President of the United States
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the president of the united states potus is the head of state and head of government of the united states of america the president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander in chief of the united states armed forces the power of the presidency has grown substantially since the first president جورج واشينطون took office in while presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time the presidency has played an increasingly significant role in american political life since the beginning of the th century carrying over into the st century with notable expansions during the presidencies of franklin roosevelt and george bush in modern times the president is one of the world most powerful political figures and the leader of the world only remaining superpower as the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal gdp the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power article ii of the constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests executive power in the president the power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive diplomatic regulatory and judicial officers based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers and on subsequent laws enacted by congress the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting foreign policy the role includes responsibility for directing the world most expensive military which has the second largest nuclear arsenal the president also plays leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking as part of the system of separation of powers article section of the constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation since modern presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of congress who are often electorally dependent on the president in recent decades presidents have also made increasing use of executive orders agency regulations and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy the president is elected indirectly through the electoral college to four year term along with the vice president under the twenty second amendment ratified in no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to third in addition nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of president intra term death or resignation in all individuals have served presidencies spanning four year terms چو بايدن is the th and current president of the united states having assumed office at noon est on january history and development origins during the american revolutionary war the thirteen colonies represented by the second continental congress in philadelphia declared themselves to be independent sovereign states and no longer under british rule the affirmation was made in the declaration of independence which was written predominantly by thomas jefferson and adopted unanimously on july by the second continental congress recognizing the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the british the continental congress simultaneously began the process of drafting constitution that would bind the states together there were long debates on number of issues including representation and voting and the exact powers to be given the central government congress finished work on the articles of confederation to establish perpetual union between the states in november and sent it to the states for ratification under the articles which took effect on march the congress of the confederation was central political authority without any legislative power it could make its own resolutions determinations and regulations but not any laws and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens this institutional design reflected how americans believed the deposed british system of crown and parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire the states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly royal prerogatives making war receiving ambassadors etc to congress the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments the members of congress elected president of the united states in congress assembled to preside over its deliberation as neutral discussion moderator unrelated to and quite dissimilar from the later office of president of the united states it was largely ceremonial position without much influence in the treaty of paris secured independence for each of the former colonies with peace at hand the states each turned toward their own internal affairs by americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another they witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports their mediterranean commerce preyed upon by north african pirates and their foreign financed revolutionary war debts unpaid and accruing interest civil and political unrest loomed events such as the newburgh conspiracy and shays rebellion demonstrated that the articles of confederation were not working following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between virginia and maryland at the mount vernon conference in virginia called for trade conference between all the states set for september in annapolis maryland with an aim toward resolving further reaching interstate commercial antagonisms when the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states alexander hamilton led the annapolis delegates in call for convention to offer revisions to the articles to be held the next spring in philadelphia prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until james madison and edmund randolph succeeded in securing جورج واشينطون attendance to philadelphia as delegate for virginia when the constitutional convention convened in may the state delegations in attendance rhode island did not send delegates brought with them an accumulated experience over diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments most states maintained weak executive without veto or appointment powers elected annually by the legislature to single term only sharing power with an executive council and countered by strong legislature new york offered the greatest exception having strong unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to three year term and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter it was through the closed door negotiations at philadelphia that the presidency framed in the constitution emerged جورج واشينطون the first president of the united states as the nation first president جورج واشينطون established many norms that would come to define the office his decision to retire after two terms helped address fears that the nation would devolve into monarchy and established precedent that would not be broken until and would eventually be made permanent by the twenty second amendment by the end of his presidency political parties had developed with john adams defeating thomas jefferson in the first truly contested presidential election after jefferson defeated adams in he and his fellow virginians james madison and james monroe would each serve two terms eventually dominating the nation politics during the era of good feelings until adams son john quincy adams won election in after the democratic republican party split the election of andrew jackson in was significant milestone as jackson was not part of the virginia and massachusetts elite that had held the presidency for its first years jacksonian democracy sought to strengthen the presidency at the expense of congress while broadening public participation as the nation rapidly expanded westward however his successor martin van buren became unpopular after the panic of and the death of william henry harrison and subsequent poor relations between john tyler and congress led to further weakening of the office including van buren in the years between and six presidential terms would be filled by eight different men with none serving two terms the senate played an important role during this period with the great triumvirate of henry clay daniel webster and john calhoun playing key roles in shaping national policy in the and until debates over slavery began pulling the nation apart in the abraham lincoln leadership during the civil war has led historians to regard him as one of the nation greatest presidents the circumstances of the war and republican domination of congress made the office very powerful and lincoln re election in was the first time president had been re elected since jackson in after lincoln assassination his successor اندرو چونسون lost all political support and was nearly removed from office with congress remaining powerful during the two term presidency of civil war general ulysses grant after the end of reconstruction grover cleveland would eventually become the first democratic president elected since before the war running in three consecutive elections and winning twice in william mckinley became the first incumbent to win re election since grant in after mckinley assassination by leon czolgosz in ثيودور روزيڤيلت became dominant figure in american politics historians believe roosevelt permanently changed the political system by strengthening the presidency with some key accomplishments including breaking up trusts conservationism labor reforms making personal character as important as the issues and hand picking his successor william howard taft the following decade woodrow wilson led the nation to victory during world war although wilson proposal for the league of nations was rejected by the senate warren harding while popular in office would see his legacy tarnished by scandals especially teapot dome and herbert hoover quickly became very unpopular after failing to alleviate the great depression imperial presidency president فرانكلين روزيڤيلت delivers radio address in the ascendancy of فرانكلين روزيڤيلت in led further toward what historians now describe as the imperial presidency backed by enormous democratic majorities in congress and public support for major change roosevelt new deal dramatically increased the size and scope of the federal government including more executive agencies the traditionally small presidential staff was greatly expanded with the executive office of the president being created in none of whom require senate confirmation roosevelt unprecedented re election to third and fourth term the victory of the united states in الحرب العالميه التانيه and the nation growing economy all helped established the office as position of global leadership his successors harry truman and dwight eisenhower each served two terms as the cold war led the presidency to be viewed as the leader of the free world while john kennedy was youthful and popular leader who benefited from the rise of television in the after lyndon johnson lost popular support due to the vietnam war and richard nixon presidency collapsed in the watergate scandal congress enacted series of reforms intended to reassert itself these included the war powers resolution enacted over nixon veto in and the congressional budget and impoundment control act of that sought to strengthen congressional fiscal powers by gerald ford conceded that the historic pendulum had swung toward congress raising the possibility of disruptive erosion of his ability to govern ford failed to win election to full term and his successor jimmy carter failed to win re election ronald reagan who had been an actor before beginning his political career used his talent as communicator to help re shape the american agenda away from new deal policies toward more conservative ideology with the cold war ending and the united states becoming the world undisputed leading power بيل كلينتون george bush and باراك اوباما each served two terms as president meanwhile congress and the nation gradually became more politically polarized especially following the mid term elections that saw republicans control the house for the first time in years and the rise of routine filibusters in the senate in recent decades recent presidents have thus increasingly focused on executive orders agency regulations and judicial appointments to implement major policies at the expense of legislation and congressional power presidential elections in the st century have reflected this continuing polarization with no candidate except obama in winning by more than five percent of the popular vote and two george bush and دونالد ترامب winning in the electoral college while losing the popular vote critics of presidency evolution the nation founding fathers expected the congress which was the first branch of government described in the constitution to be the dominant branch of government however they did not expect strong executive department however presidential power has shifted over time which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful unchecked unbalanced and monarchist in nature in professor dana nelson expressed belief that presidents over the previous thirty years worked towards undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies she criticized proponents of the unitary executive theory for expanding the many existing uncheckable executive powers such as executive orders decrees memorandums proclamations national security directives and legislative signing statements that already allow presidents to enact good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid interference or consent from congress bill wilson board member of americans for limited government opined that the expanded presidency was the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule legislative powers article section of the constitution vests all lawmaking power in congress hands and article section clause prevents the president and all other executive branch officers from simultaneously being member of congress nevertheless the modern presidency exerts significant power over legislation both due to constitutional provisions and historical developments over time signing and vetoing bills president lyndon johnson signs the civil rights act at the white house on july as martin luther king jr and others look on the president most significant legislative power derives from the presentment clause which gives the president the power to veto any bill passed by congress while congress can override presidential veto it requires two thirds vote of both houses which is usually very difficult to achieve except for widely supported bipartisan legislation the framers of the constitution feared that congress would seek to increase its power and enable tyranny of the majority so giving the indirectly elected president veto was viewed as an important check on the legislative power while george washington believed the veto should only be used in cases where bill was it is now routinely used in cases where presidents have policy disagreements with bill the veto or threat of veto has thus evolved to make the modern presidency central part of the american legislative process specifically under the presentment clause once bill has been presented by congress the president has three options sign the legislation within ten days excluding sundays the bill becomes law veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of congress from which it originated expressing any objections the bill does not become law unless both houses of congress vote to override the veto by two thirds vote take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe the bill becomes law as if the president had signed it unless congress is adjourned at the time in which case it does not become law which is known as pocket veto in congress attempted to enhance the president veto power with the line item veto act the legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill particularly any new spending any amount of discretionary spending or any new limited tax benefit congress could then repass that particular item if the president then vetoed the new legislation congress could override the veto by its ordinary means two thirds vote in both houses in clinton city of new york the supreme court ruled such legislative alteration of the veto power to be setting the agenda president دونالد ترامب delivers his state of the union address before congress for most of american history candidates for president have sought election on the basis of promised legislative agenda article ii section clause requires the president to recommend such measures to congress which the president deems necessary and expedient this is done through the based state of the union address which usually outlines the president legislative proposals for the coming year and through other formal and informal communications with congress the president can be involved in crafting legislation by suggesting requesting or even insisting that congress enact laws he believes are needed additionally he can attempt to shape legislation during the legislative process by exerting influence on individual members of congress presidents possess this power because the constitution is silent about who can write legislation but the power is limited because only members of congress can introduce legislation the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into congress additionally the president may attempt to have congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made promulgating regulations many laws enacted by congress do not address every possible detail and either explicitly or implicitly delegate powers of implementation to an appropriate federal agency as the head of the executive branch presidents control vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from congress in the th century critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to congress had slid into the hands of presidents one critic charged that presidents could appoint virtual army of czars each wholly unaccountable to congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the white house presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand bill or plan to execute it this practice has been criticized by the american bar association as conservative commentator george will wrote of an increasingly swollen executive branch and the eclipse of congress convening and adjourning congress to allow the government to act quickly in case of major domestic or international crisis arising when congress is not in session the president is empowered by article ii section of the constitution to call special session of one or both houses of congress since john adams first did so in the president has called the full congress to convene for special session on occasions harry truman was the most recent to do so in july known as the turnip day session in addition prior to ratification of the twentieth amendment in which brought forward the date on which congress convenes from december to january newly inaugurated presidents would routinely call the senate to meet to confirm nominations or ratify treaties in practice the power has fallen into disuse in the modern era as congress now formally remains in session year round convening pro forma sessions every three days even when ostensibly in recess correspondingly the president is authorized to adjourn congress if the house and senate cannot agree on the time of adjournment no president has ever had to exercise this power executive powers the president is head of the executive branch of the federal government and is obligated to take care that the laws be faithfully executed the executive branch has over four million employees including the military administrative powers presidents make political appointments an incoming president may make up to upon taking office of which must be confirmed by the senate ambassadors members of the cabinet and various officers are among the positions filled by presidential appointment with senate confirmation the power of president to fire executive officials has long been contentious political issue generally president may remove executive officials at will however congress can curtail and constrain president authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute to manage the growing federal bureaucracy presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff who were eventually organized into the executive office of the president of the united states within the executive office the president innermost layer of aides and their assistants are located in the white house office the president also possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government by issuing various types of directives such as presidential proclamation and executive orders when the president is lawfully exercising one of the conferred presidential the scope of this power is broad even so these directives are subject to judicial review by federal courts which can find them to be congress can overturn an executive order through legislation foreign affairs president george bush and soviet president mikhail gorbachev sign the chemical weapons accord at the white house article ii section clause requires the president to receive ambassadors this clause known as the reception clause has been interpreted to imply that the president possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy and to provide support for the president exclusive authority to grant recognition to foreign government the constitution also empowers the president to appoint united states ambassadors and to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements between the united states and other countries such agreements upon receiving the advice and consent of the senate by two thirds majority vote become binding with the force of federal law while foreign affairs has always been significant element of presidential advances in technology since the constitution adoption have increased presidential power where formerly ambassadors were vested with significant power to independently negotiate on behalf of the united states presidents now routinely meet directly with leaders of foreign countries commander in chief abraham lincoln the th president who successfully preserved the union during the american civil war with union army general george mcclellan and soldiers at antietam on october one of the most important of executive powers is the president role as commander in chief of the united states armed forces the power to declare war is vested in congress but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military the exact degree of authority that the constitution grants to the president as commander in chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history with congress at various times granting the president wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority the framers of the constitution took care to limit the president powers regarding the military alexander hamilton explained this in federalist no in the modern era pursuant to the war powers resolution congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than days although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed rendering it ineffectual additionally congress provides check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations including ثيودور روزيڤيلت military move into panama in the korean war the vietnam war and the invasions of grenada in and panama in the amount of military detail handled personally by the president in wartime has varied greatly george washington the first president firmly established military subordination under civilian authority in washington used his constitutional powers to assemble militia to quell the whiskey rebellion conflict in western pennsylvania involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay an excise tax on spirits according to historian joseph ellis this was the first and only time sitting american president led troops in the field though james madison briefly took control of artillery units in defense of washington during the war of abraham lincoln was deeply involved in overall strategy and in day to day operations during the american civil war historians have given lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as ulysses grant the present day operational command of the armed forces is delegated to the department of defense and is normally exercised through the secretary of defense the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff and the combatant commands assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved unified command plan ucp juridical powers and privileges president چو بايدن with his supreme court appointee justice ketanji brown jackson and in background vice president kamala harris following brown jackson united states senate confirmation the president has the power to nominate federal judges including members of the united states courts of appeals and the supreme court of the united states however these nominations require senate confirmation before they may take office securing senate approval can provide major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward particular ideological stance when nominating judges to district courts presidents often respect the long standing tradition of senatorial courtesy presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves gerald ford pardoned richard nixon month after taking office presidents often grant pardons shortly before leaving office like when بيل كلينتون pardoned patty hearst on his last day in office this is often controversial two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with degree of autonomy the first is executive privilege which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties george washington first claimed the privilege when congress requested to see chief justice john jay notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with great britain while not enshrined in the constitution or any other law washington action created the precedent for the privilege when nixon tried to use executive privilege as reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to congress during the watergate scandal the supreme court ruled in united states nixon that executive privilege did not apply in cases where president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution when bill clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the lewinsky scandal the supreme court ruled in clinton jones that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits these cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined additionally federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president the state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security precedent for the privilege arose early in the th century when thomas jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of aaron burr and again in totten united states when the supreme court dismissed case brought by former union spy however the privilege was not formally recognized by the supreme court until united states reynolds where it was held to be common law evidentiary privilege before the september attacks use of the privilege had been rare but increasing in frequency since the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims as in the ninth circuit ruling in mohamed jeppesen dataplan inc critics of the privilege claim its use has become tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions the degree to which the president personally has absolute immunity from court cases is contested and has been the subject of several supreme court decisions nixon fitzgerald dismissed civil lawsuit against by then former president richard nixon based on his official actions clinton jones decided that president has no immunity against civil suits for actions taken before becoming president and ruled that sexual harassment suit could proceed without delay even against sitting president the mueller report on russian interference in the presidential election detailed evidence of possible obstruction of justice but investigators declined to refer دونالد ترامب for prosecution based on united states department of justice policy against indicting an incumbent president the report noted that impeachment by congress was available as remedy as of october case was pending in the federal courts regarding access to personal tax returns in criminal case brought against donald trump by the new york county district attorney alleging violations of new york state law leadership roles head of state as head of state the president represents the united states government to its own people and represents the nation to the rest of the world for example during state visit by foreign head of state the president typically hosts state arrival ceremony held on the south lawn custom begun by john kennedy in this is followed by state dinner given by the president which is held in the state dining room later in the evening president woodrow wilson throws out the ceremonial first ball on opening day in president بيل كلينتون reviews honor guards at buckingham palace during state visit to the uk as national leader the president also fulfills many less formal ceremonial duties for example william howard taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in at griffith stadium washington on the washington senators opening day every president since taft except for jimmy carter threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for opening day the all star game or the world series usually with much fanfare every president since ثيودور روزيڤيلت has served as honorary president of the boy scouts of america other presidential traditions are associated with american holidays rutherford hayes began in the first white house egg rolling for local children beginning in during the harry truman administration every thanksgiving the president is presented with live domestic turkey during the annual national thanksgiving turkey presentation held at the white house since when the custom of pardoning the turkey was formalized by george bush the turkey has been taken to farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life presidential traditions also involve the president role as head of government many outgoing presidents since james buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition ronald reagan and his successors have also left private message on the desk of the oval office on inauguration day for the incoming president the modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation premier celebrities some argue that images of the presidency have tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves one critic described the presidency as propagandized leadership which has mesmerizing power surrounding the office administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras one critic wrote the image of john kennedy was described as carefully framed in rich detail which drew on the power of myth regarding the incident of pt and wrote that kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions as result some political commentators have opined that american voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents voters expect president to drive the economy vanquish enemies lead the free world comfort tornado victims heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit card fees head of party the president is typically considered to be the head of their political party since the entire house of representatives and at least one third of the senate is elected simultaneously with the president candidates from political party inevitably have their electoral success intertwined with the performance of the party presidential candidate the coattail effect or lack thereof will also often impact party candidates at state and local levels of government as well however there are often tensions between president and others in the party with presidents who lose significant support from their party caucus in congress generally viewed to be weaker and less effective global leader with the rise of the united states as superpower in the th century and the united states having the world largest economy into the st century the president is typically viewed as global leader and at times the world most powerful political figure the position of the united states as the leading member of nato and the country strong relationships with other wealthy or democratic nations like those comprising the european union have led to the moniker that the president is the leader of the free world selection process eligibility article ii section clause of the constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency to serve as president one must be natural born citizen of the united states be at least years old be resident in the united states for at least years person who meets the above qualifications would however still be disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions under article section clause having been impeached convicted and disqualified from holding further public office although there is some legal debate as to whether the clause also includes the presidential office the only previous persons disqualified under this clause were three federal judges under section of the fourteenth amendment no person who swore an oath to support the constitution and later rebelled against the united states is eligible to hold any office however this can be lifted by two thirds vote of each house of congress there is again some debate as to whether the clause as written allows from the presidential position or whether it would first require litigation outside of congress although there is precedent for use of this amendment outside of the original intended purpose of excluding confederates from public office after the civil war under the twenty second amendment no person can be elected president more than twice the amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of term for which some other eligible person was elected president the former can only be elected president once campaigns and nomination president jimmy carter left debates republican nominee ronald reagan on october during the presidential campaign the modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions where the most successful candidate is made the party presidential nominee typically the party presidential candidate chooses vice presidential nominee and this choice is rubber stamped by the convention the most common previous profession of presidents is lawyer nominees participate in nationally televised debates and while the debates are usually restricted to the democratic and republican nominees third party candidates may be invited such as ross perot in the debates nominees campaign across the country to explain their views convince voters and solicit contributions much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives election map of the united states showing the number of electoral votes allocated to each state and the district of columbia following the census for the and presidential elections maine and nebraska distribute electors by way of the congressional district method of the electoral votes possible at least votes are required for majority the president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the district of columbia through the electoral college body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four year terms as prescribed by article ii section clause each state is entitled to number of electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of congress additionally the twenty third amendment provides that the district of columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were state but in no case more than that of the least populous state currently all states and the district of columbia select their electors based on popular election in all but two states the party whose presidential vice presidential ticket receives plurality of popular votes in the state has its entire slate of elector nominees chosen as the state electors maine and nebraska deviate from this practice awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each congressional district on the first monday after the second wednesday in december about six weeks after the election the electors convene in their respective state capitals and in washington to vote for president and on separate ballot for vice president they typically vote for the candidates of the party that nominated them while there is no constitutional mandate or federal law requiring them to do so the district of columbia and states have laws requiring that their electors vote for the candidates to whom they are pledged the of these laws was upheld in chiafalo washington following the vote each state then sends certified record of their electoral votes to congress the votes of the electors are opened and counted during joint session of congress held in the first week of january if candidate has received an absolute majority of electoral votes for president currently of that person is declared the winner otherwise the house of representatives must meet to elect president using contingent election procedure in which representatives voting by state delegation with each state casting single vote choose between the top three electoral vote getters for president to win the presidency candidate must receive the votes of an absolute majority of states currently of there have been two contingent presidential elections in the nation history electoral vote tie between thomas jefferson and fellow democratic republican aaron burr in the election of necessitated the first conducted under the original procedure established by article ii section clause of the constitution which stipulates that if two or three persons received majority vote and an equal vote the house of representatives would choose one of them for president the would become vice president on february jefferson was elected president on the th ballot and burr elected vice president afterward the system was overhauled through the twelfth amendment in time to be used in the election quarter century later the choice for president again devolved to the house when no candidate won an absolute majority of electoral votes of in the election of under the twelfth amendment the house was required to choose president from among the top three electoral vote recipients andrew jackson john quincy adams and william crawford held february this second and most recent contingent election resulted in john quincy adams being elected president on the first ballot inauguration pursuant to the twentieth amendment the four year term of office for both the president and the vice president begins at noon on january the first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date known as inauguration day were the second terms of president فرانكلين روزيڤيلت and vice president john nance garner in previously inauguration day was on march as result of the date change the first term of both men had been shortened by days before executing the powers of the office president is required to recite the presidential oath of office found in article ii section clause of the constitution this is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the constitution presidents have traditionally placed one hand upon bible while taking the oath and have added so help me god to the end of the oath although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths presidents are traditionally sworn in by the chief justice of the united states incumbency term limit president william mckinley and his vice president and presidential successor ثيودور روزيڤيلت فرانكلين روزيڤيلت won record four presidential elections in and prior to the implementation of the nd amendment in which instituted two term limit when the first president جورج واشينطون announced in his farewell address that he was not running for third term he established two terms then out precedent precedent became tradition after thomas jefferson publicly embraced the principle decade later during his second term as did his two immediate successors james madison and james monroe in spite of the strong two term tradition ulysses grant sought nomination at the republican national convention for non consecutive third term but was unsuccessful in after leading the nation through the great depression and focused on supporting allied nations at war with the axis powers franklin roosevelt was elected to third term breaking the long standing precedent four years later with the engaged in الحرب العالميه التانيه he was re elected again despite his declining physical health he died days into his fourth term on april in response to the unprecedented length of roosevelt presidency the twenty second amendment was adopted in the amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice or once if that person served more than two years months of another president four year term harry truman the president at the time it was submitted to the states by the congress was exempted from its limitations and briefly sought second full term to which he would have otherwise been ineligible for re election as he had been president for more than two years of roosevelt fourth term before he withdrew from the election since becoming operative in the amendment has been applicable to six twice elected presidents dwight eisenhower richard nixon ronald reagan بيل كلينتون george bush and باراك اوباما vacancies and succession under section of the twenty fifth amendment ratified in the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office death or resignation of the president deaths have occurred number of times resignation has occurred only once and removal from office has never occurred before the ratification of the twenty fifth amendment which clarified the matter of succession article ii section clause stated only that the vice president assumes the powers and duties of the presidency in the event of president removal death resignation or inability under this clause there was ambiguity about whether the vice president would actually become president in the event of vacancy or simply act as president potentially resulting in special election upon the death of president william henry harrison in vice president john tyler declared that he had succeeded to the office itself refusing to accept any papers addressed to the acting president and congress ultimately accepted it in the event of double vacancy article ii section clause also authorizes congress to declare who shall become acting president in the case of removal death resignation or inability both of the president and vice president the presidential succession act of codified as provides that if both the president and vice president have left office or are both otherwise unavailable to serve during their terms of office the presidential line of succession follows the order of speaker of the house then if necessary the president pro tempore of the senate and then if necessary the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president cabinet the cabinet currently has members of which the secretary of state is first in line the other cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department or the department of which their department is the successor was created those individuals who are ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession no statutory successor has yet been called upon to act as president declarations of inability under the twenty fifth amendment the president may temporarily transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president who then becomes acting president by transmitting to the speaker of the house and the president pro tempore of the senate statement that he is unable to discharge his duties the president resumes his or her powers upon transmitting second declaration stating that he is again able the mechanism has been used by ronald reagan once george bush twice and چو بايدن once each in anticipation of surgery the twenty fifth amendment also provides that the vice president together with majority of certain members of the cabinet may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president by transmitting written declaration to the speaker of the house and the president pro tempore of the senate to the effect that the president is unable to discharge his or her powers and duties if the president then declares that no such inability exist he or she resumes the presidential powers unless the vice president and cabinet make second declaration of presidential inability in which case congress decides the question removal article ii section of the constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials including the president from office for treason bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors article section clause authorizes the house of representatives to serve as grand jury with the power to impeach said officials by majority vote article section clause authorizes the senate to serve as court with the power to remove impeached officials from office by two thirds vote to convict three presidents have been impeached by the house of representatives andrew johnson in bill clinton in and donald trump in and none have been convicted by the senate additionally the house judiciary committee conducted an impeachment inquiry against richard nixon in and reported three articles of impeachment to the house of representatives for final action however he resigned from office before the house voted on them circumvention of authority controversial measures have sometimes been taken short of removal to deal with perceived recklessness on the part of the president or with long term disability in some cases staff have intentionally failed to deliver messages to or from the president typically to avoid executing or promoting the president to write certain orders this has ranged from richard nixon chief of staff not transmitting orders to the cabinet due to the president heavy drinking to staff removing memos from دونالد ترامب desk decades before the twenty fifth amendment in president woodrow wilson had stroke that left him partly incapacitated first lady edith wilson kept this condition secret from the public for while and controversially became the sole gatekeeper for access to the president aside from his doctor assisting him with paperwork and deciding which information was important enough to share with him compensation salary since the president annual salary has been along with expense allowance nontaxable travel account and entertainment account the president salary is set by congress and under article ii section clause of the constitution any increase or reduction in presidential salary cannot take effect before the next presidential term of office residence the white house in washington is the official residence of the president the site was selected by george washington and the cornerstone was laid in every president since john adams in has lived there at various times in history it has been known as the president palace the president house and the executive mansion theodore roosevelt officially gave the white house its current name in the federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions but the president pays for personal family and guest dry cleaning and food camp david officially titled naval support facility thurmont mountain based military camp in frederick county maryland is the president country residence place of solitude and tranquility the site has been used extensively to host foreign dignitaries since the president guest house located next to the eisenhower executive office building at the white house complex and lafayette park serves as the president official guest house and as secondary residence for the president if needed four interconnected th century houses blair house lee house and and jackson place with combined floor space exceeding comprise the property file white house lawn tif white house the official residence file camp david jpg camp david in frederick county maryland the official retreat file president guest house jpg blair house the official guest house travel the primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical boeing vc aircraft which are extensively modified boeing airliners and are referred to as air force one while the president is on board although any air force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as air force one for the duration of the flight in country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes while overseas trips are handled with both one primary and one backup the president also has access to smaller air force aircraft most notably the boeing which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support jumbo jet any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated executive one for the flight for short distance air travel the president has access to fleet of marine corps helicopters of varying models designated marine one when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would be threats for ground travel the president uses the presidential state car which is an armored limousine designed to look like cadillac sedan but built on truck chassis the secret service operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines the president also has access to two armored motorcoaches which are primarily used for touring trips file limo one jpg the presidential limousine dubbed the beast file air force one over mt rushmore jpg the presidential plane called air force one when the president is on board file joe biden visits walter reed national military medical center bethesda maryland jpg the presidential helicopter known as marine one when the president is aboard protection president ronald reagan waves following his inauguration as the nation th president on january the secret service is charged with protecting the president and the first family as part of their protection presidents first ladies their children and other immediate family members and other prominent persons and locations are assigned secret service codenames the use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted today the names simply serve for purposes of brevity clarity and tradition post presidency from left to right presidents george bush باراك اوباما george bush بيل كلينتون and jimmy carter in the oval office on january obama took office thirteen days later activities some former presidents have had significant careers after leaving office prominent examples include william howard taft tenure as chief justice of the united states and herbert hoover work on government reorganization after الحرب العالميه التانيه grover cleveland whose bid for reelection failed in was elected president again four years later in two former presidents served in congress after leaving the white house john quincy adams was elected to the house of representatives serving there for years and اندرو چونسون returned to the senate in though he died soon after some ex presidents were very active especially in international affairs most notably theodore roosevelt herbert hoover richard nixon and jimmy carter presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the united states to state funerals and other important foreign events richard nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including china and russia and was lauded as an elder statesman jimmy carter has become global human rights campaigner international arbiter and election monitor as well as recipient of the nobel peace prize بيل كلينتون has also worked as an informal ambassador most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two american journalists laura ling and euna lee from north korea during his presidency george bush called on former presidents bush and clinton to assist with humanitarian efforts after the indian ocean earthquake and tsunami president obama followed suit by asking presidents clinton and bush to lead efforts to aid haiti after an earthquake devastated that country in clinton was active politically since his presidential term ended working with his wife hillary on her and presidential bids and president obama on his reelection campaign obama was also active politically since his presidential term ended having worked with his former vice president چو بايدن on his election campaign trump has continued to make appearances in the media and at conventions and rallies since leaving office pension and other benefits the former presidents act fpa enacted in grants lifetime benefits to former presidents and their widows including monthly pension medical care in military facilities health insurance and secret service protection also provided is funding for certain number of staff and for office expenses the act has been amended several times to provide increases in presidential pensions and in the allowances for office staff the fpa excludes any president who was removed from office by impeachment according to report by the congressional research service chief executives leaving office prior to often entered retirement pursuing various occupations and received no federal assistance when industrialist andrew carnegie announced plan in to offer annual pensions to former presidents many members of congress deemed it inappropriate that such pension would be provided by private corporation executive that same year legislation was first introduced to create presidential pensions but it was not enacted in such legislation was considered by congress because of former president harry truman financial limitations in hiring an office staff the pension has increased numerous times with congressional approval retired presidents receive pension based on the salary of the current administration cabinet secretaries which was per year in former presidents who served in congress may also collect congressional pensions the act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges prior to all former presidents their spouses and their children until age were protected by the secret service until the president death in congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than years from the date president leaves office on january president obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him george bush and all subsequent presidents first spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection presidential libraries from left to right presidents باراك اوباما george bush بيل كلينتون george bush and jimmy carter at the dedication of the george bush presidential library and museum in dallas in every president since herbert hoover has created repository known as presidential library for preserving and making available his papers records and other documents and materials completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the national archives and records administration nara the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private non federal sources there are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the nara system there are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and universities of higher education including the abraham lincoln presidential library and museum which is run by the state of illinois the george bush presidential library and museum which is run by southern methodist university the george bush presidential library and museum which is run by texas university and the lyndon baines johnson presidential library and museum which is run by the university of texas at austin several former presidents have overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries some even made arrangements for their own burial at the site several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document the harry truman presidential library and museum in independence missouri the dwight eisenhower presidential library museum and boyhood home in abilene kansas the richard nixon presidential library and museum in yorba linda california and the ronald reagan presidential library and museum in simi valley california these gravesites are open to the general public political affiliation political parties have dominated american politics for most of the nation history though the founding fathers generally spurned political parties as divisive and disruptive and their rise had not been anticipated when the constitution was drafted in organized political parties developed in the in the mid nonetheless they evolved from political factions which began to appear almost immediately after the federal government came into existence those who supported the washington administration were referred to as pro administration and would eventually form the federalist party while those in opposition joined the emerging democratic republican party greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight year presidency he was and remains the only president never to be affiliated with political party since washington every president has been affiliated with political party at the time of assuming office the number of presidents per political party by their affiliation at the time they were first sworn into office alphabetical by last name are class wikitable colspan party name style background color republican style text align center chester arthur george bush george bush calvin coolidge dwight eisenhower gerald ford james garfield ulysses grant warren harding benjamin harrison rutherford hayes herbert hoover abraham lincoln william mckinley richard nixon ronald reagan ثيودور روزيڤيلت william howard taft and دونالد ترامب style background democratic style text align center چو بايدن incumbent james buchanan jimmy carter grover cleveland بيل كلينتون andrew jackson lyndon johnson john kennedy باراك اوباما franklin pierce james polk فرانكلين روزيڤيلت harry truman martin van buren and woodrow wilson style background color democratic republican style text align center john quincy adams thomas jefferson james madison and james monroe style background color whig style text align center millard fillmore william henry harrison zachary taylor and john tyler style background color federalist style text align center john adams style background color nowrap national union style text align center اندرو چونسون style background no party style text align center جورج واشينطون timeline of presidents the following timeline depicts the progression of the presidents and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office شوف كمان outline of american politics notes references further reading ayton mel plotting to kill the president assassination attempts from washington to hoover potomac books united states balogh brian and bruce schulman eds recapturing the oval office new historical approaches to the american presidency cornell university press pp lang stephen the complete book of presidential trivia pelican publishing graff henry ed the presidents reference history rd ed online short scholarly biographies from george washington to william clinton greenberg david republic of spin an inside history of the american presidency norton company xx pp bibliography han lori cox the presidency abc clio wide ranging reference book han lori cox ed hatred of america presidents personal attacks on the white house from washington to trump abc clio holzer harold the presidents vs the press the endless battle between the white house and the media from the founding fathers to fake news dutton chapters on presidencies hopper jennifer rose reexamining the nineteenth century presidency and partisan press the case of president grant and the whiskey ring scandal social science history leo leonard taranto james bennett william presidential leadership rating the best and the worst in the white house simon and schuster marshall jon clash presidents and the press in times of crisis of nebraska press shade william and ballard campbell eds american presidential campaigns and elections tebbel john william and sarah miles watts the press and the presidency from george washington to ronald reagan oxford university press online review waterman richard and robert wright the image is everything presidency dilemmas in american leadership routledge presidential studies quarterly published by wiley is quarterly academic journal on the presidency historiography and memory greenstein fred et al evolution of the modern president bibliographical survey annotated bibliography of scholarly articles and books covering each president primary sources waldman michael stephanopoulos george my fellow americans the most important speeches of america presidents from george washington to george bush sourcebooks trade external links white house homepage united states presidents collection general collection beinecke rare book and manuscript library تصنيف establishments in the united states تصنيف articles which contain graphical timelines