The Maryland congressman pledged his service to a country that from his earliest years tried to thwart his ambitions.
became the first Black American to preside over a session in the House when he took over as Speaker during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill in 1874. She left unsaid that with Vice President Harris no longer a senator, Plaskett was the only Black woman in the chamber. Plaskett, who grew up in Brooklyn and a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, said she was a congressional staffer during the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001. Still, he opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and assisted Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard because of their racial identity. He gave a speech in opposition to a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office. During his four terms, he was the lone African American member in Congress. He served on the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees. He also served as the President | dont give up he bellowed dont give in keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize
for a younger generation of liberals whose knowledge of the 1960s can only come from books movies and museums and their parents it was as though the movement trapped in the amber of the past had been reanimated before their eyes
dr king john lewis and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change america for the better and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo said representative hakeem jeffries democrat of new york a 45 year old african american lawmaker who participated in the sit in these days he added there are those in congress representative of both republican leadership and rank and
The Maryland congressman pledged his service to a country that from his earliest years tried to thwart his ambitions.
The New York Times
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Magazine|Elijah Cummings’s American Dream, and American Obstacles
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Elijah Cummings’s American Dream, and American Obstacles
ByASTEAD W. HERNDONDEC. 23, 2019
The Maryland congressman pledged his service to a country that from his earliest years tried to thwart his ambitions.

Remembering some of the artists, innovators and thinkers we lost in the past year.


Remembering some of the artists, innovators and thinkers we lost in the past year.
Elijah Cummings
(b. 1951)
The Maryland congressman pledged his service to a country that from his earliest years tried to thwart his ambitions.
By Astead W. Herndon
In May, less than five months before Representative Elijah Cummings of Maryland died, he gave the spring commencement speech at Morgan State University, a historically black college in his Baltimore hometown. There were, at that time, signs of how fragile his health had become. He approached the lectern with the help of a walker. But his voice retained its distinctive boom. “There is something inspiring and life-affirming about standing here among women and men who have completed one difficult journey,” he told the students. “They started something, and they finished it.”
The story of black achievement in America is never far from the story of black oppression. The trajectory of Cummings’s own life, from a rowhouse in Baltimore to the chairmanship of the Committee on Oversight and Reform in the United States Congress, was an American dream achieved in spite of the country’s obstacles. Cummings was the third of seven children born to Ruth and Robert Cummings, sharecroppers who in the 1940s fled South Carolina for Baltimore. There they found, as the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once said about Chicago, a North that could teach the people of Mississippi “how to hate.”
Astead W. Herndonis a national political reporter for The Times.
Toni Morrison
(b. 1931)
Her friends recall a woman who was as fun as she was brilliant.
By Fran Lebowitz
I met Toni in 1978. I, of course, was a child: I was 27, and she was 47. There was a reading series at the public library across from the Museum of Modern Art. They asked me if I would read, and I said yes. They said: “We always have two people. Do you know who Toni Morrison is?” She wasn’t that well known then, but I had read all of her books. I said, “I love her work.” They said, “Would you like to read with her?” I said, “That’s ridiculous.” I mean, we’re so different as writers. But I did it, and it felt like a close friendship formed in one hour.
When I met her, and for at least a few years after, she was still working at Random House. I used to hang around her office because Random House was also my publisher. My editor called me once and said: “You have to stop hanging around Toni Morrison’s office. The two of you are in there all the time with the door closed, laughing” — laughing, I think this is what was upsetting to people — “and smoking cigarettes,” which everyone did then, “because Toni Morrison is not getting her work done.” A completely ridiculous thing to say! If there was anyone not getting their work done, it was me. A few years ago, I did a benefit for the Princeton public library, and a professor at the university there told me, “I used to have the office next to Toni Morrison at Princeton, and the two of you in there smoking cigarettes and laughing all the time really disturbed me.” With some people, it’s just the idea of someone enjoying themselves.
Fran Lebowitzis the author of “Metropolitan Life” and “Social Studies.”
Judith Krantz
(b. 1928)
Her books sold some 80 million copies, freeing up millions of young women to imagine themselves as ardent sexual protagonists in their own lives.
By Susan Dominus
When she was 14, Judith Krantz persuaded her dentist to take off her braces, temporarily, then went home and put on a gray suit, black suede medium-height heels and her mother’s fur jacket. It was 1942, so her look wasn’t unusual, although her mother’s tacit approval of the reason for such adult attire was. Judy was traveling, on her own, from New York’s Penn Station to Annapolis, for a blind date with a 20-year-old midshipman at the Naval Academy, the affluent son of a family friend’s friend. Remarkably unsupervised, the child of wealthy and emotionally remote parents, she never told them that over the summer, when the young man came to New York, he sexually abused her again and again. When she tried to stop seeing him, he told her that he would die without her, he would despair, flunk out and be sent off to war to drown at sea. She was young, so young that this logic, as if from a twisted fairy tale, could be persuasive. She was young enough to believe that she had that power; she was so young that she was powerless to walk away, to tell anyone about her miserable secret.
That depressed, cringing girl was 16 when she wrested her life back, at which point she embarked on a life of rigorous self-invention. After graduating from Wellesley, she moved to Paris in 1948 (“French gave me a second personality,” she later wrote). At 21, she moved in with an older man and livedla vie bohèmein an abandoned brothel; she returned to New York, where family connections and her own resourceful smarts afforded her a fast rise in the then-influential world of women’s magazines. Her connections were legion: An ex-boyfriend went on to found the famed restaurant Lutèce; a fashion contact from Paris invited her to drinks with Marlene Dietrich. An old high school classmate, Barbara Walters, introduced her to her future husband, Steve Krantz, who started in radio and ended up in Hollywood, producing “Fritz the Cat,” the first animated feature to receive an X rating.
Susan Dominusis a staff writer for the magazine.
David Berman
(b. 1967)
He channeled his suffering into a comfort for many, including my friend in pain.
By David Marchese
This past spring, my oldest friend was hurting. I didn’t know how badly. I only knew that in late-night emails, he would spill forth with relentless self-doubt and anxious solitude, of torpor and bad sleep. Comfort came rarely. I’m thankful that he found some, as did many others, in the music of David Berman, a troubled but unflinching songwriter and poet bittersweetly well suited to offer understanding to those at risk. “I feel like David was a fireman who was going into the burning building to report back and explain what it felt like to be in the middle of that fire,” said his wife and former bandmate, Cassie Berman. For my friend, those reports were immediately useful. “Berman’s channeling his suffering into creative output,” he wrote to me about the most recent songs he’d heard, though he could’ve been referring to any of Berman’s work. “And he’s managing to stay connected to people, and funny. I’m appreciating the brain scramble.”
Sadness and spiritual longing may have been the emotional pedal tones of Berman’s music, which had its genesis in the same late-’80s University of Virginia and then the Hoboken-area social milieu that helped birth the indie-rock touchstone Pavement — early on, Berman’s band Silver Jews was often erroneously regarded as an offshoot of that group — but they were far from the only ones. Silver Jews’ loping, increasingly country-leaning songs were mystical, whimsical and funny, even at their most bleakly existential. Actually, that’s when they were funniest. Delivered in Berman’s warm barroom drawl, the line “I am the trick my mother played on the world,” from “Send in the Clouds,” somehow splits the difference between Nietzsche and Rodney Dangerfield. And as befits a writer who published a well-regarded collection of poetry in 1999, “Actual Air,” Berman, a slender, scruffily bearded soul who loved his Judaism and Johnny Paycheck, could craft images of bleary-eyed grace. His song “Random Rules” was a favorite of my friend: “I asked a painter why the roads are colored black/He said, ‘Steve, it’s because people leave and no highway will bring them back.’” As Berman put it in his poem “Self-Portrait at 28,” “I am trying to get at something/And I want to talk very plainly to you/So that we are both comforted by the honesty.”
David Marcheseis a staff writer and the Talk columnist for the magazine.
Leah Chase
(b. 1923)
She fed presidents and paupers alike and made her New Orleans restaurant into a kind of church.
By Michael Paterniti
She arrives every morning to the kitchen by 7:30, says a prayer for strength beneath Jesus on the cross and begins the gumbo. To watch her part a chicken alone there in the pale light, strong, slick hands cutting, pulling, chopping, is the moment in the movie when you see the hero’s superpower. Into the pot go the gizzards and necks and wings. In go the sausage, oysters, crabs, the ham, shrimp and dried sassafras. Her body seems to float there, but her hands move in double time, in a dance with the cutting knife.
Her kitchen is a church of its own, really — at Dooky Chase’s Restaurant on Orleans Avenue in the Treme neighborhood in the grand confluence, the polyglot, that is New Orleans. Here they live, waiting for the floodwaters and lights-out while the pot forever simmers with gumbo on the stove tended by the chef, this indomitable woman of faith and freakish hard work named Leah Chase.
Michael Paternitiis a contributing writer and a GQ correspondent.
Rosie Ruiz
(b. 1953)
She stunned everyone when she won the Boston Marathon. But it didn’t take long to uncover the truth: She cheated.
By Sam Dolnick
On April 21, 1980, at the Boston Marathon, the fastest men finished first, and then, at 2 hours, 31 minutes and 56 seconds — an amazing time, a world-class time — the first woman crossed the line. She was wearing a bright yellow shirt, damp with sweat, and short white shorts with blue piping. The TV announcer didn’t know what to say.
“On the right, Rosie Ruiz from New York! A shocker! Nobody had noticed her at the checkpoints. Nobody had thought about her when the race had begun! A totalstrangerto the experts!” He drawled the word for effect.
Sam Dolnickis an assistant managing editor for The Times.
Luke Perry
(b. 1966)
He played a smoldering cool boy on TV. In real life, he wanted to make the world a better place.
By Taffy Brodesser-Akner
On the day Luke Perry died, I grasped for a way to mourn him. I went on Twitter, where we now gather to hold our vigils after celebrity deaths, sharing memories and impressions and slinking back into who we were when the person in question first meant something to us.
It’s hard to overestimate what a big deal “Beverly Hills, 90210” was after it debuted in 1990, or how famous each of its main stars became, particularly Luke: He played Dylan McKay as a smoldering cool boy, a James Dean reincarnate, preternaturally mature (which maybe he got from living alone in a hotel while his father gallivanted around the world committing crimes). For some time during the show’s peak popularity, it was hard to find a magazine stand without one of the stars on at least two covers, or a newsmagazine show or tabloid that didn’t feature some tidbit of their lives, either with or without the cast’s participation. In a certain neighborhood in Brooklyn, it was hard to find a wall without a picture of him, posed against a wall, in a white T-shirt, or a tank top, or a denim vest (or more precisely, a sleeveless denim jacket with nothing underneath), hair moussed or gelled upward an honest-to-God two inches, his eyes setting afire the virgin heart of a 15-year-old who lived quietly before the internet and was told that this boy was her age even though he really was an actual man.
Taffy Brodesser-Akneris a staff writer for the magazine and the author of the novel “Fleishman Is in Trouble.”
Unita Blackwell
(b. 1933)
She was arrested dozens of times, and Klan members threw Molotov cocktails into her yard — but that didn’t stop her fight for civil rights.
By Maggie Jones
On an afternoon thick with Mississippi heat, Unita Blackwell sat on the front porch of her shotgun house with her friend Coreen, drinking homemade beer, waiting for something to happen. That’s when she saw them: two men — they looked to be about 19 — heading toward town. Blackwell knew they weren’t from around there. They walked too fast. No one walked fast in Mayersville on 90-degree days. They said, “Hello,” instead of the usual, “How y’all feeling?”
“That’s them,” Blackwell said.
Maggie Jonesis a contributing writer and teaches writing at the University of Pittsburgh.
Richard Todd
(b. 1940)
He worked as a book and magazine editor for nearly 50 years. Five of his writers remember his gifts.

Richard Todd worked as a book editor for nearly 50 years, helping establish the careers of countless writers, including Tracy Kidder, Ann Patchett, Adrian Nicole LeBlanc and James Fallows. Kidder’s book “The Soul of a New Machine” won a National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize in 1982.
Todd eschewed the hubbub of the New York literary scene, preferring instead to lead a quiet life in Massachusetts. Throughout the 1970s and ’80s, he edited books and worked at The Atlantic. In 1983, he was given his own book imprint at Houghton Mifflin. He later worked as a freelance book editor for other publishers, as well as directly with writers. Over the course of his career, he wrote two books, including one with Kidder called “Good Prose: The Art of Nonfiction.” Here, five writers — Darcy Frey, Amy Goldstein, Tracy Kidder, Adrian Nicole LeBlanc and Suzannah Lessard — talk about working with him.
Darcy Freyhas been a longtime contributing writer for the magazine. He is the author of “The Last Shot: City Streets, Basketball Dreams.”Amy Goldsteinis a staff writer at The Washington Post and author of “Janesville: An American Story.”Tracy Kidderis a freelance writer who has published articles and essays in various periodicals, including The New Yorker, The New York Times and The Atlantic. He is the author of various books of narrative nonfiction, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning “The Soul of a New Machine.”Adrian Nicole LeBlancis distinguished lecturer in nonfiction in the M.F.A. creative-writing program at Hunter College and is finishing a book on stand-up comedy for Random House.Suzannah Lessardis a former staff writer for The New Yorker and the author of “The Absent Hand: Reimagining Our American Landscape’‘ and “The Architect of Desire: Beauty and Danger in the Stanford White Family.”
Karl Lagerfeld
(b. 1933)
He created up to 17 collections a year for 54 years, but his greatest invention may have been himself.
By Irina Aleksander
Karl Lagerfeld rewrote his story so often that even the year of his birth remained a migrating plot point. After long claiming that he was born in 1938, he changed it to 1936 in his best-selling diet book, “The Karl Lagerfeld Diet,” and then, years later, announced that it was in fact 1935. To throw people off further, he celebrated misleading birthdays. In 2008, Lagerfeld turned 70; four years later, he turned 79. A German newspaper eventually published his baptism record, dated 1933, which is now believed to be correct. But Lagerfeld so enjoyed this game that he never actually confirmed it.
Lagerfeld created so much. By which I mean actual volume: up to 17 collections a year for 54 years, for multiple brands, including Chanel, a sleepy legacy house he took over in 1983 and turned into a luxury behemoth. But Lagerfeld’s greatest invention may have been himself. He was ostentatious without being silly. He dieted madly, but allowed himself 10 to 20 Coca-Colas a day. He seemed genderless before such a thing existed, and yet not at all P.C. (“The problem with political correctness is that it rapidly becomes very boring,” he said.) Though he was a voracious reader, he liked to appear superficial. I didn’t know Lagerfeld, but I shared a plane ride with him in 2014, from Paris to Dubai, while writing about a male model in his entourage. “Chic plane, chic plane,” Lagerfeld said upon boarding, and then proceeded to sketch a caricature of Angela Merkel, seemingly for his own amusement. Over a few days, I watched him consume carefully sliced pears and mangoes, each meal overseen by his butler, Frédéric, whom I would catch in the hotel elevator with trays of Lagerfeld’s protein powders. “I’m a very improvised person,” Lagerfeld told me, even as every part of his existence appeared to be choreographed.
Irina Aleksanderis a contributing writer for the magazine.
Robert Frank
(b. 1924)
He changed photography and helped us to see New York and the rest of the country with fresh eyes.
By Nicholas Dawidoff
Louis Silverstein was looking at a series of photographs of business travelers published in the November 1955 issue of Fortune magazine and thought the pictures lent such uncanny expression to men talking, reading and revising that he decided the photographer had been “lucky.” Fortune’s photography editor, the seminal photographer Walker Evans, had assigned his protégé, Robert Frank, to accompany the deal makers and politicians aboard the Congressional, a New York-to-Washington train known as the “mobile executive suite.” Silverstein was The New York Times’s promotion art director, and despite his skepticism, he reached for his telephone and invited Frank to come see him.
Nicholas Dawidoff is the author of five books.
Kathryn Johnson
(b. 1926)
She knew that the secret to getting a great story was not telling the whole thing.
By Caitlin Dickerson
It’s not often that you expect to find a journalist lying in bed next to a source and his wife. That would have been even more true in 1973 if that reporter was a woman, at a time when it was still rare for them to work at major national news outlets. But it was late, they were tired and Kathryn Johnson was on deadline, so she cozied up next to Capt. Jeremiah Denton and his wife, Jane, under the lamplight of their North Carolina hotel room. They reviewed the details of her story one last time before Johnson dictated 2,000 words over the phone, back to her editors at The Associated Press’s Atlanta bureau, and the article ran in newspapers across the country the following day.
That particular assignment was grueling, both physically and emotionally. Captain Denton had just returned to the United States after being held as a prisoner of war in Vietnam for nearly eight years. Johnson’s editors had tasked her with securing exclusive rights to report on him in a series of eight articles that would be published over the course of eight days. After she persuaded Denton to talk to her, she hardly slept because of the constant deadlines. She fought the weight of her eyelids while Denton got down onto his hands and knees and showed her the kind of torture he had endured. Then, as a condition of their agreement, she went over the stories with him word by word before she turned them in.
Caitlin Dickersonis an immigration reporter for The Times.
Carrie Ann Lucas
(b. 1971)
She refused to let anything keep her from protecting disabled children.
By Ruth Padawer
Carrie Ann Lucas was in divinity school when she learned that her severely disabled niece — not quite 10 — had been placed in foster care because Lucas’s half brother could no longer care for her. Lucas knew that disabled children were rarely adopted from foster care, especially children like her niece, who had significant physical and cognitive challenges.
Lucas, a single woman in her late 20s, told her sister, Courtney, that she was seeking custody. Courtney was incredulous. “I had two young kids. I said to her: ‘Are you crazy? You have freedom now! Why would you do this to yourself?’ She said, ‘There’s no way in hell any niece of mine is going to spend the rest of her life in foster care.’”
Ruth Padaweris a contributing writer for the magazine.
Angus McQueen
(b. 1944)
He remade the National Rifle Association’s brand, and he made a fortune doing it.
By Jason Zengerle
In 1981, the National Rifle Association went looking for an advertising agency. It was losing its battle with gun-control advocates and was in dire need of improving its image, not to mention replenishing its coffers. Some of the big New York ad firms, an N.R.A. official later recalled, “didn’t know which end of the gun the bullet came out of.” But Ackerman McQueen, a comparably tiny advertising agency in Oklahoma City, was more than 1,000 miles from Madison Avenue — both geographically and culturally. One of its founders, Marvin McQueen, was an N.R.A. member. Ackerman McQueen landed the account.
Angus McQueen, Marvin’s son, was then the firm’s creative director. As a teenager, he entertained thoughts of becoming a Lutheran minister, but by his mid-30s he was a chain-smoking, Scotch-drinking Mad Man. He had cut his teeth making ads for Royal Crown Cola and Lufthansa. At Ackerman McQueen, he won an award for a Nocona Boots advertisement — featuring a cowboy stomping a rattlesnake — that was credited with remaking the boots’ stodgy image.
Jason Zengerleis a writer at large for the magazine.
Etika
(b. 1990)
His mental health problems collided tragically with the attention economy.
By Jamie Lauren Keiles
On midnight of June 20, a new video went live on Etika’s channel. In it, the 29-year-old YouTube star filmed himself as he walked through Lower Manhattan, speaking to the camera with a steady clarity that seemed almost eerie in light of his recent online behavior. “I’m sorry I betrayed your trust,” he began. City life, in the background, went on as usual — sirens, birds, passing cars. He went on to apologize to his fans for refusing to seek help. He seemed to be somewhere near the East River. Hours later, the N.Y.P.D. tweeted, seeking information on the matter, and Etika’s fans did not know what to make of the whole thing. Etika had struggled publicly with mental health — but then again, he was always up to something. Part of the joy of watching his channel had always been figuring out which parts were real.
There’s a fundamental problem of YouTube fame: When you get famous for being yourself, it alters that self beyond recognition. Most YouTube channels begin the same way, with regular people filming themselves, by themselves. In those first days, there are stilted introductions and impassioned addresses to not-yet-existing fans. This is how most YouTube channels end, before they come to fully exist. Those that survive will trace a common arc: an inciting viral moment, an influx of fans. You upload new content, the AdWords pay out. Now you’re not a regular person with a camera; you’re a YouTuber making YouTube, and here the snake begins to eat its tail. Your life is real to you, but it won’t seem real to fans, and so you come to a fork in the road: Keep being yourself at the cost of seeming real, or set out to perform a new pantomime of realness. If you’re like most YouTube stars, you’ll choose the latter. Etika was himself until the end.
Jamie Lauren Keilesis a contributing writer for the magazine.
Doris Day
(b. 1922)
She was an actress with subversive potential — who became a symbol of a generation’s sexual hypocrisy.
By Anthony Giardina
The first movie my mother ever took me to was “Young at Heart,” a 1954 melodrama starring Doris Day and Frank Sinatra. Toward the end, Sinatra, in despair over the ways he has disappointed his long-suffering wife, played by Day, turns off his windshield wipers during an ice storm and crashes. I was 4 when I saw that movie; the scene gave me nightmares. But I never held it against my mother. I’d like to think that I intuited then what I know now: a son’s nightmares were a fair trade-off for the essential information that Doris Day was delivering to women like my mother in the 1950s.
Day made 22 movies in that decade, most of them frothy musical entertainments designed to show off her lush band singer’s voice. But in her three most important dramatic movies — “Young at Heart,” “Love Me or Leave Me” (1955) and Alfred Hitchcock’s “The Man Who Knew Too Much” (1956) — she managed to transcend that image, sending out a very different message to the housewives who then composed her fan base.
Anthony Giardinais a writer whose recent play is “Dan Cody’s Yacht.”
Jimmy Nelson (& Danny O’Day)
(b. 1928)
They taught each other how to speak — without moving their lips.
By Elizabeth McCracken
“It seems to me that if I could teach you how to be a ventriloquist,” says Jimmy Nelson on the record “Instant Ventriloquism,” addressing his wooden partner, Danny O’Day, “I could teach just about anybody.” This, as with so much in ventriloquism, is either literally true or entirely fake or both simultaneously. It’s 1964, and the two are already famous for their appearances on shows hosted by Milton Berle and Ed Sullivan, as well as more than 100 television ads for Nestle’s Quik (alongside a ventriloquial chocolate-loving dog named Farfel). But Nelson is, at heart, a teacher. This record is how he plans to teach Danny O’Day — and every single kid who listens in — how to ventriloquize.
Nelson puts Danny O’Day through the paces: Here’s how you hold your mouth (never mind that Nelson controls said mouth); here’s how you move your tongue (never mind Danny hasn’t got one); here’s how to produce the easy consonants and how to produce the difficult ones, those that ordinarily require lip movement. “I can’t impress upon you too much the importance of thinking B while saying D,” he tells Danny, as Danny tries to do just that.
Elizabeth McCrackenis the author of six books, including “Bowlaway.”
Harold Bloom
(b. 1930)
He submerged himself in literature — more grandly, and grandiosely, than anyone.
By Sam Anderson
Harold Bloom once described himself as a “monster of reading.” He claimed he could read — really read — a 400-page book in a single hour. His memory was superhuman; he carried in his head not just poems but whole libraries, word for word. At Yale, where he taught for many decades, he was known on campus for a kind of parlor trick: If you saw him crossing the quad, you could quote a line of John Milton, and he would take the baton, as he walked, and recite the lines that followed. He kept all of “Paradise Lost” — one of the longest poems in the English language, more than 10,000 lines — in his mind-vault, unabridged, alongside (supposedly) all of Shakespeare, all of William Blake, huge portions of Wallace Stevens and countless others. He was a one-man rejoinder to Plato’s complaint that writing would destroy human memory. In his final decade Bloom could still quote, off the cuff, Hart Crane’s “The Bridge” — the long, difficult poem that had electrified him as a child, some 80 years earlier. It can be hard to disentangle Bloom’s reality from his own self-mythology, but even his detractors — and he would accumulate a great many — had to acknowledge the raw power of that brain, a combination of bandwidth and storage capacity that was, by any measure, exceptional.
Literature, for Bloom, was not only the pinnacle of human culture; it was also a sort of Olympic sport, a feat of skill and strength to be mastered in private and then performed to a rapturous public. He was, indeed, a surprising popular success — an ivory-tower best seller. Bloom first broke out in 1973 with “The Anxiety of Influence,” a book that reimagined literary history as a sort of rolling Freudian psychodrama. Every writer, he wrote, is belated — hopelessly late to the party of literary greatness. The only solution is to go to war with your greatest predecessors. Shakespeare had to overpower Marlowe; Tennyson battled Keats; Pound wrestled Browning. To read literature properly is to trace these anxious skirmishes. As Bloom put it: “Every poem is a misinterpretation of a parent poem. A poem is not an overcoming of anxiety, but is that anxiety. … Criticism is the art of knowing the hidden roads that go from poem to poem.”
Sam Andersonis a staff writer for the magazine and the author of “Boom Town,” a book about Oklahoma City.
Isabel Toledo
(b. 1960)
Her style was always her own, from the geometry of the clothing she designed to the elegance of her life.
By Jordan Kisner
When Isabel Toledo was 9, her mother persuaded her to go to a babysitter’s house by telling her the visits were sewing lessons. Toledo was stubbornly independent and didn’t think she needed a babysitter, but when she encountered the sewing machine, she was enchanted. She disliked “children’s clothes”; she wanted her clothes to express how she felt (elegant, intelligent) and who she knew herself to be (singular, creative). It was 1969, and her family had recently immigrated to New Jersey from Camajuani, Cuba, where — as she wrote in her 2012 memoir, “Roots of Style” — she loved to watch “the afternoon hour, when the work shift ended and a sea of women invaded the street, all with their own particular styles of tossing their sweaters around their shoulders.” Soon she was spending all her after-school hours constructing her own clothing.
She had no dress form, so she relied on her own body and a knack for imagining fabric in motion. Her wardrobe filled with experiments: white vinyl jodhpur skirts, bubble dresses made of tulle and fishing wire, dresses shaped like kites. Expressing an emotional life through clothing would become her lifelong vocation. Eventually she would be known — especially by fellow designers, including Thierry Mugler and Karl Lagerfeld — as one of the greatest living couturiers.
Jordan Kisneris the author of an upcoming essay collection, “Thin Places.”
Peggy Lipton
(b. 1946)
She gave life to two indelible TV characters. And then there was her album.
By Rob Hoerburger
There she was, staring up at me with those placid, flower-child eyes and that straw-straight hair. I remembered her as a star of “The Mod Squad,” the show about the hippie cops, and as, for a long moment, one of the most beautiful women on TV. I’d rooted for her every year at the Emmys (four nominations, no wins). I also knew that she strangely disappeared at the end of the show’s five-year run.
Now she was in front of me again, in a dusty, used-record store in Central New York in 1980. I had a vague notion that this decade-old album existed but couldn’t recall ever hearing her sing. I examined the fraying jacket. Ace musicians played on it, and every song was written or co-written by a woman — Carole King, Laura Nyro, even a few by the singer herself. Most important, the price, something like 99 cents, was right for a college junior living on work-study. I took it home.
Rob Hoerburgeris the copy chief of the magazine and the author of the novel “Why Do Birds,” published earlier this year.
Eddie Hill IV
(b. 2009)
He stood out from the start. But the dreams for young Eddie were stopped short.
By Matthew Purdy
Eddie Hill IV was a third grader with an infectious smile, a head for numbers and a gift for conversation, which sometimes got the better of him. He would finish his work before other students, then entertain himself with a quiet patter of jokes and asides, causing a localized ruckus. That earned him a visit from Rashida Chatman, a self-described “strict and rigorous teacher” who served as the informal disciplinarian at Gilkey Pamoja Preparatory Academy in St. Louis.
Chatman, who was then teaching fourth-grade math and science, quickly got a fix on Eddie. She, too, had emerged from struggling St. Louis neighborhoods and excelled in public school, graduating from Fisk University in Nashville with a major in biology before passing up a shot at Meharry Medical College to return home to teach elementary school. Chatman immediately pegged Eddie as bored, not bad.
Matthew Purdyis a deputy managing editor of The New York Times.
Barbara York Main
(b. 1929)
A literary arachnologist, she identified dozens of new species and shed light on the landscape they crept through.
By Alan Burdick
Some spiders, the Charlottes of the world, weave elaborate webs, spawn young that sail away on gossamer threads and grab what little glory there is for arachnids to attract. Not the trapdoor spider: It digs a burrow, builds a door for it and waits inside. Trapdoor spiders retain characteristics of the most ancient arachnids, which evolved at a time when Earth’s climate was moist and unchanging — “a kind of far-off Golden Age for spiders,” Barbara York Main noted in her 1976 handbook, “Spiders.” They also grow quite old. In 1974, Main began studying a colony of trapdoor spiders in the wild. In 2016, a matriarch known to Main as No.16 died at age 43 — the oldest spider in the world by a decade.
Main was popularly known as “Lady of the Spiders,” after a documentary that David Attenborough made about her years ago. She saw her first trapdoor spider at the age of 6 or 7, near her home — a mud-brick house that her father built on the farm he cleared from the arid bush in Western Australia. “It was really exciting to be able to cautiously lift a trapdoor and maybe see a few legs scuttle down a hole,” she told an oral-history interviewer. Trapdoor spiders form dense colonies but, unlike many nest-weaving spiders, are not communal. Main called them “the most fiercely solitary of all spiders.”
Alan Burdickis a senior editor for The Times’s science desk.
Opportunity
(b. 2004)
A NASA rover set the beyond-Earth record for overland exploration, and revealed that the basis of life — water — once existed on the red planet.
By Gareth Cook
Her life began with a harrowing delivery. Cradled in the protective shell of a landing craft, she arced through the atmosphere at more than 10,000 miles per hour, incandescent, a shooting star over the Arabia Terra desert. At the last moment, the craft severed its parachute and dropped, shrouded in a layer of airbags, hitting the ground like an ungainly rubber ball, bouncing and spinning across the terrain until it finally rolled to a stop. The bags deflated, gently settling the craft into the ocher soil. The shell opened, and out she stretched, limbs unfolding like an origami creation, raising her head, eyes unblinking. She unfurled her solar panels to draw in the thin Martian sun.
She was called “MER-B,” a NASA rover searching for evidence that water, the basis of all known life, once flowed on Mars. She became Opportunity after a student essay contest: The winner was a girl who recalled nights in a Siberian orphanage when the wide sky, pricked with silver, made her feel less lonely.
Gareth Cookis a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and a contributing writer.
Additional design and development by Danny DeBelius

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As a man of the Congress, let me reaffirm my conviction that the collective wisdom of our two great legislative bodies, while not infallible, will in the end serve the people faithfully and very, very well. As a man of the Congress, let me reaffirm my conviction that the collective wisdom of our two great legislative bodies, while not infallible, will in the end serve the people faithfully and very, very well. As a man of the Congress, let me reaffirm my conviction that the collective wisdom of our two great legislative bodies, while not infallible, will in the end serve the people faithfully and very, very well. I promise my fellow citizens only this: To uphold the Constitution, to do what is right as God gives me to see the right, and within the limited powers and duties of the Vice Presidency to do the very best that I can for America. I promise my fellow citizens only this: To uphold the Constitution, to do what is right as God gives me to see the right, and within the limited powers and duties of the Vice Presidency to do the very best that I can for America. I promise my fellow citizens only this: To uphold the Constitution, to do what is right as God gives me to see the right, and within the limited powers and duties of the Vice Presidency to do the very best that I can for America. Finally, I feel that Richard Nixon and his loved ones have suffered enough and will continue to suffer, no matter what I do, no matter what we, as a great and good nation, can do together to make his goal of peace come true. Finally, I feel that Richard Nixon and his loved ones have suffered enough and will continue to suffer, no matter what I do, no matter what we, as a great and good nation, can do together to make his goal of peace come true. Finally, I feel that Richard Nixon and his loved ones have suffered enough and will continue to suffer, no matter what I do, no matter what we, as a great and good nation, can do together to make his goal of peace come true. Listen to excerpts from the speech as delivered by President Ford in (file size 2.3 MB) Ladies and gentlemen: I have come to a decision which I felt I should tell you and all of my fellow American citizens, as soon as I was certain in my own mind and in my own conscience that it is the right thing to do. Listen to excerpts from the speech as delivered by President Ford in (file size 2.3 MB) Ladies and gentlemen: I have come to a decision which I felt I should tell you and all of my fellow American citizens, as soon as I was certain in my own mind and in my own conscience that it is the right thing to do. Listen to excerpts from the speech as delivered by President Ford in (file size 2.3 MB) Ladies and gentlemen: I have come to a decision which I felt I should tell you and all of my fellow American citizens, as soon as I was certain in my own mind and in my own conscience that it is the right thing to do. - "The freedom of the individual and his willingness to follow real leadership are at the core of America's strength." -  "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces." - "We have erased segregation in those areas of national life to which Federal authority clearly extends.
## The Maryland Congressman Who Defied a Nation's Prejudice

The gavel fell, echoing through the hallowed halls of the House of Representatives. In that moment, history was made.  Representative Robert Smalls, a man born into slavery, became the first Black American to preside over a session in the House. It was 1874, and the debate raged over an Indian appropriation bill, but for Smalls, the significance transcended the legislation at hand. He was a symbol of progress, a testament to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of unimaginable adversity.

Smalls' journey to that podium was paved with struggle and defiance. Born in Beaufort, South Carolina, he was enslaved from birth. Yet, even in the depths of bondage, a fire burned within him, a yearning for freedom and equality. He learned to read and write in secret, honing his intellect and nurturing a dream of a better future.

During the Civil War, Smalls seized his chance. He commandeered a Confederate ship, the Planter, and delivered it to Union forces, earning his freedom and becoming a war hero.  His bravery and cunning propelled him into the political arena, where he became a powerful voice for his people.

As the lone African American member of Congress during his four terms, Smalls faced relentless opposition. He battled against segregation, fought for the rights of Black workers, and challenged the very foundations of a nation that had long sought to deny him his basic humanity.

He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and championed Black mechanics who were unjustly barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard due to their race. He even dared to speak out against a bill that would have allowed former Confederates to hold public office, a move that drew fierce criticism from those who clung to the old order.

Smalls' story is a powerful reminder that progress is often hard-won and fraught with challenges. He stood as a beacon of hope for a generation emerging from the shackles of slavery, proving that even in the face of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, the pursuit of justice and equality could prevail. His legacy continues to inspire generations of Americans, reminding us that the fight for a more perfect union is a continuous journey, demanding unwavering courage and an unyielding belief in the promise of a better tomorrow. 



## The Maryland Congressman Pledged His Service to a Country That From His Earliest Years Tried to Thwart His Ambitions

**Washington D.C.** - Representative **[Insert Congressman's Name Here]**, a Democrat from Maryland, made history on [Date], becoming the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives.  His ascension to the Speaker's chair during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill was a poignant moment, highlighting the long and arduous journey Black Americans have undertaken in their pursuit of equality and representation in the halls of power.

Born and raised in [Congressman's Birthplace], [Congressman's Name] faced the stark realities of racial prejudice from a young age. Despite these challenges, he persevered, driven by a deep-seated belief in the promise of America. His path to Congress was paved with both triumphs and setbacks, mirroring the broader struggle for civil rights in the nation.

During his tenure in the House, [Congressman's Name] has been a staunch advocate for social justice and equality. He has consistently fought against discrimination and championed policies aimed at uplifting marginalized communities. Notably, he opposed an amendment seeking to maintain school segregation in Washington D.C., and bravely defended Black mechanics who were unjustly barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard due to their race.

His unwavering commitment to justice was further demonstrated in his opposition to a bill that would have eased the path for former Confederates to hold public office. This stance, taken during a period of intense racial tension, underscored his dedication to ensuring that the wounds of the past were not forgotten and that the fight for equality continued unabated.

[Congressman's Name]'s historic moment as Speaker comes at a time when the nation is grappling with its own history of racial injustice. His presence at the helm, a symbol of progress and resilience, serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for a more just and equitable society.

As Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a young African American lawmaker who participated in a recent sit-in on the House floor, aptly stated, "[Congressman's Name]'s] story is a testament to the enduring spirit of those who fought for civil rights. He embodies the hope that, despite the resistance and setbacks, progress is possible."

[Congressman's Name]'s journey is a powerful reminder that the fight for equality is a marathon, not a sprint. It is a fight that requires unwavering commitment, courage, and a belief in the promise of a better tomorrow. His legacy, etched in the annals of American history, will continue to inspire generations to come. 



## A Congressman's Pledge: A Legacy Forged in Defiance 

The gavel fell with a resounding thud, echoing through the hallowed halls of the House chamber. In that moment, history was made. Representative John Mercer Langston, a man who had spent his life battling against the very institution he now presided over, became the first Black American to wield the Speaker's gavel. The year was 1874, and the weight of his achievement, both symbolic and tangible, hung heavy in the air. 

Langston's journey to that podium was paved with the grit and determination born from a lifetime of facing down adversity. He was a man who, from his earliest years, understood the sting of prejudice and the limitations imposed by a society unwilling to recognize his inherent worth. Born free in Virginia, he saw firsthand the horrors of slavery and the deep-seated racism that permeated every facet of American life. Yet, he refused to be defined by these injustices.

He became a tireless advocate for equality, using his voice and intellect to challenge the status quo. He opposed segregation in Washington D.C., fought for the rights of Black mechanics denied work at the Washington Navy Yard because of their race, and spoke out against legislation that sought to ease the path for former Confederates to regain positions of power. 

His voice, though often met with resistance, was a beacon of hope for those who yearned for a more just and equitable society. He was a lone voice in Congress, the only African American representative during his four terms, yet his unwavering commitment to justice resonated far beyond the confines of the Capitol Building.

Langston's story, like that of countless other Black Americans throughout history, is a testament to the enduring power of perseverance. It is a reminder that progress is often hard-won, achieved through the tireless efforts of those who refuse to accept the limitations placed upon them. 

His legacy, etched in the annals of American history, serves as an inspiration to generations who continue the fight for equality. His words, "Don't give up! Don't give in! Keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize," echo through the decades, urging us to remain steadfast in our pursuit of a more perfect union.  

Just as Langston's gavel resonated through the House chamber in 1874, his story continues to reverberate today, reminding us that the struggle for justice is a constant and ongoing battle. His life stands as a powerful example of the indomitable spirit that drives us to strive for a better tomorrow. 



## The Maryland Congressman Pledged His Service to a Country That From His Earliest Years Tried to Thwart His Ambitions

**A Legacy of Perseverance and Resistance**

Representative Hiram Revels, the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives, embodied a stark duality: a testament to the enduring power of hope amidst a nation steeped in systemic racism. 

Born in 1827, Revels' early life in North Carolina was marred by the cruel reality of slavery.  Yet, even in the face of such adversity, he persevered. He became a minister, an educator, and ultimately, a beacon of progress in the tumultuous Reconstruction era.

Elected to the Senate in 1870, Revels became the first Black American to serve in that august body. His very presence challenged the nation to confront its hypocrisy, to reconcile the ideals of liberty and equality with the brutal reality of racial injustice.

Revels' tenure in Congress was marked by a relentless fight against the forces of segregation and discrimination. He opposed an amendment to perpetuate school segregation in Washington, D.C., and championed the rights of Black mechanics denied employment at the Washington Navy Yard solely due to their race.  He even dared to speak out against a bill that would have eased the path for former Confederates to return to positions of power.

Revels' story echoes across generations, finding resonance with contemporary figures like Representative Hakeem Jeffries. Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American congressman from New York, participated in a recent sit-in on the House floor to protest gun violence, drawing parallels between Revels' fight for equality and the ongoing struggle for justice.

"There were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo," Jeffries observed, echoing the challenges Revels faced a century earlier.

Revels' story, however, is not merely a tale of struggle. It's also a testament to the enduring power of hope and the unwavering belief in a better tomorrow.  As Jeffries eloquently put it, Revels and his contemporaries from the Civil Rights movement "had an objective to change America for the better."

Today, as America grapples with its past and confronts the lingering legacy of racial injustice, Revels' story serves as a potent reminder. It reminds us that progress, though hard-won, is possible. It reminds us that the fight for equality is a marathon, not a sprint. And most importantly, it reminds us that even in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds, the human spirit can endure and ultimately, triumph. 



##  The Maryland Congressman Who Pledged His Service to a Country That Tried to Thwart His Ambitions

When Rep. Frederick Douglass Jr. ascended to the Speaker's podium on a day in June 1874, a wave of history was made. He became the first Black American to preside over a session of the House, a milestone that reverberated through the halls of Congress. His gavel echoed not just the authority of the position but the culmination of a life spent battling for recognition and equality in a nation that had long sought to deny them both.

Douglass's life was a crucible of contradiction. Born into a world riddled with prejudice and discrimination, he dedicated himself to serving a country that had consistently worked to thwart his ambitions.  Raised in the shadow of his famous father, abolitionist Frederick Douglass, he inherited a legacy of fierce activism and a burning desire for justice.

His congressional journey was marked by challenges and triumphs. As the lone African American member of Congress, he stood as a beacon of resilience against the tide of racism and segregation. He tirelessly fought for civil rights, opposing bills that sought to maintain segregation in Washington D.C. and advocating for Black workers who were unjustly barred from employment at the Navy Yard.


In a time when many sought to whitewash history, Douglass never shied away from confronting its ugliness. He forcefully rejected an amendment that would pave the way for former Confederates to hold public office, a stark reminder of the ongoing struggle for racial equality in the wake of Reconstruction.

His commitment to his constituents transcended political boundaries. During the tumultuous aftermath of the September 11th attacks, he provided steady leadership as a congressional staffer, reflecting a lifetime dedicated to public service.

Douglass’s story mirrors the broader narrative of Black Americans navigating a nation striving to reconcile its ideals with its legacy of oppression.  His unwavering determination and fearless advocacy serve as a powerful reminder of the enduring struggle for justice and the tireless pursuit of equality.

While the passage of time may soften the edges of history, the echoes of Douglass’s legacy remain. His story, like that

of many unsung heroes of the civil rights movement, serves as a testament to the power of perseverance and a call to action for generations to come. As Representative Hakeem Jeffries eloquently stated, the battles fought then and the injustices faced then are still relevant today.

The path to equality is long and winding, but the footsteps of pioneers like Frederick Douglass Jr. illuminate the way forward, reminding us that even in the face of adversity, the  pursuit of a more just and equitable society must never cease.
file members who are resistant to change and want to maintain the status quo.

The Maryland congressman in question is none other than the revered and respected figure, Representative Charles Edward Bennett. Born and raised in a country that tried to thwart his ambitions, Representative Bennett rose to become a beacon of hope and change for African Americans during his tenure in Congress.

Representative Bennett was the first Black American to preside over a session in the House, an achievement that came 97 years after the end of the Civil War and 9 years after the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that outlawed segregation in public schools. His tenure in Congress was marked by his unwavering commitment to civil rights, justice, and equality.

Bennett was a congressional staffer during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and he witnessed firsthand the devastation and loss that the attacks brought. However, this experience did not deter him from his mission to serve his country and fight for the rights of African Americans. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and assisted Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard because of their racial identity.

One of Bennett's most notable speeches was in opposition to a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office. He believed that this bill was a step backward in the fight for civil rights and justice, and he spoke out against it with conviction and passion.

During his four terms in Congress, Representative Bennett was the lone African American member, serving on the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees. He was a mentor and role model for a younger generation of liberals, who saw in him a living embodiment of the civil rights movement and its objectives to change America for the better.

Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker, described Bennett's impact on the civil rights movement as a reanimation of the past before the eyes of a younger generation. He noted that there are still those in Congress who are resistant to change and want to maintain the status quo, much like there were in the 1960s.

Representative Bennett's legacy is one of care, respect, and truth. He served his country with the utmost utility, always secure in his convictions and committed to promoting fairness and positivity. His life and work are a testament to the power of perseverance, determination, and the unyielding pursuit of justice and equality for all.

In the words of Representative Bennett himself, "don't give up, don't give in, keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize." His legacy will continue to inspire and motivate generations to come, as they fight for a better and more just world.
file members who are resistant to change and want to maintain the status quo.

The Maryland congressman in question is none other than the revered and respected Mr. John Roy Lynch. Born into slavery in 1847, Mr. Lynch went on to become the first Black American to preside over a session in the House, a remarkable achievement in the face of adversity and discrimination.

Mr. Lynch's early years were marked by attempts to thwart his ambitions, yet he remained steadfast in his pursuit of education and political power. He served as a congressional staffer during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and was a vocal opponent of segregation and discrimination in Washington, D.C. and beyond.

During his four terms in Congress, Mr. Lynch served on the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees, and was a strong advocate for the rights of African Americans. He was known for his powerful speeches, including one in opposition to a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office.

Today, Mr. Lynch's legacy lives on through the work of current African American lawmakers such as Representative Hakeem Jeffries, who is committed to continuing the fight for equality and justice. Mr. Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker, spoke of the importance of remembering the civil rights movement and the sacrifices made by leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis.

In Congress, Mr. Jeffries sees parallels between the resistance to change in the 1960s and the resistance to change today. He notes that there are still those in Congress, both on the leadership and rank and file levels, who are resistant to change and want to maintain the status quo.

But Mr. Jeffries remains optimistic, drawing inspiration from the words of Mr. Lynch, who encouraged a younger generation of liberals to "keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize." With leaders like Mr. Lynch and Mr. Jeffries paving the way, the fight for equality and justice continues on.
file members who are resistant to progress and want to turn back the clock on civil rights and equality.

The Maryland congressman in question is none other than the revered and respected Mr. Samuel J. Tilden Randall, who pledged his service to a country that from his earliest years tried to thwart his ambitions. Growing up in a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Randall faced systemic racism and discrimination from a young age. However, he never let that deter him from his dreams of serving his country and fighting for equality and justice for all.

In 1874, Randall became the first Black American to preside over a session in the House, a significant achievement that came at a time when Black Americans were still fighting for their basic rights and liberties. During his tenure, Randall was the only African American member in Congress and served on several committees, including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims.

One of Randall's most notable contributions was his opposition to an amendment that would keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C. He also spoke out against a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office. Randall's unwavering commitment to justice and equality earned him the respect and admiration of his colleagues and paved the way for future generations of Black American leaders.

Today, Randall's legacy lives on through the work of current Black American lawmakers like Representative Hakeem Jeffries, who is committed to continuing the fight for justice and equality that Randall and other civil rights leaders began. As a 45-year-old African American lawmaker, Jeffries understands the importance of remembering and honoring the sacrifices and achievements of those who came before him.

In a time when civil rights and equality are still under attack, the story of Samuel J. Tilden Randall serves as a reminder of the resilience and determination of Black American leaders. Despite facing countless obstacles and setbacks, Randall never gave up or backed down from his mission to create a more just and equal society.

In conclusion, Randall's pledge of service to a country that tried to thwart his ambitions is a testament to his unwavering commitment to justice and equality. His legacy serves as an inspiration to current and future generations of Black American leaders, reminding them of the importance of standing up for what is right, even in the face of adversity. As we continue to fight for justice and equality, let us remember the sacrifices and achievements of those who came before us and honor their legacy by continuing the fight for a more just and equitable society.
file members who are resistant to change and want to maintain the status quo.

The Maryland congressman in question is none other than the trailblazing politician, Josiah T. Walls. Born into slavery in 1842, Walls defied all odds to become a respected figure in American politics. However, from his earliest years, Walls faced numerous obstacles that sought to thwart his ambitions, including the institution of slavery and the brutal legacy of racism.

Walls' political career began in earnest after the Civil War when he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1869. He later went on to become the first African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida in 1871, during the height of the Reconstruction era. His tenure in Congress was marked by his unwavering commitment to justice, equality, and civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race or background.

Despite facing significant opposition and racism during his time in office, Walls remained steadfast in his convictions. He served on several influential committees, including the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees. Walls was also a vocal opponent of segregation and discrimination, particularly in Washington, D.C., where he fought to end school segregation and advocated for the rights of Black mechanics who were barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard.

Walls' legacy as a trailblazing politician and civil rights leader continues to inspire and influence modern-day lawmakers, including Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker from New York. Jeffries, who is part of a younger generation of liberals, sees Walls as a symbol of hope and resilience in the face of adversity.

Jeffries recently spoke about Walls' impact on American politics and the ongoing struggle for civil rights. "For a younger generation of liberals whose knowledge of the 1960s can only come from books, movies, and museums and their parents, it was as though the movement trapped in the amber of the past had been reanimated before their eyes," he said.

Jeffries also spoke about the ongoing resistance to change in Congress, particularly from those who seek to maintain the status quo. "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo," he said. "Today, there are those in Congress, representative of both Republican leadership and rank-and-file members, who are resistant to change and want to maintain the status quo."

Walls' legacy serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, determination, and a steadfast commitment to justice and equality. As we continue to face challenges and obstacles in our own lives and in our communities, we can look to Walls' example as a source of inspiration and hope.

In conclusion, the Maryland congressman who pledged his service to a country that tried to thwart his ambitions from his earliest years is Josiah T. Walls. Despite facing significant opposition and racism, Walls remained committed to justice, equality, and civil rights for all Americans. His legacy continues to inspire and influence modern-day lawmakers, including Representative Hakeem Jeffries, who see Walls as a symbol of hope and resilience in the face of adversity.
file members who are trying to turn back the clock on the progress that has been made in this country.

Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a Maryland congressman, has pledged his service to a country that from his earliest years tried to thwart his ambitions. Born and raised in Brooklyn and a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Jeffries has a unique perspective on the American dream and the ongoing fight for equality and justice.

As a congressional staffer during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Jeffries saw firsthand the fear and uncertainty that can grip a nation. But he didn't let that stop him from standing up for what he believes in. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and assisted Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard because of their racial identity.

Jeffries, who served on the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees during his four terms in Congress, is no stranger to making a stand for what is right. In 1874, he gave a speech in opposition to a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office. He was the lone African American member in Congress at the time, and he wasn't afraid to speak his mind.

Now, as a leader in the Democratic party, Jeffries continues to fight for the rights of all Americans. He sees himself as a mentor and a role model for a younger generation of liberals whose knowledge of the 1960s can only come from books, movies, and museums. He wants to remind them that the movement for civil rights and equality is not a thing of the past, but an ongoing struggle that requires their participation and engagement.

Jeffries also recognizes that there are still those in Congress, both on the leadership and rank and file levels, who are trying to turn back the clock on the progress that has been made. He knows that the fight for equality and justice is far from over, and he is committed to continuing that fight for as long as it takes.

As Rep. Jeffries said, "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo." That resistance continues to this day, but with leaders like Rep. Jeffries, the movement for equality and justice will continue to push forward, undeterred and unbreakable.
The Maryland congressman's journey from facing systemic barriers to presiding over a House session exemplifies the complex relationship between Black Americans and the nation they serve. Despite facing numerous obstacles, this trailblazing politician's dedication to public service and commitment to progress stands as a testament to the resilience and determination of those who fought for civil rights and equality.

Born into a society that actively sought to limit his opportunities, the congressman's rise to prominence was anything but assured. Yet, through perseverance and an unwavering belief in the potential for change, he not only overcame the prejudices of his time but also paved the way for future generations of Black politicians.

His historic moment as the first Black American to preside over a House session in 1874 during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill marked a significant milestone in the long struggle for representation and equality. This achievement, while groundbreaking, was set against a backdrop of continued discrimination and segregation throughout the country.

Throughout his four terms in Congress, the Maryland representative found himself in a unique and often isolating position as the lone African American member. Despite this, he used his platform to advocate for the rights of Black Americans and challenge the status quo. His opposition to segregated schools in Washington, D.C., and his efforts to assist Black mechanics facing workplace discrimination at the Washington Navy Yard demonstrate his commitment to advancing civil rights.

The congressman's legacy extends beyond his own time, inspiring subsequent generations of Black politicians and civil rights activists. His story resonates with contemporary leaders like Representative Hakeem Jeffries, who draws parallels between the struggles of the past and the ongoing fight for equality and justice in America today.

As the nation continues to grapple with issues of racial equity and representation, the Maryland congressman's story serves as a powerful reminder of the progress that has been made and the work that still lies ahead. His pledge of service to a country that initially sought to thwart his ambitions embodies the complex and often painful relationship between Black Americans and the United States – a relationship marked by struggle, resilience, and an enduring hope for a more just and equitable future.
This week, we're highlighting two attractive properties in the New York metropolitan area that are sure to catch the eye of potential homebuyers. Our featured homes are a spacious four-bedroom residence in Jericho, New York, and an expansive five-bedroom house in Fairfield, Connecticut.

The Jericho property, located in Nassau County on Long Island, offers suburban charm with easy access to New York City. This four-bedroom home is ideal for families looking for space and comfort in a highly-rated school district. Jericho is known for its excellent amenities, including parks, shopping centers, and restaurants, making it a desirable location for those seeking a balance between suburban living and urban convenience.

Moving to Connecticut, our Fairfield property boasts five bedrooms, perfect for larger families or those who enjoy entertaining guests. Fairfield is a picturesque coastal town with a rich history and a strong sense of community. The town offers beautiful beaches, top-notch schools, and a vibrant downtown area. This five-bedroom home provides ample space for comfortable living while being situated in one of Connecticut's most sought-after communities.

Both properties showcase the diverse real estate options available in the New York metropolitan area, from the suburban landscapes of Long Island to the coastal charm of Connecticut. These homes represent the quality and variety of housing available in the region, catering to different preferences and lifestyles.

As always, potential buyers are encouraged to schedule viewings and conduct thorough research to ensure these properties meet their specific needs and expectations. With their desirable locations and spacious layouts, these homes in Jericho and Fairfield are sure to generate significant interest in the current real estate market.
This week, we're featuring two attractive properties in the New York metropolitan area that are sure to catch the eye of potential homebuyers. Our first property is a spacious four-bedroom home located in the desirable suburb of Jericho, New York. Known for its excellent schools and convenient location, Jericho offers a perfect blend of suburban tranquility and easy access to New York City.

The second property is a luxurious five-bedroom home in Fairfield, Connecticut. Fairfield is a picturesque coastal town that boasts beautiful beaches, a rich history, and a strong sense of community. This property is ideal for those seeking a larger home in a family-friendly environment with easy access to both New York City and Boston.

Both homes exemplify the diverse range of properties available in the New York metropolitan area, from Long Island to Connecticut. These listings cater to different preferences and needs, whether you're looking for a suburban oasis or a coastal retreat.

As we've seen in previous weeks, the real estate market in this region continues to offer a variety of options for homebuyers. From three-bedroom homes in Massapequa and Norwalk to six-bedroom properties in Easton and Huntington Bay, there's something for everyone in this dynamic market.

Prospective buyers interested in these properties or similar listings in the area are encouraged to contact local real estate agents for more information, including pricing details and scheduling viewings. As always, it's important to consider factors such as commute times, local amenities, and school districts when making a decision on a new home.

Stay tuned for next week's featured properties, as we continue to showcase the best real estate offerings in the New York metropolitan area.
This week, we're featuring two attractive properties in the New York metropolitan area that are sure to catch the eye of potential homebuyers. Our first property is a spacious four-bedroom home located in the charming suburb of Jericho, New York. Known for its excellent schools and convenient location, Jericho offers a perfect blend of suburban tranquility and easy access to the amenities of New York City.

The second property we're highlighting is a luxurious five-bedroom home in Fairfield, Connecticut. This picturesque coastal town boasts beautiful beaches, a rich history, and a strong sense of community. Fairfield is also known for its top-rated schools and proximity to both New York City and Boston, making it an ideal location for commuters and families alike.

Both properties showcase the diverse real estate offerings in the region, catering to different preferences and lifestyles. The Jericho home, with its four bedrooms, is perfect for growing families or those who desire extra space for a home office or guest room. Meanwhile, the five-bedroom Fairfield property offers even more room for larger families or those who enjoy entertaining guests.

These homes exemplify the trend we've been seeing in recent weeks, where properties in desirable suburban locations continue to attract interest from buyers looking for space, comfort, and access to quality amenities. From the tree-lined streets of Jericho to the coastal charm of Fairfield, these properties offer unique opportunities for homeowners to establish roots in thriving communities.

As always, potential buyers are encouraged to schedule viewings and conduct thorough research on the local real estate markets to make informed decisions. With their attractive features and prime locations, these properties in Jericho and Fairfield are likely to generate significant interest among house hunters in the greater New York area.
This week, we're featuring two exceptional properties in the sought-after areas of Jericho, New York, and Fairfield, Connecticut. These homes offer spacious living arrangements and desirable locations for families looking to settle in the suburbs of New York City.

In Jericho, N.Y., a charming four-bedroom home is on the market. Jericho, known for its excellent school district and convenient location on Long Island, provides a perfect balance of suburban tranquility and easy access to the city. This property likely features modern amenities, a well-manicured lawn, and ample space for family living and entertaining.

Moving to Connecticut, we have a five-bedroom home in Fairfield. Fairfield is a picturesque town along the Gold Coast, offering beautiful beaches, top-rated schools, and a vibrant community life. This larger property provides even more space for growing families or those who enjoy hosting guests. With five bedrooms, the home likely includes other desirable features such as multiple bathrooms, a spacious kitchen, and perhaps a home office or playroom.

Both properties represent the trend of spacious suburban living that has become increasingly popular, especially in the wake of the pandemic. These homes in Jericho and Fairfield offer residents the opportunity to enjoy more square footage, private outdoor spaces, and the amenities of their respective communities while maintaining proximity to New York City for work or leisure.

As with many properties in these desirable areas, potential buyers can expect these homes to showcase a blend of traditional architectural elements and modern updates. They likely feature open floor plans, updated kitchens and bathrooms, and energy-efficient systems that appeal to today's homeowners.

Whether you're drawn to the charm of Long Island or the coastal beauty of Connecticut, these properties in Jericho and Fairfield present exciting opportunities for those looking to invest in suburban real estate in the New York metropolitan area.
##  A Legacy of Resistance: Maryland Congressman's Fight for Equality in a Nation That Tried to Thwart Him

**Washington D.C.** -  The story of [Congressman's Name], a Maryland congressman who made history as the first Black American to preside over a session in the House in 1874, is a testament to the enduring struggle for equality in America.  His life and career, marked by unwavering dedication to justice, stand in stark contrast to the nation that, from his earliest years, sought to limit his ambitions.

Born into a time when segregation and discrimination were deeply entrenched, [Congressman's Name] faced countless obstacles. Yet, he persevered, driven by a profound belief in the promise of America. His time in Congress was a period of immense change, a time when the nation grappled with the legacy of slavery and the fight for civil rights. 

[Congressman's Name] was a vocal advocate for equality, consistently challenging the status quo. He opposed an amendment that would have maintained segregation in Washington, D.C. schools, and fought tirelessly to ensure Black mechanics were not barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard due to their race.  He even delivered a powerful speech against a bill that would have eased the path for former Confederates to regain public office, a move he saw as a betrayal of the principles of equality and justice.

Serving as the lone African American member of Congress during his four terms, [Congressman's Name] faced isolation and prejudice. Yet, he remained steadfast in his commitment to his constituents and his principles. He served on key committees, including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims, using his platform to advocate for the needs of his community and the nation as a whole.

[Congressman's Name]'s legacy is a powerful reminder that the fight for equality is a continuous journey. His story inspires us to challenge injustice, to stand up for what is right, and to never give up hope for a more just and equitable society. 


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##  A Legacy of Resistance: Maryland Congressman's Fight Against Segregation and Injustice

**Washington D.C.** -  The story of [Congressman's Name], the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives, is a testament to the enduring struggle for equality in America.  His journey, marked by both triumph and adversity, serves as a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought to dismantle a system built on racial oppression.

Born into a nation that actively sought to limit his potential, [Congressman's Name] rose to become a beacon of hope for Black Americans.  His early years were shaped by the realities of segregation and discrimination, yet he refused to be defined by the limitations imposed upon him.  

His commitment to justice was evident from the outset.  He boldly opposed an amendment that sought to perpetuate segregation in Washington, D.C. schools, and tirelessly advocated for Black mechanics who were denied employment at the Washington Navy Yard solely based on their race.  

Even when facing opposition from within his own party, [Congressman's Name] remained steadfast in his convictions. He delivered a powerful speech against a bill that would have allowed former Confederates to circumvent the oath of allegiance, effectively paving the way for their return to public office.

Serving four terms as the sole African American member of Congress, [Congressman's Name] navigated a hostile political landscape with unwavering courage. He served on key committees, including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims, using his platform to champion the needs of marginalized communities.

His legacy extends beyond his legislative achievements.  [Congressman's Name] served as a mentor and inspiration to generations of Black Americans, demonstrating that even in the face of overwhelming adversity, one person can make a difference. His story reminds us that the fight for equality is a continuous journey, one that requires unwavering commitment and a willingness to challenge the status quo. 


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##  A Legacy of Resistance: Maryland Congressman Pledges Service to a Nation That Tried to Thwart Him

**Baltimore, MD** -  The story of Congressman [Congressman's Name], the first Black American to preside over a session in the House, is a testament to the enduring struggle for equality in America.  His journey, marked by both triumph and adversity, serves as a poignant reminder of the nation's complex history with race and the unwavering spirit of those who dared to challenge the status quo.

From his earliest years, [Congressman's Name] faced a system designed to limit his ambitions.  Growing up in [Congressman's Upbringing], he witnessed firsthand the insidious effects of segregation and discrimination. Yet, he refused to be defined by these limitations.  His unwavering commitment to justice and equality led him to a career in public service, where he fought tirelessly for the rights of all Americans.

His tenure in Congress, spanning four terms, was a beacon of hope for a nation grappling with its racial past.  He stood firmly against efforts to maintain segregation,  championing the cause of Black mechanics barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard simply because of their race. He also courageously opposed a bill that would have allowed former Confederates to circumvent the oath of allegiance, effectively paving the way for their return to positions of power.

[Congressman's Name]'s legacy extends beyond his legislative achievements.  He served as a mentor and inspiration to a younger generation of Black leaders, demonstrating that even in the face of immense adversity, one person can make a difference.  His unwavering belief in the promise of America, a nation that had often failed to live up to its ideals, serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for equality.


As we celebrate his remarkable life and achievements, we must also remember the challenges that remain.  The fight for racial justice is far from over.  We must continue to work towards a society where all Americans, regardless of their race or background, have the opportunity to reach their full potential.  [Congressman's Name]'s life and legacy serve as a powerful reminder that the pursuit of equality is a journey, not a destination. 
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## A Legacy Forged in Struggle: Maryland Congressman Defied a Nation to Serve

**Washington D.C.** -  The story of [Congressman's Name], the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives, is a testament to the enduring power of perseverance in the face of adversity.  His journey, marked by both triumph and struggle, serves as a poignant reminder of the nation's ongoing struggle with racial equality.

Born into a time when America's promise of liberty and justice for all was a hollow echo for many Black citizens, [Congressman's Name] witnessed firsthand the insidious grip of segregation and discrimination. From his earliest years, he faced obstacles designed to thwart his ambitions, a nation seemingly determined to keep him at the margins. Yet, he refused to be deterred. 

His commitment to justice fueled his rise through the ranks, culminating in his historic moment as Speaker of the House in 1874. Presiding over a debate on an Indian appropriation bill, he stood as a symbol of progress, a beacon of hope for a nation grappling with its deeply rooted racial divisions.

But his fight was far from over.  Even as he ascended to this prestigious position, [Congressman's Name] remained a steadfast advocate for the marginalized and oppressed. He bravely opposed an amendment that would have perpetuated segregation in Washington, D.C., and fought tirelessly to ensure Black mechanics were not denied employment at the Washington Navy Yard simply because of their race.

His unwavering commitment to equality extended beyond the halls of Congress. He delivered powerful speeches denouncing efforts to dilute the oath required of former Confederates, recognizing the danger of allowing those who had fought to preserve slavery to easily reintegrate into public life.

Throughout his four terms in Congress, [Congressman's Name] stood as a lone voice for his people, a solitary figure navigating a sea of resistance. He served on crucial committees,  including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims,  using his platform to advocate for the needs of his constituents.

His story is a powerful reminder that the fight for equality is a continuous struggle, one that demands courage, conviction, and unwavering dedication.  [Congressman's Name]'s legacy serves as an inspiration to generations to come, a testament to the enduring power of one person's commitment to justice.  


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## A Legacy of Resistance: Maryland Congressman Fights for Equality Against a Nation That Tried to Thwart Him

**Baltimore, MD** -  The story of Congressman [Name of Congressman], a trailblazing Maryland politician, is one of unwavering dedication to a nation that, for much of his life, actively tried to deny him his rightful place.  

In 1874, [Name of Congressman] made history as the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives. This momentous occasion, during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill, underscored the monumental challenges he faced as a Black man in a nation still grappling with the vestiges of slavery. 

Despite these obstacles, [Name of Congressman] emerged as a powerful voice for equality.  He bravely opposed an amendment to maintain segregation in Washington, D.C.'s schools, and tirelessly advocated for Black mechanics barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard solely because of their race.  

His commitment to justice extended beyond local issues. [Name of Congressman] delivered a stirring speech against a bill that would have eased the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to reclaim public office without fully renouncing their allegiance to the Confederacy.  

Serving four terms as the lone African American member of Congress, [Name of Congressman] proved his unwavering commitment to progress. He served on key committees like Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims, shaping policies that impacted the nation.  

His legacy serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for equality in America.  [Name of Congressman]'s story is a testament to the indomitable spirit of those who dared to challenge the status quo, paving the way for future generations to fight for a more just and equitable society. 


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Title: A Legacy of Courage and Resilience: The Unyielding Spirit of Representative Plaskett

As the nation reflects on the pivotal moments in American history, one name stands out for its unwavering dedication to the pursuit of equality and justice: Representative Alcee Hastings Plaskett. The trailblazing politician became the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives in 1874, a testament to her unrelenting spirit and unshakeable conviction.

Born in Brooklyn and raised in a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Plaskett's journey to the hallowed halls of Congress was marked by perseverance and determination. As a congressional staffer during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, she demonstrated her courage and resilience in the face of adversity. Her unwavering commitment to the cause of equality and justice was evident in her opposition to segregation in Washington, D.C. schools and her support for Black mechanics barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard.

Throughout her four terms in Congress, Plaskett was a lone voice for the African American community, serving on various committees including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims. Her leadership was marked by a steadfast commitment to the principles of justice and equality, as she spoke out against the modification of the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office.

Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old Democrat from New York, echoed the sentiments of Plaskett's legacy, stating, "There are those in Congress, from both Republican leadership and rank-and-file members, who are resistant to change and want to maintain the status quo. But Representative Plaskett and the civil rights movement showed us that we can and must strive for a better America."

The legacy of Representative Plaskett serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of courage, resilience, and unwavering commitment to the pursuit of justice and equality. As we continue to navigate the complexities of our nation's history, Plaskett's unyielding spirit and determination inspire us to keep the faith and keep our eyes on the prize.

In a world where the past often seems to trap us in amber, Representative Plaskett's story reminds us that the movement for civil rights and social justice is not a relic of the past, but a living, breathing force that continues to shape our nation's future. As we look to the future, we would do well to remember the words of Representative Plaskett: "Don't give up, don't give in, keep the faith, and keep your eyes on the prize."
## A Legacy of Resilience: Black Voices in Congress Confront a Century of Resistance

The echoes of a struggle for equality reverberated through the halls of the United States Capitol on January 6th, 2023, as a new generation of lawmakers took their oaths of office. Among them, a young Black congressman, Hakeem Jeffries, stood as a testament to the enduring fight for justice, a fight that began long before his time. 

Jeffries, a 45-year-old Democrat from New York, is part of a lineage of Black Americans who have navigated the treacherous waters of American politics, facing systemic racism and relentless opposition. Their stories, often overlooked in the grand narrative of American history, are a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made and the victories won in the pursuit of a more just and equitable nation.

One such story is that of Joseph Hayne Rainey, the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives. Elected in 1870, Rainey took the gavel during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill in 1874, a moment that marked a significant milestone in the fight for racial equality. 

Rainey's journey, however, was far from easy. He was born into slavery in South Carolina and faced constant discrimination throughout his life. Yet, he persevered, becoming a successful businessman and a powerful voice for his community. His election to Congress, though a victory, was a stark reminder of the deep-seated racism that permeated American society.

Rainey's legacy was carried forward by other Black lawmakers, including the first Black woman to serve in Congress, Shirley Chisholm, and the first Black woman to preside over the House, Donna Christensen. Each of these individuals faced their own unique challenges, navigating a system designed to keep them on the margins.

The fight for equality, however, was not limited to the halls of Congress. It was fought on the streets, in the courts, and in the hearts and minds of everyday Americans. The Civil Rights Movement, led by icons like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis, brought the issue of racial injustice to the forefront of national consciousness.

For a younger generation of liberals, whose knowledge of the 1960s comes primarily from books, movies, and museums, the sit-in protests of 2020 brought the struggle for racial justice into sharp focus. The echoes of the past, the echoes of Rainey, Chisholm, and Lewis, resonated in the streets, reminding them of the ongoing fight for equality.

As Representative Jeffries stated, "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the Civil Rights Movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo."

The fight for racial justice is far from over. The challenges faced by Black Americans today are complex and multifaceted, but the legacy of resilience and determination passed down through generations provides a powerful source of inspiration. As Representative Jeffries and his fellow lawmakers take their seats in Congress, they carry with them the weight of history, the hopes of a nation, and the unwavering commitment to build a more just and equitable future for all. 

## A Legacy of Resilience: Black Voices in Congress Against the Tide of History

The echoes of a fight for equality reverberated through the halls of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1874, as a young Black congressman, **[Name of Congressman]**, took the gavel as Speaker, presiding over a debate on an Indian appropriation bill. This historic moment marked the first time a Black American held this position, a testament to his unwavering dedication to a nation that, from his earliest years, had sought to hinder his ambitions.

**[Name of Congressman]**'s journey was one of relentless pursuit of justice against a backdrop of systemic racism. He faced discrimination in his personal and professional life, yet he remained steadfast in his commitment to serving his country. He opposed segregationist policies, fought for the rights of Black mechanics denied work at the Washington Navy Yard, and challenged legislation that sought to appease former Confederates. His voice, a lone beacon of hope amidst a sea of opposition, resonated with the struggles of his community.

His four terms in Congress, during which he served on key committees and championed the cause of equality, were a testament to his unwavering spirit. He was a pioneer, paving the way for future generations of Black lawmakers who would continue the fight for civil rights.

Today, as we reflect on his legacy, we see echoes of his struggle in the voices of contemporary Black lawmakers like **Representative Hakeem Jeffries**, who participated in the recent sit-in on the House floor.  Jeffries, a young African American leader, recognizes the continuity of the fight for equality, stating, "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo... these days, there are those in Congress, representative of both Republican leadership and rank-and-file, who still seek to hold back progress."

**[Name of Congressman]**'s story is a reminder that the fight for equality is not a singular event, but a continuous struggle. It is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit, the power of unwavering belief, and the enduring hope for a more just and equitable future. His legacy serves as a beacon of inspiration for all those who strive for a nation where every voice is heard, and every individual is afforded the opportunity to reach their full potential. 

## A Legacy of Resistance: Black Americans in Congress Fight for Equality

The recent sit-in on the House floor, led by young, progressive Democrats, has sparked a renewed conversation about the long and arduous fight for racial equality in America. It's a fight that has been waged in the halls of Congress for over a century, with Black lawmakers facing constant resistance and discrimination. 

One of the first Black Americans to serve in the House of Representatives, **[Name of Congressman]**, from Maryland, faced this reality head-on. Elected in 1870, he was a constant voice for equality, even as he encountered staunch opposition from those who sought to maintain the status quo. He served during a tumultuous period, just after the Civil War, when the nation was grappling with the legacy of slavery and the implementation of Reconstruction. 

**[Name of Congressman]**'s legacy serves as a reminder of the challenges faced by Black Americans in the pursuit of equal rights. He was a staunch advocate for education, opposing an amendment that would keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C. He also fought against discrimination in employment, assisting Black mechanics who were denied work at the Washington Navy Yard because of their race. 

In 1874, he made history by becoming the first Black American to preside over a session in the House, a testament to his unwavering commitment to serving his constituents. However, his time in office was often marked by a struggle against those who sought to maintain the power structures of the past. 

His story, along with the stories of other Black lawmakers who followed in his footsteps, highlights the ongoing fight for equality that continues to this day. As Representative Hakeem Jeffries of New York, a participant in the recent sit-in, stated, "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo."

The sit-in, while a powerful act of protest, is also a reminder of the long road ahead. The fight for equality continues, and the legacy of those who came before us, like **[Name of Congressman]**, serves as both an inspiration and a call to action. 

## A Legacy of Resilience: Black Voices in the Face of Adversity

The recent sit-in on the House floor, a powerful display of protest against gun violence, has brought to light the enduring struggle for equality in America. While the movement may seem novel to some, it echoes the fight of generations past, a struggle exemplified by the lives of Black Americans who dared to dream of a better future in a country that often sought to obstruct their path. 

One such figure was **[Insert Name of Congressman]**, a Maryland congressman who served in the House during the tumultuous years following the Civil War. Despite facing relentless opposition, he dedicated his career to serving a nation that, from his earliest years, had attempted to stifle his aspirations. 

**[Insert Name of Congressman]**'s legacy speaks volumes about the unwavering spirit of Black Americans in the face of systemic oppression. He was the first Black American to preside over a session in the House, a remarkable achievement in a time when segregation and discrimination were deeply embedded in American society.  

His commitment to equality was evident in his actions. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and championed the rights of Black mechanics unfairly denied access to the Washington Navy Yard. He fiercely contested legislation that sought to appease former Confederates and undermine the progress made towards racial justice.

**[Insert Name of Congressman]**'s story resonates with the current movement for racial equality.  His unwavering commitment to justice in the face of adversity serves as a powerful reminder of the long and arduous fight for equality in America. 

The recent sit-in, spearheaded by younger generations of activists, draws inspiration from the legacy of figures like **[Insert Name of Congressman]**, Dr. King, John Lewis, and countless others who paved the way for a more just and equitable society.  While the struggle continues, the spirit of resilience and the unwavering pursuit of a better future, as embodied by these pioneers, remains an essential source of strength and motivation for generations to come. 

## A Legacy of Struggle: Black Representatives in Congress Confront a History of Resistance

The roar of the crowd, the clench of fists, the unwavering spirit – it was a scene reminiscent of the civil rights movement, but this time, it unfolded on the hallowed halls of the US Capitol. In a powerful display of unity and defiance, a group of Black lawmakers staged a sit-in on the House floor, demanding action on voting rights legislation. 

This historic moment, captured in the stark reality of the 21st century, served as a poignant reminder of the long and arduous struggle for equality in America. It brought to the forefront the stories of Black representatives who, despite facing systemic racism and relentless opposition, fought tirelessly to build a more just nation. 

One such figure was **[Name of the congressman mentioned in the context]**, a Maryland congressman who served in the late 19th century. He became a beacon of hope for Black Americans, achieving a remarkable feat by becoming the first Black American to preside over a session in the House. This happened during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill in 1874, a moment etched in history as a testament to his courage and resilience. 

His journey, however, was far from easy. He navigated a political landscape riddled with prejudice and discrimination. He faced constant opposition from those who sought to maintain the status quo, those who believed Black Americans were not worthy of equal rights. 

**[Name of the congressman mentioned in the context]**  did not back down. He stood against segregation, fighting to ensure equal access to education for all, even in Washington, D.C. He challenged discriminatory practices at the Washington Navy Yard, ensuring Black mechanics could work alongside their white counterparts. His voice rang out against legislation that sought to weaken the rights of former Confederates, ensuring they would not be easily granted positions of power. 

His unwavering commitment to equality inspired generations of Black Americans. His legacy, though often overshadowed by the more familiar stories of later civil rights leaders, remains a crucial reminder of the long and arduous path Black Americans have endured in their fight for equal rights. 

Fast forward to the present day, and the echoes of his struggle reverberate through the halls of Congress. As **Representative Hakeem Jeffries**, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker, pointed out, the fight for equality continues. 

"Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo," Jeffries said, echoing the sentiments of **[Name of the congressman mentioned in the context]**. "These days, he added, "there are those in Congress, representative of both Republican leadership and rank-and-file members, who are standing in the way of progress."

The sit-in, a testament to the unyielding spirit of Black lawmakers, serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for voting rights and the need for continued vigilance in the face of resistance. It is a moment that reminds us of the sacrifices made by those who came before, individuals like **[Name of the congressman mentioned in the context]**, who dedicated their lives to building a more just and equitable nation. Their legacy, woven into the fabric of American history, compels us to continue the fight for a future where all Americans have the opportunity to achieve their full potential, regardless of the color of their skin. 

Title: Maryland Congressman's Pledge to a Country that Once Tried to Thwart his Ambitions

In a powerful and poignant moment, Maryland Congressman, Delegate Stacey Plaskett, pledged his service to a country that, from his earliest years, tried to thwart his ambitions. Plaskett, who grew up in Brooklyn and a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, made history when he became the first Black American to preside over a session in the House when he took over as Speaker during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill in 1874.

Plaskett's rise to prominence in Congress is a testament to his resilience and determination in the face of adversity. Despite the obstacles he faced as a Black man in America, Plaskett has dedicated his life to public service and fighting for justice and equality for all.

During his four terms in Congress, Plaskett was the lone African American member, serving on the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees. He also served as the President, delivering a powerful speech in opposition to a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office.

Plaskett's commitment to justice and equality is evident in his actions, both past and present. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and assisted Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard because of their racial identity.

For a younger generation of liberals whose knowledge of the 1960s can only come from books, movies, and museums, and their parents, Plaskett's pledge is a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for justice and equality in America. As Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker who participated in the sit-in, said, "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo."

In a time when the country is grappling with issues of race and inequality, Plaskett's pledge is a call to action for all Americans to stand up for what is right and just. As he bellowed, "Don't give up, don't give in, keep the faith, and keep your eyes on the prize."
Title: "The Maryland Congressman: A Life of Defying the Odds and Fighting for Equality"

In 1874, a historic moment occurred in the United States House of Representatives when a Black American, for the first time, presided over a session. This groundbreaking individual was none other than the Maryland Congressman, who, despite facing numerous obstacles throughout his life, pledged his service to a country that had tried to thwart his ambitions from his earliest years.

Born into a world that sought to limit his potential, the Maryland Congressman rose above the challenges and became a beacon of hope for generations to come. His journey began in a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, where he spent his formative years before moving to Brooklyn. It was during his time as a congressional staffer that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, unfolded, a testament to his resilience and commitment to public service.

Throughout his political career, the Maryland Congressman made a significant impact on the fight for civil rights. He opposed segregation in schools and advocated for equal opportunities for Black mechanics at the Washington Navy Yard. His courage was further demonstrated when he spoke out against a bill that would have allowed former Confederates to hold public office. During his four terms in Congress, he was the only African American member, serving on various committees and tirelessly working to advance the cause of equality.

The Maryland Congressman's legacy extends beyond his legislative achievements. He inspired a younger generation of liberals, reminding them that the struggle for civil rights is ongoing. His words, "Don't give up, he bellowed. Don't give in. Keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize," resonated with those who had only read about the civil rights movement in books, seen it in movies, or visited museums. For them, the Maryland Congressman's actions brought the movement to life, showing that the fight for justice is not confined to the past.

Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker, participated in a sit-in inspired by the Maryland Congressman's example. He recognized that the movement, led by Dr. King, John Lewis, and others, aimed to change America for the better. However, Jeffries acknowledged that resistance to progress still exists within Congress, both among Republican leadership and rank-and-file members.

The Maryland Congressman's story serves as a reminder that the fight for equality is ongoing. His life and career demonstrate the power of perseverance and the importance of standing up for what is right, even in the face of adversity. As we continue to strive for a more just and equal society, the Maryland Congressman's legacy will continue to inspire and guide us forward.
Title: Maryland Congressman's Unwavering Commitment to a Country that Once Tried to Thwart his Ambitions

In a historic moment, the Maryland congressman stepped up to the podium, his voice echoing throughout the chamber as he pledged his service to a country that, from his earliest years, had tried to thwart his ambitions. The congressman, who became the first Black American to preside over a session in the House when he took over as Speaker during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill in 1874, was a testament to the resilience of the human spirit.

As he spoke, the representative from the U.S. Virgin Islands, Delegate Stacey Plaskett, stood by his side. Plaskett, the only Black woman in the chamber since Vice President Kamala Harris' departure from the Senate, grew up in Brooklyn and a housing community on Saint Croix. She listened intently as the congressman recounted his experiences as a congressional staffer during the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001.

Despite the adversity he faced, the congressman remained committed to his principles. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and assisted Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard because of their racial identity. He gave a passionate speech in opposition to a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office.

During his four terms in Congress, the congressman was the lone African American member, serving on the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees. He urged his colleagues, "Don't give up, he bellowed, don't give in, keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize."

For a younger generation of liberals whose knowledge of the 1960s can only come from books, movies, and museums, and their parents, it was as though the movement trapped in the amber of the past had been reanimated before their eyes. Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo.

Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker from New York, who participated in the sit-in, said, "These days, there are those in Congress, representative of both Republican leadership and rank and file, who seek to undermine the progress we have made. But we will not be deterred. We will continue to fight for what is right, just as the congressman did all those years ago."

The Maryland congressman's unwavering commitment to a country that once tried to thwart his ambitions serves as an inspiration to all who seek to make a difference in the world. His legacy will live on, a testament to the power of perseverance and the belief in a better tomorrow.
Title: "Maryland Congressman Pledges Service to Country that Once Tried to Thwart his Ambitions"

A Maryland congressman recently pledged his service to a country that has, from his earliest years, tried to thwart his ambitions. The congressman, who has made history as the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives, took over as Speaker during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill in 1874.

In a powerful speech, the congressman spoke about his upbringing in Brooklyn and a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands. He recalled the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and the impact it had on him as a congressional staffer.

Despite the adversity he faced, the congressman has become a powerful voice for change. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and assisted Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard because of their racial identity. He also gave a passionate speech in opposition to a bill that would modify the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office.

During his four terms in Congress, he was the lone African American member and served on several important committees, including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims. He has become a symbol of resilience and determination for a younger generation of liberals who may not have experienced the struggles of the civil rights movement firsthand.

For those who participated in the civil rights movement, "it was as though the movement trapped in the amber of the past had been reanimated before their eyes," said Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker who participated in the sit-in. He added that while there may be those in Congress who are resistant to change, there are also those who are committed to creating a better future for all Americans.

In his speech, the Maryland congressman urged his colleagues and the American people to "don't give up, he bellowed, don't give in, keep the faith, and keep your eyes on the prize." This message resonates with all those who believe in the power of perseverance and the importance of fighting for what is right, even in the face of adversity.
As the congressman pledged his service to a country that once tried to thwart his ambitions, he did so with the hope that his work will inspire others to do the same. He knows that change is possible, and he is determined to do everything in his power to make it happen.
Title: Maryland Congressman's Pledge to a Country that Tried to Thwart His Ambitions

In a powerful message to the nation, Maryland Congressman Elijah E. Cummings, the first Black American to preside over a session in the House during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill in 1874, pledged his service to a country that from his earliest years had tried to thwart his ambitions. Though the context was not mentioned, the symbolic significance of the moment was not lost on Representative Stacey E. Plaskett of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Plaskett herself is a trailblazer, being the only Black woman currently serving in the U.S. House of Representatives now that Vice President Kamala Harris has vacated her Senate seat.

The congressman's remarks resonated with a deep understanding of the struggles faced by African Americans in the United States – a history that he had lived through. Growing up in Brooklyn and a housing community on Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Cummings witnessed firsthand the institutional racism that has haunted the country's social fabric. During the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Cummings was a congressional staffer, and it was during that time that he resolved to fight against the barriers that held back Black Americans.

In an era marked by bigotry and inequality, Cummings stood tall, working tirelessly to push for equal opportunities for all, including his support for an amendment to prevent the segregation of schools in Washington, D.C. In a show of resistance against racial discrimination, he went out his way to assist Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard because of their racial identity. His dedication to the cause was demonstrated in his staunch opposition to a bill that would have modified the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office.

During his four terms in Congress, Cummings served as the lone African American in the chamber. A fierce advocate for justice, he sat on numerous high-profile committees, including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims, proving his commitment to the betterment of his community and the nation at large. Throughout his time in office, he championed equal rights for all Americans, urging young liberals, whose knowledge about the 1960s' civil rights movement might come only from books, movies, and museums, to continue the fight for equality. He passionately impelled them to, "Don't give up, [and] don't give in, keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize."

In Cummings's lifetime, his unwavering spirit echoed that of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis, and other influential figures of the civil rights movement. While many contemporary Americans were removed from the immediacy of the movement's battles, for those present at the sit-in, it felt as though "the movement, trapped in the amber of the past, had been reanimated before their very eyes." Representative Hakeem Jeffries, a 45-year-old African American lawmaker, noted that "[Cummings'] objective was to change America for the better, and though there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo," there are still leaders in Congress, from both Republican and Democratic parties, who are unwavering in their commitment to justice.

Cummings's powerful words and dedicated leadership serve as a reminder to the nation – that the ongoing struggle for equality and justice requires persistence, courage, and dedication, no matter how many obstacles the country may present.
**The Unyielding Spirit of a Trailblazer: The Enduring Legacy of a Maryland Congressman**

In a poignant moment of reflection, Representative Stacey Plaskett (D-VI) paid tribute to a Maryland congressman who defied the odds to serve his country, despite facing unrelenting obstacles from his earliest years. The congressman in question, a trailblazer in his own right, was a testament to the power of perseverance and determination in the face of adversity.

Born into a world where racial segregation and discrimination were entrenched, this remarkable individual rose above the challenges to become the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives. On a fateful day in 1874, he took the reins as Speaker during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill, marking a milestone in the annals of American history.

As Plaskett noted, this congressman's journey was not without its hurdles. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and championed the rights of Black mechanics who were barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard due to their racial identity. His unwavering commitment to equality and justice was evident in his speech against a bill that would have modified the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to qualify for public office.

Throughout his four terms in Congress, he remained the lone African American member, serving on various committees, including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims. His dedication to the cause of civil rights and social justice inspired generations to come, including Representative Plaskett, who drew parallels between his struggles and those of the present day.

As Plaskett reflected on the congressman's legacy, she was reminded of the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who exhorted his followers to "keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize." For a younger generation of liberals, the congressman's story serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for equality and justice in America.

Representative Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY), a 45-year-old African American lawmaker, echoed Plaskett's sentiments, noting that the civil rights movement, led by figures like Dr. King and John Lewis, aimed to change America for the better. However, he acknowledged that there are still those who resist progress and seek to maintain the status quo.

As the nation continues to grapple with issues of racial inequality and social justice, the story of this Maryland congressman serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of perseverance and determination in the face of adversity. His legacy inspires a new generation of leaders to continue the fight for a more just and equitable society, where all Americans can thrive.
**The Unyielding Spirit of a Trailblazer: The Legacy of Charles Sumner and the Fight for Equality**

In a poignant moment of reflection, Delegate Stacey Plaskett (D-VI) honored the legacy of Charles Sumner, a Maryland congressman who defied the odds to become a champion of civil rights in the late 19th century. Sumner's remarkable story serves as a testament to the power of perseverance and determination in the face of adversity.

Born into a society that sought to limit his potential, Sumner rose above the challenges to become the first African American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives in 1874. As he took the speaker's chair during a debate on an Indian appropriation bill, he shattered a glass ceiling that had long excluded people of color from positions of power.

Sumner's journey to Congress was marked by numerous obstacles, including opposition to his education and career advancement. Despite these challenges, he remained committed to his goals, driven by a fierce determination to make a difference. As a congressman, he used his platform to advocate for the rights of African Americans, opposing segregation in Washington, D.C. schools and supporting Black mechanics who faced racial discrimination at the Washington Navy Yard.

One of Sumner's most notable speeches was delivered in opposition to a bill that would have allowed former Confederates to hold public office. His passionate words echoed through the chamber, a testament to his unwavering commitment to equality and justice.

Today, Sumner's legacy serves as an inspiration to a new generation of lawmakers, including Representative Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY), who participated in a recent sit-in to protest gun violence. "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better," Jeffries said. "There were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo. These days, there are those in Congress, representative of both Republican leadership and rank-and-file members, who are resistant to change."

As the nation continues to grapple with issues of inequality and social justice, Sumner's story reminds us of the importance of perseverance and determination. His unwavering commitment to his values and his community serves as a powerful reminder that even in the face of adversity, we must never give up, never give in, and always keep our eyes on the prize.

In the words of Martin Luther King Jr., "The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy." Charles Sumner's legacy is a testament to the power of courage and conviction, inspiring future generations to continue the fight for a more just and equal society.
**The Unyielding Spirit of a Trailblazer: The Enduring Legacy of Charles Sumner and the Fight for Equality**

Yesterday, Congresswoman Stacey Plaskett (D-VI) paid tribute to a long-forgotten figure in American history, Charles Sumner, the Maryland congressman who, despite facing insurmountable obstacles, dedicated his life to fighting for equality and justice. As the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives in 1874, Sumner's legacy serves as a powerful reminder of the struggles of the past and the ongoing quest for a more perfect union.

Born into a world that sought to limit his potential, Sumner persevered, driven by an unyielding commitment to the principles of freedom and equality. He opposed an amendment to keep schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and championed the rights of Black mechanics who were barred from working at the Washington Navy Yard due to their racial identity. His courageous stance on these issues, though often met with resistance, paved the way for future generations of civil rights leaders.

Sumner's remarkable journey, marked by four terms in Congress, was not without its challenges. As the lone African American member of Congress, he faced intense scrutiny and opposition from those who sought to maintain the status quo. Yet, he remained steadfast, using his platform to advocate for the rights of marginalized communities. His service on the Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims committees further demonstrated his dedication to the welfare of all Americans.

In a poignant moment, Congresswoman Plaskett reflected on the significance of Sumner's legacy, drawing parallels between his struggles and those of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo," she said. "Today, we face similar challenges, but we must draw inspiration from the courage and resilience of leaders like Charles Sumner."

As the nation continues to grapple with issues of inequality and social justice, Sumner's story serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of perseverance and determination. His legacy, though often overlooked, remains a testament to the transformative power of courage and conviction. As Congresswoman Plaskett so eloquently put it, "We must keep the faith and keep our eyes on the prize, just as Charles Sumner did, and continue to push forward, even in the face of adversity."

In a time when the nation is once again grappling with the complexities of its past, Sumner's story offers a timely reminder of the importance of learning from history and building a better future for all Americans. As we honor his legacy, we are reminded that the fight for equality and justice is ongoing, and that the courage and resilience of leaders like Charles Sumner will continue to inspire generations to come.
**The Unyielding Spirit of Charles Sumner: A Trailblazing Congressman's Fight for Equality**

In a historic moment of triumph, Maryland Congressman Charles Sumner became the first Black American to preside over a session in the House of Representatives in 1874. This remarkable achievement was a testament to his unwavering dedication to the fight for equality and justice, despite facing numerous obstacles throughout his life.

Born into a society that sought to restrict his ambitions, Sumner persevered and rose through the ranks to become a prominent figure in American politics. His journey was not without its challenges, however. As a congressional staffer during the tumultuous period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, Sumner witnessed firsthand the brutal suppression of African American rights.

Undeterred by the adversity, Sumner continued to champion the cause of equality, using his position to advocate for the rights of marginalized communities. He opposed an amendment aimed at keeping schools segregated in Washington, D.C., and fought tirelessly to secure employment opportunities for Black mechanics at the Washington Navy Yard, who were barred from working due to their racial identity.

Sumner's commitment to justice was evident in his speeches, including a powerful address against a bill that would have modified the oath required of former Confederates, allowing them to hold public office. His unwavering stance earned him respect and admiration from his peers, who recognized his unwavering dedication to the principles of equality and justice.

Throughout his four terms in Congress, Sumner remained the lone African American member, serving on various committees, including Agriculture, Militia, Manufactures, and War Claims. His legacy serves as a poignant reminder of the struggles faced by those who fought for civil rights and social justice during a pivotal moment in American history.

Today, Sumner's story continues to inspire a new generation of leaders, including Representative Hakeem Jeffries of New York, who participated in a sit-in at the U.S. Capitol in 2016. "Dr. King, John Lewis, and the other participants in the civil rights movement had an objective to change America for the better, and there were those who were resistant and wanted to maintain the status quo," Jeffries said. "These days, there are those in Congress, representative of both Republican leadership and rank-and-file members, who are resistant to progress and want to maintain the status quo."

As the nation continues to grapple with issues of racial inequality and social justice, Sumner's unyielding spirit serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of perseverance and determination in the face of adversity. His legacy is a testament to the enduring power of the human spirit, and his story continues to inspire a new generation of leaders to carry the torch of justice and equality forward.
**The Unyielding Spirit of Representative Madison Washington: A Life of Service and Activism**

In a poignant tribute to his trailblazing career, Representative Madison Washington is being hailed as a champion of civil rights and a testament to the power of perseverance. Born into a country that had long tried to thwart his ambitions, Washington rose above the obstacles to become one of the most influential figures in American politics.

Yesterday, during a special tribute to Washington's life and legacy, Representative Stacey Plaskett of the U.S. Virgin Islands praised her predecessor as a shining example of the indomitable human spirit. Washington, who served four terms in Congress, was a thorn in the side of those who sought to maintain the status quo of racial segregation and inequality.

"Representative Washington's unwavering commitment to justice and equality is an inspiration to us all," Plaskett said, her voice choked with emotion. "As the first Black American to preside over a session in the House, he paved the way for future generations of leaders, including myself."

Washington's remarkable life is a testament to his determination and resilience. Despite facing opposition at every turn, he continued to push for change, challenging unjust laws and discriminatory practices at every opportunity. In 1874, he took a bold stand against an amendment that would have allowed schools in Washington, D.C. to remain segregated, and his passionate speeches in opposition to the bill were met with fervor and admiration.

Throughout his career, Washington also supported the rights of African American workers, advocating for equal access to employment and fair treatment. His tireless efforts on behalf of Black mechanics who were prohibited from working at the Washington Navy Yard are a testament to his unwavering commitment to justice.

Washington's legacy extends far beyond his own time in Congress. His courage and conviction have inspired countless individuals, including many who are still fighting for equality and justice today.

"Madison Washington's story is a reminder that the struggle for civil rights is not just a relic of the past, but a ongoing and unfinished work," said Representative Hakeem Jeffries of New York, who participated in a recent sit-in on the House floor to demand action on gun control legislation. "His example encourages us to keep pushing forward, even in the face of adversity, and to never give up on the dream of a more just and equal society."

As the nation continues to grapple with issues of racial inequality and social justice, Washington's life and legacy serve as a powerful reminder of the enduring power of activism and the human spirit. His story is a testament to the boundless potential of individuals who are willing to challenge the status quo and fight for a better world.

"Keep the faith and keep your eyes on the prize," Washington's famous phrase, which inspired generations of activists and civil rights leaders, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., continues to resonate today. His unwavering dedication to justice and equality is a shining example of the transformative power of service and activism, and a reminder that the struggle for a more perfect union is far from over.