xác định được hai chủ âm trưởng và thứ, nhưng chưa biết đích xác sẽ dùng cái nào. Muốn biết thì bạn phải coi nốt nhạc cuối cùng của bản nhạc.
Ví dụ bản nhạc có hai dấu thăng là F# và C#. Theo trên bạn sẽ xác định được hai chủ âm là D và Bm. Nhìn vào nốt cuối nếu là nốt Si (B) thì bạn sẽ biết bài này có chủ âm là Bm
Trường hợp thứ ba: Chủ yếu là kinh nghiệm, chúng ta sẽ bàn tới ở phần sau.
Giờ tới qui luật hoà âm 1-4-5, mời bạn đọc lại về quãng.
**Qui luật hoà âm 1-4-5:**Nhằm tìm ra 6 hợp âm dựa vào hai chủ âm như bàn ở trên (một trưởng, một thứ). Nói chung cũng tương tự như qui luật 1-6-8, để có 3 hợp âm chính cho một bản nhạc, chiếu theo thứ tự 12 nốt nhạc như quãng 8 trên, nếu Hợp âm chủ đạo là thứ nhất thì các hợp âm còn lại sẽ là thứ 4 và thứ 5, không tính tới những nốt thăng. Ví dụ như bài nhạc thuộc cung Sol trưởng (G) nghĩa là âm giai tương ứng là Mi thứ (Em). Dùng luật 1-4-5 theo nhánh G sẽ có 3 hợp âm G, C, D. Dùng luật 1-4-5 theo nhánh Em sẽ có Em, Am, B. Vậy 6 hợp âm này là G – C – D – Em –Am – B
Lý do mình muốn bạn coi lại về quãng chính là ở hợp âm B trong nhánh Em. Tại sao lại là B mà không phải là Bm?
Ví dụ trong âm giai Am thì các nốt là A-B-C-D-E-F-G#-A, nên hợp âm thứ hai là D (theo qui luật 1-4-5). Hợp âm D co 3 nốt chồng lên nhau là Re Fa La (D F A) và nốt Fa không có dấu thăng . Quãng D-F là quãng 3 thứ , nên hợp âm thứ hai là Re thứ (Dm) . Trong khi đó tên của hợp âm thứ ba bắt đầu ở bậc 5. Chồng 3 nốt lên nhau ở Mi (E) sẽ có E – G# – B (để ý G# trong âm giai La thứ) và vì quãng E G# là quãng 3 trưởng, nên hợp âm thứ ba sẽ là Mi trưởng (E)
# Hợp âm 7
Trước khi đọc phần này bạn nhớ xem lại về hợp âm. Sở dĩ có thêm phần hợp âm 7 này vì trong rất nhiều bài nhạc mà chúng ta thường nghe đệm hát, ngoài các hợp âm trưởng, thứ ra còn có hợp âm 7.
Thật ra thì từ những hợp âm trưởng và thứ, người ta biến đổi và tạo thành hàng ngàn hợp âm khác. Một trong những biến thể đó là loại hợp âm 7, được thành lập bằng cách đặt thêm một nốt thứ tư trên 3 nốt của hợp âm căn bản (tức là sẽ có 4 nốt ở bậc1-3-5-7).
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
Hợp âm E: E-G#-B thêm nốt Rê (là bậc 7 của Mi) là E-G#-B-D sẽ là hợp âm E7
Hợp âm Am: A-C-E thêm nốt Son (bậc 7 của A) là A-C-E-G là hợp âm Am7
Hợp âm Am: A-C-E thêm nốt Son (bậc 7 của A) là A-C-E-G là hợp âm Am7
Tạm thời bạn chỉ cần nhớ là nếu có thay đổi thì chuyển hợp âm cuối cùng (bậc 5 theo qui luật 1-4-5) trong từng nhánh (trưởng hay thứ) từ trưởng hay thứ thành hợp âm 7, mục đích là để nghe êm tai hơn. Ví dụ: G – C – D7 – Em – Am –B7
Xin bạn lưu ý là để nghe êm tai, sau khi chơi hợp âm 7, bạn cần phải chuyển về chủ âm.
Tóm lại, khoan bàn tới vấn đề nhịp điệu như slow, boston hay rumba…Để đàn đúng hợp âm bạn cần:
* Tìm chủ âm bằng cách nghe người hát nói, phân tích từ bản nhạc, hay dựa vào tai nghe và kinh nghiệm.
* Từ chủ âm, dùng một trong hai qui luật 1-6-8 hay 1-4-5 đê tìm ra những hợp âm còn lại. Thêm một vài hợp âm 7 nếu có thể.
* Đặt chủ âm vào đầu bản nhạc. Mỗi ô nhịp thông thường là một hợp âm, luôn đổi hợp âm ở phách đầu tiên, nghĩa là nốt đầu tiên ngay sau vạch nhịp.
* Từ chủ âm, dùng một trong hai qui luật 1-6-8 hay 1-4-5 đê tìm ra những hợp âm còn lại. Thêm một vài hợp âm 7 nếu có thể.
* Đặt chủ âm vào đầu bản nhạc. Mỗi ô nhịp thông thường là một hợp âm, luôn đổi hợp âm ở phách đầu tiên, nghĩa là nốt đầu tiên ngay sau vạch nhịp.
# Ðặt các hợp âm vào bản nhạc
Sau khi đã tìm ra hợp âm chủ, các hợp âm khác, hay nói nôm na là dò xong Gam, việc tiếp theo của bạn là đặt các hợp âm vào bản nhạc tại chỗ thích hợp.
**Có một số luật căn bản sau đây:**
1. Thông thường với các bài nhạc Việt Nam thì mỗi ô nhịp dùng một hợp âm. Đây là nói về thông thường, vậy thì cứ mỗi khi hết một ô nhịp là bạn phải nghĩ đến việc đổi hợp âm.
2. Bài nhạc bắt đầu bằng chủ âm và kết ở ô nhịp cuối bằng chủ âm
3. Tùy theo chủ âm nào (trưởng hay thứ) mà những hợp âm của hợp âm chủ nhiều hơn. Một bài bắt đầu ở cung La thứ (Am) thì hầu như là Dm và E7 sẽ theo sau. Ba hợp âm này hát đã đời (Am-Dm-E7) sau đó thỉnh thoảng sẽ có C- F-G7. Tuy nhiên vì chủ âm là La thứ nên sau đó thì phải trở về cụm Am-Dm-E7 để chấm dứt ở Am
4. Để việc chuyển hợp âm này sang hợp âm khác nghe mượt mà thì giữa các hợp âm này phải có một nốt giống nhau.
Thí dụ: từ G chuyển về Dm: hợp âm G = GBD và hợp âm Dm = DFA
2. Bài nhạc bắt đầu bằng chủ âm và kết ở ô nhịp cuối bằng chủ âm
3. Tùy theo chủ âm nào (trưởng hay thứ) mà những hợp âm của hợp âm chủ nhiều hơn. Một bài bắt đầu ở cung La thứ (Am) thì hầu như là Dm và E7 sẽ theo sau. Ba hợp âm này hát đã đời (Am-Dm-E7) sau đó thỉnh thoảng sẽ có C- F-G7. Tuy nhiên vì chủ âm là La thứ nên sau đó thì phải trở về cụm Am-Dm-E7 để chấm dứt ở Am
4. Để việc chuyển hợp âm này sang hợp âm khác nghe mượt mà thì giữa các hợp âm này phải có một nốt giống nhau.
Thí dụ: từ G chuyển về Dm: hợp âm G = GBD và hợp âm Dm = DFA
Nếu nắm vững lý thuyết căn bản âm nhạc thì chỉ cần nhìn vào các nốt trong mỗi ô nhịp là cũng biết ngay ô nhịp ấy thuộc hợp âm gì? Với những bạn mới làm quen thì chỉ còn cách là phải tập như sau:
1) Tìm một bản ghi các hợp âm căn bản cho guitar.
2) Dùng cây guitar đánh trải các tổ hợp hợp âm trên (3 hoặc 6) cho thật nhuyễn và quen tai
3) Bắt đầu với chủ âm ở ô nhịp đầu tiên, hát ô nhịp kế tiếp và so với 3 hoặc 6 hợp âm trên nghe xem hợp âm nào thuận tai nhất
4) Nên nhớ theo đúng 4 lời khuyên trên và tránh đừng chuyển đổi hợp âm lung tung.
2) Dùng cây guitar đánh trải các tổ hợp hợp âm trên (3 hoặc 6) cho thật nhuyễn và quen tai
3) Bắt đầu với chủ âm ở ô nhịp đầu tiên, hát ô nhịp kế tiếp và so với 3 hoặc 6 hợp âm trên nghe xem hợp âm nào thuận tai nhất
4) Nên nhớ theo đúng 4 lời khuyên trên và tránh đừng chuyển đổi hợp âm lung tung.
Đây là nói về lý thuyết, khi bạn có sẵn một bản nhạc. Tuy nhiên trên thực tế không phải lúc nào bạn cũng có sẵn một bản nhạc với đầy đủ nốt nhạc. Khi đó chỉ hoàn toàn dựa vào kinh nghiệm, chúng ta sẽ bàn sau.
Khi đã thuần thục về tìm hợp âm chủ, tìm các hợp âm liên quan, và chuyển qua lại giữa các hợp âm, bạn có thể bắt đầu tìm hiểu về các điệu trong đệm hát và các kiểu đệm hát thông dụng.
# Áp dụng
Chúng ta thử áp dụng những gì đã bàn. Tạm thời bỏ qua việc ta có sẵn bản nhạc để phân tích, cũng tạm bỏ qua ca sĩ nhắc chúng ta về giọng. Phần này chúng ta chỉ xét việc dò dẫm hoàn toàn, ca sĩ hát và bạn theo đó để đệm. Cũng tạm bỏ qua về điệu, cứ coi như mọi bài ví dụ đều chơi rải hợp âm.
**Ví dụ 1: Bài Tình Nhớ – Trịnh Công Sơn.**
Khi người ta vừa hát “Tình ngỡ đã quên đi…” thì bạn phải tìm ngay nốt của từ Tình nằm ở đâu. Giả sử bạn dò ra là nốt La(A). Nhiều bài của Trịnh Công Sơn có chủ âm là thứ, vì vậy áp dụng bài trước bạn có thể coi như chủ âm của bài này là Am (Sai thì mò lại). Áp dụng công thức 1-6-8 bạn sẽ có các hợp âm Am – Dm – E. Bạn cũng sẽ biết là Am sẽ chơi đầu và cuối bản nhạc. Đến đây bạn đã có thể áp hợp âm vào, thêm thắt theo kinh nghiệm hợp âm 7 chẳng hạn. Ví dụ:
Am
Tình ngỡ đã quên đi như lòng cố lạnh lùng,
Dm G C
người ngỡ đã xa xăm bỗng về quá thênh thang,
Em (A) Dm
ôi áo xưa lồng lộng, đã xô dạt trời chiều
Em
như từng cơn nước rộng,
E7
xoá một ngày đìu hiu.
Am
Tình ngỡ đã phôi pha nhưng tình vẫn còn đầy,
Dm G C
người ngỡ đã đi xa nhưng người vẫn quanh đây,
Em (A) Dm
những bước chân mềm mại đã đi vào đời người
Em E7 Am
như từng viên đá cuội rớt vào lòng biển khơi.
(A) G C
*** Khi cơn đau chưa dài thì tình như chút nắng,
Em F
khi cơn đau lên dầy thì tình đã mênh mông,
E7 Am A Dm
một người về đỉnh cao một người về vực sâu,
G F E7 Am
để cuộc tình chìm mau như bóng chim cuối đèo.
…..
Tình ngỡ đã quên đi như lòng cố lạnh lùng,
Dm G C
người ngỡ đã xa xăm bỗng về quá thênh thang,
Em (A) Dm
ôi áo xưa lồng lộng, đã xô dạt trời chiều
Em
như từng cơn nước rộng,
E7
xoá một ngày đìu hiu.
Am
Tình ngỡ đã phôi pha nhưng tình vẫn còn đầy,
Dm G C
người ngỡ đã đi xa nhưng người vẫn quanh đây,
Em (A) Dm
những bước chân mềm mại đã đi vào đời người
Em E7 Am
như từng viên đá cuội rớt vào lòng biển khơi.
(A) G C
*** Khi cơn đau chưa dài thì tình như chút nắng,
Em F
khi cơn đau lên dầy thì tình đã mênh mông,
E7 Am A Dm
một người về đỉnh cao một người về vực sâu,
G F E7 Am
để cuộc tình chìm mau như bóng chim cuối đèo.
…..
**Ví dụ 2: Bài Mưa hồng- Trịnh Công Sơn.**
Khi người ta vừa hát “Trời ươm nắng…” thì bạn phải tìm ngay nốt của từ Trời nằm ở đâu. Giả sử bạn dò ra là nốt Sol(G). Nhiều bài của Trịnh Công Sơn có chủ âm là thứ, nhưng bài này có âm hưởng tương đối vui vẻ nên có thể là chủ âm trưởng, vì vậy áp dụng bài trước bạn có thể coi như chủ âm của bài này là C (Sai thì mò lại). Áp dụng công thức 1-6-8 bạn sẽ có các hợp âm C – F – G. Bạn cũng sẽ biết là C sẽ chơi đầu và cuối bản nhạc. Đến đây bạn đã có thể áp hợp âm vào, thêm thắt theo kinh nghiệm hợp âm 7 chẳng hạn (Am, G7..). Ví dụ:
C Am
Trời ươm nắng cho mây hồng
Trời ươm nắng cho mây hồng
F G7
Mây qua mau em nghiêng sầu
Mây qua mau em nghiêng sầu
G7 F
Còn mưa xuống như hôm nào
Còn mưa xuống như hôm nào
G7 C
Em đến thăm mây âm thầm
Em đến thăm mây âm thầm
G7
Mang gió lên …
Mang gió lên …
st
## 1 comments:
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## Đăng nhận xét
Chữ đậm Chữ nghiêng Chữ nghiêng 2Chèn Link Chèn Link


markdown:
(HUFO) Sáng 1/5, đoàn đại biểu Liên hiệp các tổ chức hữu nghị và Hội hữu nghị Việt Nam - Ấn Độ TPHCM do Tiến sĩ Huỳnh Thành Lập – Chủ tịch Hội hữu nghị Việt - Ấn TP dẫn đầu đã đến thăm và tặng quà cho chùa Phổ Minh tại Gò Vấp Nhân dịp lễ Phật Đản năm 2017.
Chùa Phổ Minh nằm tọa lạc tại Quận Gò Vấp TPHCM, do Hòa thượng Thích Thiện Tâm – Phó chủ tịch Hội đồng trị sự trung ương Giáo Hội phật giáo Việt Nam, Phó Ban trị sự Thành hội, Trưởng ban phật giáo quốc tế TP.HCM làm trụ trì.
Tại buổi gặp gỡ, ông Huỳnh Thành Lập đã chúc Hòa thượng Thích Thiện Tâm và tăng ni, phật tử một mùa Đại lễ Phật Đản thật an lành; đồng thời đánh giá cao sự phối hợp của chùa Phổ Minh, cá nhân Hòa thượng Thích Thiện Tâm đối với các hoạt động đối ngoại nhân dân, từ thiện xã hội do Liên hiệp các tổ chức hữu nghị và Hội hữu nghị thành viên tổ chức.
Hòa thượng Thích Thiện Tâm hiện cũng là Phó Chủ tịch Hội hữu nghị Việt Nam - Ấn Độ TPHCM đồng thời là thành viên các Hội hữu nghị khác của Liên hiệp hữu nghị Trung ương và Thành phố, với tiêu chí “sống tốt đời đẹp đạo” Hòa thượng đã có nhiều đóng góp tích cực cho đất nước trên nhiều lĩnh vực trong đó có hoạt động đối ngoại nhân dân.
Q.Tuấn
Xem tin theo ngày
Liên hiệp các tổ chức Hữu nghị thành phố Hồ Chí MinhĐịa chỉ: 31 Lê Duẩn, Phường Bến Nghé, Quận 1, Thành phố Hồ Chí MinhĐiện thoại: (84-8) 38232852 - Fax: (84-8) 38232987. Email: info.hufo@gmail.com
Giấy phép thiết lập trang thông tin điện tử tổng hợp số 45/GP-ICP-STTTT do Sở Thông tin và Truyền thông Tp.HCM cấp ngày 22/7/2013
Người chịu trách nhiệm chính website: Chủ tịch - Ông Huỳnh Minh Thiện

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[Nhận định](/nhan-dinh-bong-da.html) [Tường thuật](/tin-tuc/tuong-thuat-bong-da) [Tin tức bóng đá](/tin-tuc-bong-da.html) [Kết quả bóng đá](/ket-qua-bong-da.ikq) [Lịch thi đấu bóng đá](/lich-thi-dau-bong-da.hs) [Kèo bóng đá](/ty-le-keo-bong-da.html) [Bảng xếp hạng bóng đá](/bang-xep-hang-bong-da) [Video Clip](/video-clip-bong-da.html) [Ảnh bóng đá](/anh.abd) [Game dự đoán](/du-doan-bong-da.html)
## Thông tin cầu thủ Biagui Kamissoko
|Tên||Biagui Kamissoko|
|Quốc tịch||France|
|Số áo||?|
|Vị trí||Tiền vệ|
|Cân nặng||81 kg|
|Chiều cao||1.83 m|
|Tags (Từ khóa)|
Quảng cáo của đối tác
[Premier Village Phú Quốc](http://lotuslandvn.com/du-an/premier-village-phu-quoc/) [xổ số mega](http://www.xosomega.com/) [soi cầu lô tô](http://soicauxoso.com/soi-cau-lo-to) [game online](http://lagavi.com/tin-tuc/game-online) [soi cầu đặc biệtt](http://soicauxoso.com/soi-cau-dac-biet) [xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/645/) [mua ban nha dat](http://timdat.net/) [nha dat da nang](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-da-nang) [nha dat ha noi](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-ha-noi) [Premier Village Phú Quốc Resort](http://lotuslandvn.com/tag/premier-village-phu-quoc/) [xổ số tự chọn](http://www.xosomega.com/tag/xo-so-mega-645/) [nha dat hai duong](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-hai-duong) [nha dat hai phong](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-hai-phong) [livescore](http://m.ibongda.vn/livescore) [kết quả xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/ket-qua/xo-so-mega-6-45/) [truc tiep xo so](http://wap.soicauxoso.com/) [dự đoán xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/du-doan-xo-so) [thống kê xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/thong-ke-xo-so) [Premier Residences Phú Quốc](http://lotuslandvn.com/premier-residences-phu-quoc/) [link sopcast](http://soccer188.net/link-sopcast) [premier league sopcast](http://soccer188.net/link-sopcast/english-premier-league.s1) [thiết bị định vị](http://thegioidinhvi.vn/thiet-bi-dinh-vi) [trực tiếp xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/645/truc-tiep-ket-qua-xo-so-mega-645/) [thiết bị định vị ô tô](http://thegioidinhvi.vn/thiet-bi-dinh-vi/thiet-bi-dinh-vi-o-to) [trực tiếp xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/xo-so-truc-tiep) [cuoi xuyen viet](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/cuoi+xuyen+viet+chung+ket+6) [giong hat viet 2015](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/giong+hat+viet+2015) [kết quả xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/ket-qua-xo-so) [đại lý xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/645/lien-he-lam-dai-ly-xo-so-tu-chon-vietlott/) [thach thuc danh hai](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/thach+thuc+danh+hai) [Cẩm nang Đầu Tư Premier Village Phu Quoc](http://lotuslandvn.com/cam-nang-dau-tu-du-an-premier-village-phu-quoc-resort/) [5s online](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/5s+online) [co dau 8 tuoi](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/co+dau+8+tuoi) [dang ky m88 nhu the nao](http://cacuoc247.com/) [live scores](http://m.soccer188.net/) [serie a sopcast](http://m.soccer188.net/sopcast)

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## Thông tin cầu thủ Gerson Chacon
|Tên||Gerson Chacon|
|Quốc tịch||Venezuela|
|Số áo||?|
|Vị trí||Hậu vệ|
|Cân nặng||76 kg|
|Chiều cao||1.76 m|
|Tags (Từ khóa)|
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markdown:
[Nhận định](/nhan-dinh-bong-da.html) [Tường thuật](/tin-tuc/tuong-thuat-bong-da) [Tin tức bóng đá](/tin-tuc-bong-da.html) [Kết quả bóng đá](/ket-qua-bong-da.ikq) [Lịch thi đấu bóng đá](/lich-thi-dau-bong-da.hs) [Kèo bóng đá](/ty-le-keo-bong-da.html) [Bảng xếp hạng bóng đá](/bang-xep-hang-bong-da) [Video Clip](/video-clip-bong-da.html) [Ảnh bóng đá](/anh.abd) [Game dự đoán](/du-doan-bong-da.html)
## Thông tin cầu thủ Jorge Garcia
|Tên||Jorge Garcia|
|Quốc tịch||Spain|
|Số áo||13|
|Vị trí||Thủ môn|
|Cân nặng||77 kg|
|Chiều cao||1.83 m|
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[Premier Village Phú Quốc](http://lotuslandvn.com/du-an/premier-village-phu-quoc/) [xổ số mega](http://www.xosomega.com/) [soi cầu lô tô](http://soicauxoso.com/soi-cau-lo-to) [game online](http://lagavi.com/tin-tuc/game-online) [soi cầu đặc biệtt](http://soicauxoso.com/soi-cau-dac-biet) [xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/645/) [mua ban nha dat](http://timdat.net/) [nha dat da nang](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-da-nang) [nha dat ha noi](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-ha-noi) [Premier Village Phú Quốc Resort](http://lotuslandvn.com/tag/premier-village-phu-quoc/) [xổ số tự chọn](http://www.xosomega.com/tag/xo-so-mega-645/) [nha dat hai duong](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-hai-duong) [nha dat hai phong](http://timdat.net/nha-dat-hai-phong) [livescore](http://m.ibongda.vn/livescore) [kết quả xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/ket-qua/xo-so-mega-6-45/) [truc tiep xo so](http://wap.soicauxoso.com/) [dự đoán xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/du-doan-xo-so) [thống kê xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/thong-ke-xo-so) [Premier Residences Phú Quốc](http://lotuslandvn.com/premier-residences-phu-quoc/) [link sopcast](http://soccer188.net/link-sopcast) [premier league sopcast](http://soccer188.net/link-sopcast/english-premier-league.s1) [thiết bị định vị](http://thegioidinhvi.vn/thiet-bi-dinh-vi) [trực tiếp xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/645/truc-tiep-ket-qua-xo-so-mega-645/) [thiết bị định vị ô tô](http://thegioidinhvi.vn/thiet-bi-dinh-vi/thiet-bi-dinh-vi-o-to) [trực tiếp xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/xo-so-truc-tiep) [cuoi xuyen viet](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/cuoi+xuyen+viet+chung+ket+6) [giong hat viet 2015](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/giong+hat+viet+2015) [kết quả xổ số](http://soicauxoso.com/ket-qua-xo-so) [đại lý xổ số mega 6/45](http://www.xosomega.com/645/lien-he-lam-dai-ly-xo-so-tu-chon-vietlott/) [thach thuc danh hai](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/thach+thuc+danh+hai) [Cẩm nang Đầu Tư Premier Village Phu Quoc](http://lotuslandvn.com/cam-nang-dau-tu-du-an-premier-village-phu-quoc-resort/) [5s online](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/5s+online) [co dau 8 tuoi](http://youtube.mtube.vn/tag/co+dau+8+tuoi) [dang ky m88 nhu the nao](http://cacuoc247.com/) [live scores](http://m.soccer188.net/) [serie a sopcast](http://m.soccer188.net/sopcast)