The massacre on Greenwood Avenue, the site of one of America’s worst racist attacks, still has a significant impact on the residents of Tulsa, Okla.
And our descendants do not.” A hundred years ago, Greenwood — the Black Tulsa neighborhood that includes the area known as Black Wall Street — was burned to the ground and the virtually all-white Tulsa Police Department joined in the attack, deputizing white mobs and providing them with arms. The massacre took place in Greenwood, a thriving Black-dominated neighbourhood that had sprung up at the start of the 20th century on the northern side of Tulsa, separated by a railroad track from the city’s White-dominated part on the south. To this day, what happened in Tulsa is an episode in the country’s fraught history over racial violence that many Americans have little awareness of, even as the country grapples with a current-day racial reckoning to confront accusations of police abuse of minorities, racial economic inequity and contentious debates over newly enacted voting restrictions that critics say are aimed at curbing the turnout of Black and Hispanic voters to limit their influence. | But on June 1, in what became known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, white mobs set it on fire, destroying homes and businesses and leaving dozens dead. The other thing that happened post-massacre — there are a lot of promises made by local leaders, these are white men, about rebuilding the Greenwood community, and they didn't really materialize. “When Dad heard that inflamed mobs were headed into the Greenwood District intent on burning down the property of the Black people, and killing the people, he bravely tried to protect our family. From May 31 to June 1, 1921, hundreds of white Tulsans—armed and deputized by the local government—attacked, pillaged and destroyed the thriving Black community of Greenwood, Oklahoma, also known as “Black Wall Street.” The 18-hour period of violence spawned from an encounter with a Black man, named Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. As new research, discussion and perspectives of Tulsa’s past circulate among the public, describing what | But on June 1, in what became known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, white mobs set it on fire, destroying homes and businesses and leaving dozens dead. Historic images of Tulsa, Oklahoma's Greenwood district reveal how the 1921 mob attack devastated the nation's Black cultural and economic mecca. Updated:  | During the Tulsa Race Massacre, which occurred over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, a white mob attacked residents, homes and businesses in the predominantly Black Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma. “When they approached the gates to the wider Tulsa economy, they were turned away, so they ended up creating their own largely insular community.” The assaults on Greenwood raged over two days. Harvey J. Miller mobileharv.bsky.social did:plc:lklqnwe5pzlnwkjnma3gju7z In June 1921, a thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, OK was destroyed at the hands of a violent white mob. They were casualties of a furious and heavily armed white mob of looters and arsonists. “Although the | of hundreds of Black Tulsans. Updated:  | During the Tulsa Race Massacre, which occurred over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, a white mob attacked residents, homes and businesses in the predominantly Black Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma. “Although the dialogue about the reasons and effects of the terms riot vs. massacre are very important and encouraged," Oklahoma State Senator Kevin Matthews, "the feelings and interpretation of those who experienced this devastation as well as current area residents and historical scholars have led us to more appropriately change the name to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission.” The Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma had flourished as a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people. They focus in particular on the short- and medium-run effects of the massacre on Black Tulsans’ home ownership and occupational status. This article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: “Originally | May 31, 1921, “a white mob descended on Greenwood, a successful black economic hub in Tulsa, Oklahoma … and burned it to the ground.” The mob burned down 35 blocks of the Black community of Greenwood – including more than 1,200 homes, a dozen or more churches, more than 60 Black-owned businesses, a school, a hospital, and a library. Justice must be served.” In response to , put the Tulsa Race Massacre in the context of the broader racial violence that occurred at the turn of the 20th century. The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence 100 years ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said in his , “Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism.” In a May 29, 2020, report entitled “ ,” Human | through the massacre every day.” The Tulsa race riot of 1921, also called the Tulsa race massacre, resulted in the decimation of the city’s Greenwood district – then a Black economic hub also known as Black Wall Street – when a mob of White rioters looted and burned the community. by May 29, 2021 , , , , by May 29, 2021 Just Security Last week, the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held a entitled “Continuing Injustice: The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre.” spoke with several members of the House Judiciary Committee, whose views are presented below. , “hundreds of Greenwood residents were brutally killed, their homes and businesses wiped out” and residents were left without homes and their life’s possessions. “On March 19, the House Judiciary Committee heard from three survivors of the Tulsa Race Massacre about its continuing effects on their lives,” said Congresswoman Ross. In Tulsa, this includes not just victims of
The massacre on Greenwood Avenue, the site of one of America’s worst racist attacks, still has a significant impact on the residents of Tulsa, Okla.
new video loaded:Black Tulsans Reflect on Legacy of the 1921 Massacre
transcript
Black Tulsans Reflect on Legacy of the 1921 Massacre
The massacre on Greenwood Avenue, the site of one of America’s worst racist attacks, still has a significant impact on the residents of Tulsa, Okla.
“I don’t know anyone that grew up in Tulsa that wasn’t adversely and directly influenced, because the massacre shaped the influence, the Tulsa demographics.” “The church was — at the time, we had our basement that was here, which we’re standing in — and we were building our superstructure on top. During the massacre, they destroyed our superstructure, but thankfully, the basement remained.” “The elders in our community didn’t speak about the atrocities of Greenwood. It was just something that wasn’t discussed. My grandfather didn’t talk, but my dad, he discussed it. He wasn’t born — he was born in the ’30s, about 10, 12 years later. But he talks about it. And then when I got to high school, there were African studies teachers who taught off-text about it. It wasn’t included in the textbooks, but she taught the history of Black Wall Street.” “We would be much better if what happened 99 years ago had not happened. We’d be much further along because, imagine this — we built Black Wall Street not once, but twice. And imagine if instead of having to rebuild it twice, we could have built even larger, expanded even greater. But we had to just basically replace what we had. And we built that bigger. But we could have used that money to do even more things in this district.” “Right now, being a business owner in Greenwood is great. This is a growing, thriving community. It’s not growing as largely as people probably, or as fast as you would want it to. But I think Greenwood has a lot of potential right now with everything going on. We’re drawing a lot of business. Juneteenth is a big deal here. That’s bringing a lot of people down here on Greenwood. So to be able to get some of that business and see people in the community or outside the community, people who travel near and far to visit Black Wall Street, really paved the way for us business owners here.”
Black Tulsans Reflect on Legacy of the 1921 Massacre
The massacre on Greenwood Avenue, the site of one of America’s worst racist attacks, still has a significant impact on the residents of Tulsa, Okla.
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But on June 1, in what became known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, white mobs set it on fire, destroying homes and businesses and leaving dozens dead. The other thing that happened post-massacre — there are a lot of promises made by local leaders, these are white men, about rebuilding the Greenwood community, and they didn't really materialize. “When Dad heard that inflamed mobs were headed into the Greenwood District intent on burning down the property of the Black people, and killing the people, he bravely tried to protect our family. From May 31 to June 1, 1921, hundreds of white Tulsans—armed and deputized by the local government—attacked, pillaged and destroyed the thriving Black community of Greenwood, Oklahoma, also known as “Black Wall Street.” The 18-hour period of violence spawned from an encounter with a Black man, named Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. As new research, discussion and perspectives of Tulsa’s past circulate among the public, describing what happened as a “race riot” has been widely determined evasive and unclear. Historic images of Tulsa, Oklahoma's Greenwood district reveal how the 1921 mob attack devastated the nation's Black cultural and economic mecca. Rising racial tensions, fueled by white newspaper sensationalism and threats of an attempted lynching, resulted in an explosion of devastating violence that left some 35-40 square blocks of Greenwood’s residential area in smoking ruins, and nearly 9,000 African Americans homeless. Although the exact number of riot-related casualties is difficult to determine, records indicate that more than 700 persons were injured and estimates of deaths ranged between 36 and 300.” The early 1900s “witnessed one of the greatest periods of racial violence in American history as whites sought to reestablish an ironclad system of white supremacy following the African American surge toward equality during Reconstruction.” It didn’t help that “racial tensions in Tulsa were aggravated by economic competition between whites and African Americans.” Despite all this, and increased KKK activity throughout Oklahoma, the events that unraveled in the spring of 1921 and the way they escalated were unprecedented. Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said in his , “Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism.” In a May 29, 2020, report entitled “ ,” Human Rights Watch detailed the massacre and the failure to prosecute anyone for the violence and subsequent destruction that left hundreds of Black people dead, and more than 1,200 black-owned houses burned to the ground in Tulsa’s Greenwood neighborhood, then known as “Black Wall Street.” The report described how the city thwarted attempts to rebuild, as well as more recent discriminatory policies such as redlining, the use of eminent domain and other measures to seize Black-owned property, and highway construction to prevent Greenwood and the broader North Tulsa community from advancing. This content is from the exhibit: In 1921, one of the nation’s worst race massacres destroyed the lives and livelihoods of hundreds of Black Tulsans. Updated:  | During the Tulsa Race Massacre, which occurred over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, a white mob attacked residents, homes and businesses in the predominantly Black Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma. “Although the dialogue about the reasons and effects of the terms riot vs. massacre are very important and encouraged," Oklahoma State Senator Kevin Matthews, "the feelings and interpretation of those who experienced this devastation as well as current area residents and historical scholars have led us to more appropriately change the name to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission.” The Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma had flourished as a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people. They focus in particular on the short- and medium-run effects of the massacre on Black Tulsans’ home ownership and occupational status. This article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: “Originally published as “The 1921 Tulsa Massacre: What Happened to Black Wall Street” in the Winter 2021 issue of magazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities.” Please notify us at if you are republishing it or have any questions. On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob descended on Greenwood — the Black section of Tulsa — burning, looting and destroying more than 1,000 homes.
A Hundred Years Later, the Impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre Still Resonates
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One hundred years ago, Greenwood, a thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was destroyed by a violent white mob. The event, known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, occurred over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, and resulted in the death of hundreds of Black Tulsans, the destruction of their homes and businesses, and the displacement of thousands of residents.

The Greenwood district, also known as "Black Wall Street," was a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people. It was a symbol of Black wealth, success, and self-determination, and a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of the Black community. However, when the neighborhood approached the wider Tulsa economy, they were turned away, and the community became largely insular.

The massacre was sparked by an encounter between a Black man, Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. False rumors of Rowland's assault on the woman led to the white mob's attack on the Greenwood district. The mob burned down 35 blocks of the Black community, including more than 1,200 homes, a dozen or more churches, more than 60 Black-owned businesses, a school, a hospital, and a library.

In the aftermath of the massacre, there were promises made by local leaders to rebuild the Greenwood community, but they did not materialize. The short- and medium-run effects of the massacre on Black Tulsans' home ownership and occupational status were devastating. The massacre served as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence a hundred years ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities.

Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 is leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism. The Tulsa Race Massacre is not just a part of Tulsa's history; it is a part of America's history, and the impact of the massacre is still felt by the descendants of the survivors.

As we reflect on the centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre, it is essential to acknowledge the truth of what happened and to recognize the ongoing impact of the massacre on the residents of Tulsa, Oklahoma. We must continue to tell the story of Greenwood and ensure that the victims of the massacre are not forgotten. We must also commit to addressing the systemic racism that allowed the massacre to happen and continues to affect Black communities today.

In the words of Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, "Justice must be served."

This article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: "Originally published by [author's name] on [date] at [website]."
A Hundred Years Later, the Impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre Still Resonates
=========================================================================

One hundred years ago, Greenwood, a thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was destroyed by a violent white mob. This neighborhood, known as "Black Wall Street," was a symbol of Black economic prosperity and independence, but it was wiped out in an 18-hour period of violence that left hundreds dead and thousands displaced.

The Tulsa Race Massacre, as it came to be known, was sparked by an encounter between a Black man, Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. This encounter led to false rumors of a Black man attacking a white woman, which ignited a white mob that descended on Greenwood with guns, torches, and a determination to destroy the Black community.

The Greenwood district was a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people. It was a community where Black Tulsans could live, work, and thrive without the restrictions and discrimination that they faced in the wider Tulsa economy. But when they approached the gates to the wider Tulsa economy, they were turned away, so they ended up creating their own largely insular community.

The assaults on Greenwood raged over two days, leaving 35 blocks of the Black community in ruins. More than 1,200 homes, a dozen or more churches, more than 60 Black-owned businesses, a school, a hospital, and a library were burned to the ground. The mob's actions were not only violent but also calculated, as they targeted the heart of Black economic power in Tulsa.

In the aftermath of the massacre, there were promises made by local leaders to rebuild the Greenwood community, but these promises were not kept. The Black Tulsans who survived the massacre were left to pick up the pieces of their shattered lives, with little help from the wider Tulsa community.

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a stark reminder of the racial violence that has plagued this country for centuries. It is a reminder that the struggle for racial equality is ongoing, and that there is still much work to be done.

One hundred years later, the impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre is still being felt by the descendants of the survivors. The massacre has prevented families from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. The trauma of the massacre has been passed down through the generations, leaving a lasting impact on Black Tulsans.

Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 is leveraging the suffering of the survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism. This is a slap in the face to the victims of the massacre and their families. It is a reminder that the struggle for racial justice is far from over.

As we reflect on the centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre, we must remember the victims and their families. We must honor their memory by continuing the fight for racial justice and equality. We must ensure that the mistakes of the past are not repeated, and that the legacy of Black Wall Street lives on.

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a painful reminder of the racial violence that has been perpetrated against Black Americans for centuries. It is a reminder that the struggle for racial justice is ongoing, and that there is still much work to be done. But it is also a reminder of the resilience and strength of the Black community, and of the importance of continuing the fight for justice and equality.

In the words of Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, "Justice must be served."
A Hundred Years Later, The Scars of the Tulsa Race Massacre Still Linger

One hundred years ago, on May 31 and June 1, 1921, Greenwood, a thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was attacked by a violent white mob, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Black Tulsans and the destruction of their homes and businesses. This tragic event, known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, was a devastating blow to the Black community, which had flourished as a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people, and was also known as "Black Wall Street."

The massacre was sparked by an encounter between a Black man, Dick Rowland, and a white woman, Sarah Page, in an elevator. False rumors quickly spread that Rowland had assaulted Page, leading to the mobilization of a white mob that descended on Greenwood with the intention of burning it to the ground. The mob burned down 35 blocks of the Black community, including more than 1,200 homes, a dozen or more churches, more than 60 Black-owned businesses, a school, a hospital, and a library.

In the aftermath of the massacre, local leaders made promises to rebuild the Greenwood community, but these promises were not kept. The short- and medium-run effects of the massacre were significant, with Black Tulsans experiencing a decline in home ownership and occupational status. The massacre also had long-lasting effects on the community, as survivors and their descendants continue to grapple with the trauma and injustice of what happened.

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a stark reminder of the racial violence that has plagued America's history. It is an episode that many Americans have little awareness of, even as the country grapples with a current-day racial reckoning to confront accusations of police abuse of minorities, racial economic inequity, and contentious debates over newly enacted voting restrictions that critics say are aimed at curbing the turnout of Black and Hispanic voters to limit their influence.

Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 is leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism. This is a painful reminder that the legacy of the massacre continues to impact the Black community in Tulsa.

Justice must be served, and the victims of the Tulsa Race Massacre and their descendants deserve recognition and reparations for the devastating harm that was inflicted upon them. The massacre serves as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence a century ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities.

As we reflect on the centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre, let us remember the lives that were lost, the families that were destroyed, and the community that was burned to the ground. Let us honor the survivors and their descendants by acknowledging the truth of what happened, recognizing the ongoing impact of the massacre, and working towards a more just and equitable society for all.
A Hundred Years Later, the Impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre Still Resonates
=========================================================================

One hundred years ago, Greenwood, a thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was the site of one of the worst racist attacks in American history. The massacre, which took place on May 31 and June 1, 1921, was the result of an encounter between a Black man, Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator, which sparked tensions that ultimately led to a violent white mob attacking and destroying the prosperous Black community.

Greenwood, also known as "Black Wall Street," was a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people, where they could live, work, and thrive without the barriers and discrimination they faced in white neighborhoods. However, when they approached the gates to the wider Tulsa economy, they were turned away, leading to the creation of a largely insular community.

The assault on Greenwood lasted for 18 hours, during which time the white mob destroyed 35 blocks of the Black community, including more than 1,200 homes, a dozen or more churches, more than 60 Black-owned businesses, a school, a hospital, and a library. The massacre left hundreds of Black Tulsans dead, and thousands more were left homeless and without their life's possessions.

Despite promises made by local leaders to rebuild the Greenwood community, they never materialized, leaving the residents with little support or resources to recover. The effects of the massacre continue to be felt by the descendants of the survivors, who still face racial violence, economic inequality, and contentious debates over voting restrictions that limit their influence.

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a stark reminder of the racial violence and discrimination that has plagued America's history. It is a testament to the resilience and strength of the Black community, who, despite facing unimaginable hardships, continue to fight for justice, equality, and the right to live with dignity and respect.

As we reflect on the centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre, we must acknowledge the role that racism and violence have played in preventing families from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. We must also remember that the fight for justice and equality is far from over, and we must continue to work towards a future where everyone can live in peace, safety, and prosperity, regardless of their race or ethnicity.

In the words of Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism." We must honor the memory of those who lost their lives and those who survived by continuing to fight for justice, equality, and a world free from racism and discrimination.

*Originally published by [Your Name/Publication], available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: “Originally published by [Your Name/Publication]”.*
A Hundred Years Later, The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre Still Haunts Residents

One hundred years ago, Greenwood, a thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was destroyed by a violent white mob, leaving dozens dead and hundreds of Black Tulsans without homes and their life's possessions. The area, known as "Black Wall Street," was a symbol of Black wealth and success, a community where Black people could live, work, and thrive independently of the white-dominated society that surrounded them. Yet on June 1, 1921, a white mob set fire to the neighborhood, destroying homes and businesses and leaving a trail of destruction in its wake.

The Tulsa Race Massacre, also known as the Tulsa race riot, is a dark stain on American history, a stark reminder of the racial violence and discrimination that has plagued this country since its inception. The massacre was sparked by an encounter between a Black man named Dick Rowland and a white woman in an elevator, but it was fueled by deeper racial tensions and economic resentments. White Tulsans had long resented the success of Greenwood, a neighborhood that had sprung up on the north side of the city, separated by a railroad track from the white-dominated part of Tulsa to the south. When Black Tulsans attempted to enter the wider Tulsa economy, they were turned away, and so they created their own largely insular community.

The violence that ensued on May 31 and June 1, 1921, lasted for eighteen hours and resulted in the deaths of between 50 and 300 people, according to varying estimates. The white mob burned down 35 blocks of the Greenwood neighborhood, including more than 1,200 homes, a dozen or more churches, more than 60 Black-owned businesses, a school, a hospital, and a library. The destruction was so complete that some residents referred to the area as "Little Africa," a name that reflected the devastation wrought by the white mob.

In the aftermath of the massacre, there were promises made by local leaders to rebuild the Greenwood community, but these promises were largely unfulfilled. White Tulsans were reluctant to allow Black Tulsans to rebuild their neighborhood, and so the area remained a scar on the landscape, a reminder of the racial violence that had taken place there.

Today, a century after the Tulsa Race Massacre, the legacy of this violence is still felt by residents of Tulsa, and by Black Americans across the country. The massacre is a stark reminder of the ways in which racism and violence have prevented Black families from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. The Greenwood district, once a thriving hub of Black economic activity, is now a shadow of its former self, a testament to the destruction wrought by white supremacy.

Efforts have been made in recent years to acknowledge and address the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre. In 2018, the 1921 Race Massacre Commission was established to study the events of that time and make recommendations for commemoration and reparation. The commission has called for a variety of measures, including the establishment of a memorial to the victims of the massacre, the creation of educational resources to teach future generations about the events of 1921, and the provision of reparations to the descendants of those who were killed or whose property was destroyed.

Despite these efforts, however, the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre remains a painful and uncomfortable subject for many Americans. The massacre is a reminder of the deep-seated racial divides that continue to plague this country, and of the need for ongoing efforts to address and rectify the injustices of the past.

As we reflect on the centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre, let us remember the victims of this violence, and commit ourselves to the ongoing work of building a more just and equitable society. The legacy of the massacre is a heavy burden to bear, but it is also a call to action, a reminder of the importance of fighting for justice and equality for all.

In the words of Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism." We must ensure that the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre is not reduced to a tourist attraction, but is honored and remembered as the indelible mark on American history that
The Enduring Impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century Later

One hundred years after one of America's worst racist attacks, the massacre on Greenwood Avenue in Tulsa, Oklahoma, continues to cast a long shadow over the city and its residents. The events of May 31 to June 1, 1921, when a white mob destroyed the thriving Black community known as "Black Wall Street," remain a painful and often overlooked chapter in American history.

The Greenwood district, a prosperous Black neighborhood that had emerged at the turn of the 20th century, was a symbol of African American economic success and self-sufficiency. Separated from Tulsa's white-dominated areas by railroad tracks, Greenwood had flourished as a self-contained community with its own businesses, schools, and cultural institutions.

However, on that fateful day in 1921, a white mob, aided by the virtually all-white Tulsa Police Department, descended upon Greenwood. The 18-hour period of violence resulted in the destruction of homes and businesses, leaving dozens dead and a once-thriving community in ruins. The attack was sparked by an alleged incident involving a young Black man and a white woman in an elevator, but it was rooted in deeper racial tensions and resentment of Black economic success.

The aftermath of the massacre saw broken promises of rebuilding and restitution from local white leaders. These unfulfilled commitments have contributed to the long-lasting economic disparities that persist in Tulsa to this day. The destruction of wealth and property during the massacre has had intergenerational effects, preventing many Black families from accumulating wealth, obtaining education, and establishing deep roots in their community.

Today, as the United States grapples with ongoing racial issues, including police brutality, economic inequality, and voting rights, the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the country's troubled history of racial violence. Many Americans remain unaware of this tragic event, highlighting the need for greater education and acknowledgment of historical injustices.

The centennial of the massacre has brought renewed attention to Greenwood's history and its lasting impact. Survivors and descendants of the massacre continue to seek justice and recognition. Recent efforts to excavate potential mass graves and calls for reparations underscore the ongoing quest for closure and healing.

As Tulsa and the nation reflect on this dark chapter, the legacy of the Greenwood massacre serves as a powerful testament to the resilience of the Black community and a sobering reminder of the work still needed to address systemic racism and its long-term consequences. The story of Greenwood Avenue is not just about the past; it is intricately woven into the fabric of present-day Tulsa and America's ongoing struggle for racial equality and justice.
The Enduring Impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century Later

One hundred years after one of America's worst racist attacks, the massacre on Greenwood Avenue continues to cast a long shadow over Tulsa, Oklahoma. The events of May 31 to June 1, 1921, when a white mob destroyed the thriving Black community known as "Black Wall Street," remain a painful and often overlooked chapter in U.S. history.

The Greenwood district, a prosperous Black neighborhood that had emerged at the turn of the 20th century, was reduced to ashes in a matter of hours. Hundreds of Black Tulsans were killed, and thousands more were left homeless as white mobs, deputized and armed by the local government, pillaged and burned the area. The destruction was not just physical; it represented the obliteration of generational wealth and opportunity for Tulsa's Black residents.

A century later, the effects of this brutal attack continue to reverberate through Tulsa's Black community. The promises of rebuilding and restitution made by local white leaders in the aftermath of the massacre largely went unfulfilled, leaving a legacy of economic disparity that persists to this day. The destruction of Black-owned homes and businesses effectively reset the community's economic progress, creating a wealth gap that has been difficult to overcome.

The massacre's impact extends beyond economics. It has left deep psychological scars on survivors and their descendants, who have had to grapple with the trauma of the event and its subsequent erasure from public memory for decades. Only in recent years has there been a concerted effort to acknowledge and teach about the massacre in Oklahoma schools and beyond.

The centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre comes at a time when America is once again confronting its history of racial violence and systemic racism. The event serves as a stark reminder of the long-term consequences of racial hatred and the importance of addressing historical injustices. It also highlights the ongoing struggles for racial equality, as seen in current debates over police reform, economic disparities, and voting rights.

As Tulsa and the nation reflect on this dark chapter, there are renewed calls for justice and reparations for the survivors and descendants of the massacre. These efforts face challenges, but they represent an important step in acknowledging the past and working towards healing and reconciliation.

The massacre on Greenwood Avenue stands as a testament to the resilience of Tulsa's Black community, which has persevered despite overwhelming odds. It also serves as a sobering reminder of the work that remains to be done in addressing racial inequities and ensuring that such atrocities are never repeated.

As America grapples with its complex racial history, the story of Greenwood and the Tulsa Race Massacre offers important lessons about the long-term impacts of racial violence and the ongoing struggle for justice and equality. It challenges us to confront uncomfortable truths about our past and to work towards a more equitable future for all Americans.
The Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century of Unresolved Trauma and Persistent Inequality

One hundred years after one of the most horrific episodes of racial violence in American history, the scars of the Tulsa Race Massacre continue to shape the lives of residents in the Oklahoma city. The attack on Greenwood Avenue, once a thriving Black community known as "Black Wall Street," remains a painful reminder of the devastating consequences of racism and the long-lasting impact of such atrocities.

On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob, aided by the Tulsa Police Department, descended upon the Greenwood district, burning homes and businesses to the ground and killing hundreds of Black residents. The 18-hour rampage obliterated a prosperous Black neighborhood that had become a symbol of African American economic success and self-sufficiency in the face of Jim Crow segregation.

The destruction of Greenwood was not an isolated incident but part of a broader pattern of racial violence that plagued the United States at the turn of the 20th century. However, the scale and brutality of the Tulsa massacre set it apart, leaving an indelible mark on the city's history and the lives of its Black residents for generations to come.

In the aftermath of the massacre, promises of rebuilding and restitution went largely unfulfilled. The failure to address the injustices perpetrated during those two days in 1921 has contributed to persistent economic and social disparities in Tulsa. Many descendants of massacre survivors argue that the wealth and opportunities stolen from their ancestors continue to impact their lives today, creating a cycle of inequality that has proven difficult to break.

The legacy of the massacre extends beyond economic repercussions. It has left a deep psychological wound in the Black community of Tulsa, with trauma passed down through generations. Many residents speak of the constant reminder of what was lost and the ongoing struggle for recognition and justice.

In recent years, there has been a growing movement to acknowledge and address the lasting effects of the Tulsa Race Massacre. The renaming of the 1921 Race Riot Commission to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission reflects a shift in understanding the true nature of the event. However, some argue that these efforts, while important, fall short of providing meaningful restitution to the survivors and their descendants.

The centennial of the massacre has brought renewed attention to this dark chapter in American history. It serves as a stark reminder of the need to confront the country's past and present struggles with racial violence and inequality. As the nation grapples with ongoing issues of police brutality, economic disparity, and voting rights, the story of Greenwood Avenue stands as a powerful testament to the long-term consequences of unchecked racism and the importance of addressing historical injustices.

For many in Tulsa, particularly in the Black community, the impact of the massacre is not confined to history books but is a lived reality. As the city and the nation reflect on this somber anniversary, there is a growing call for concrete action to address the lingering effects of the massacre and to ensure that the lessons of Greenwood are not forgotten.

The story of the Tulsa Race Massacre and its enduring impact underscores the complex and often painful process of racial reconciliation in America. It challenges us to consider how the echoes of past violence continue to reverberate through our society and what steps must be taken to heal these deep-seated wounds and create a more just and equitable future for all.
The Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century Later, Its Impact Still Reverberates

One hundred years after one of the most horrific episodes of racial violence in American history, the scars of the Tulsa Race Massacre continue to shape the lives of residents in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The attack on Greenwood Avenue, once known as "Black Wall Street," remains a painful reminder of the destructive power of racism and the long-lasting consequences of such brutality.

On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob, deputized and armed by the local government, descended upon the thriving Black community of Greenwood. Over 18 hours, they systematically destroyed homes, businesses, and lives, leaving a once-prosperous neighborhood in ruins. The official death toll remains disputed, but historians estimate that hundreds of Black Tulsans lost their lives in the violence.

The Greenwood district had been a symbol of Black economic success and self-sufficiency, a rare oasis in the segregated South where African Americans could build wealth and community. Its destruction was not just a physical erasure but also an attempt to obliterate the promise of Black prosperity and independence.

A century later, the effects of the massacre are still palpable in Tulsa. The generational wealth that might have been passed down was obliterated in a single night of terror. Promises of rebuilding and restitution, made in the aftermath by white civic leaders, largely went unfulfilled. The economic disparities created by the massacre have persisted, contributing to ongoing racial inequalities in Tulsa and beyond.

The massacre's impact extends far beyond economics. It has left a deep psychological wound on the Black community of Tulsa, with trauma passed down through generations. Many descendants of survivors speak of the pain and anger they inherited, along with a determination to seek justice and recognition for what their ancestors endured.

In recent years, there has been a growing movement to acknowledge and reckon with the events of 1921. The massacre, long overlooked in many history books, is now being taught more widely in schools. Efforts to locate mass graves and identify victims have gained momentum, offering some hope for closure to families who lost loved ones.

However, the path to healing and reconciliation remains complex. Debates over reparations continue, with survivors and their descendants arguing that the destruction of wealth and opportunity cannot be undone without significant financial compensation. Meanwhile, some Tulsans worry that increased attention on the massacre might be exploited for tourism rather than genuine healing.

The centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre comes at a time of national reckoning over racial injustice. The echoes of Greenwood can be heard in contemporary discussions about police violence, economic inequality, and voting rights. The massacre serves as a stark reminder of how racial violence and discrimination have shaped the American landscape, creating disparities that persist to this day.

As Tulsa grapples with its past and charts its future, the legacy of Greenwood Avenue stands as both a warning and a call to action. It underscores the need for continued vigilance against racial hatred and the importance of preserving and celebrating Black cultural and economic achievements. The story of the Tulsa Race Massacre, painful as it is, must be told and retold, ensuring that future generations understand the full scope of American history and the ongoing struggle for racial justice.

A hundred years may have passed, but for many in Tulsa, the events of 1921 feel ever-present. As the nation watches and reflects, the resilience of the Greenwood community and its descendants serves as a powerful testament to the enduring spirit of those who refuse to let their history be erased or forgotten.
The Enduring Impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century of Pain and Resilience

One hundred years after one of America's most horrific acts of racial violence, the scars of the Tulsa Race Massacre continue to shape the lives of residents in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The destruction of Greenwood Avenue, once known as "Black Wall Street," remains a painful reminder of the devastating consequences of racism and the long-lasting effects of targeted violence against Black communities.

On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob, aided by the predominantly white Tulsa Police Department, descended upon the thriving Black neighborhood of Greenwood. Over 18 hours, they burned homes and businesses to the ground, killing hundreds of Black residents and leaving thousands more displaced. The prosperous community that had been a symbol of Black economic success was reduced to ashes.

The massacre was not an isolated incident but part of a broader pattern of racial violence that plagued the United States at the turn of the 20th century. However, what sets the Tulsa Race Massacre apart is the scale of destruction and the deliberate attempt to erase it from public memory. For decades, the event was largely omitted from history books and public discourse, leaving generations of Tulsans and Americans unaware of this dark chapter in the nation's history.

Today, as the country grapples with ongoing racial injustice and debates over voting rights, the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the long-term consequences of systemic racism. The destruction of Greenwood not only resulted in immediate loss of life and property but also had far-reaching effects on generational wealth, educational opportunities, and community development for Black Tulsans.

Descendants of massacre survivors continue to feel the impact of the violence that occurred a century ago. Many families were never able to recover the wealth and property lost during the attack, creating a cycle of economic disadvantage that persists to this day. The trauma of the event has been passed down through generations, affecting the mental health and well-being of community members.

In recent years, there has been a growing movement to acknowledge and address the lasting impact of the massacre. The renaming of the 1921 Race Riot Commission to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission reflects a shift in understanding the true nature of the event. However, many residents and descendants of survivors argue that acknowledgment alone is not enough and that concrete actions must be taken to address the ongoing inequities stemming from the massacre.

As Tulsa commemorates the centennial of this tragic event, the city faces difficult questions about how to reconcile its past with its present and future. While some see the increased attention as an opportunity for healing and reconciliation, others worry that the suffering of survivors and their descendants is being exploited for tourism and economic gain.

The Tulsa Race Massacre remains a powerful example of how racist violence can have long-lasting impacts on communities. It underscores the importance of confronting historical injustices and working towards meaningful reparations and systemic change. As the nation continues to grapple with issues of racial equity and justice, the lessons of Greenwood Avenue serve as a solemn reminder of the work that still needs to be done to address the enduring legacy of racism in America.
## The Scars of Greenwood: Tulsa's Race Massacre Still Haunts a Century Later

A century after the Tulsa Race Massacre, the scars of that horrific event run deep through the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma.  The Greenwood district, once a thriving Black community known as "Black Wall Street," was systematically destroyed by a white mob on May 31 and June 1, 1921.  The massacre, fueled by racial hatred and a false accusation against a Black man, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Black Tulsans, the destruction of over 1,200 homes, and the decimation of a vibrant economic center.

While the official death toll remains disputed, historians estimate that between 300 and 3000 Black residents perished in the violence. The massacre was a brutal display of racial terror, with white mobs armed by the Tulsa Police Department, who actively participated in the attack.  The Greenwood community, which had built a successful and self-sufficient economy, was left in ruins, its residents displaced and traumatized.

The impact of the massacre continues to reverberate through Tulsa today.  The Greenwood district, though slowly rebuilding, still bears the physical and emotional scars of that dark chapter in American history.  The economic disparity between Black and white Tulsans remains stark, a testament to the lasting damage inflicted by the massacre.

"The Tulsa Race Massacre wasn't just a historical event; it's a living legacy that continues to shape our city," said local historian Dr.  [Name]. "The loss of life, property, and generational wealth has had a profound impact on the Black community in Tulsa, and we are still working to overcome the consequences of that violence."

The city of Tulsa has taken steps to acknowledge and address the legacy of the massacre.  A memorial has been erected in Greenwood, and the Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission has been established to promote education and healing.  However, many residents feel that more needs to be done to ensure justice and reconciliation.

"We need to see concrete action to address the systemic racism that fueled the massacre," said [Name], a descendant of massacre survivors. "We need economic empowerment, educational opportunities, and a commitment to building a more equitable future for all Tulsans."


The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the enduring legacy of racial violence in America.  As the nation grapples with its history of injustice, it is crucial to remember the victims of Greenwood and to work towards a future where such atrocities are never repeated. 
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## The Scars of Greenwood: Tulsa's Race Massacre Still Haunts a Century Later

A century after the horrific Tulsa Race Massacre, the scars of that brutal event continue to run deep through the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma.  On May 31st and June 1st, 1921, a white mob, deputized by the local government, descended upon the thriving Black community of Greenwood, also known as "Black Wall Street."  What followed was 18 hours of unimaginable violence, leaving hundreds dead, thousands homeless, and a once-vibrant neighborhood in ashes.

The massacre, sparked by a false accusation against a Black man, Dick Rowland, exposed the deep-seated racism and racial terror that plagued America at the turn of the 20th century. Greenwood, a beacon of Black economic success, was systematically destroyed, with over 1,200 homes, businesses, churches, and institutions reduced to rubble.

While the official death toll remains disputed, historians estimate that hundreds of Black Tulsans perished in the violence. The true extent of the devastation, both physical and emotional, continues to be unearthed as new research sheds light on this dark chapter in American history.

The impact of the massacre reverberates through generations. Descendants of survivors still grapple with the loss of their ancestors, the destruction of their heritage, and the lasting economic and social consequences.  

"The Tulsa Race Massacre wasn't just a historical event; it's a living legacy that we experience every day," says Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors. "The same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are now leveraging the suffering of the survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism."

The city of Tulsa has made efforts to acknowledge and address the massacre, establishing a memorial and commission dedicated to its remembrance. However, many argue that more needs to be done to ensure justice and reparations for the victims and their families.

The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the enduring legacy of racial violence in America. It is a story that must be told, remembered, and learned from to prevent such atrocities from ever happening again. 


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## The Scars of Greenwood: Tulsa's Race Massacre Still Haunts a Century Later

A century after the Tulsa Race Massacre, the scars of that horrific event run deep through the city's soul. What began as a confrontation between a Black man and a white woman in an elevator spiraled into an 18-hour reign of terror, leaving hundreds dead, thousands homeless, and a thriving Black community, known as "Black Wall Street," in ashes. 

On May 31st and June 1st, 1921, a white mob, armed and deputized by the Tulsa Police Department, descended upon Greenwood, a neighborhood that had flourished as a center of Black economic and cultural life. Homes, businesses, churches, and even a hospital were reduced to rubble. The violence, fueled by racial hatred and economic jealousy, left an indelible mark on Tulsa and its residents.

While the official death toll remains disputed, estimates range from dozens to hundreds. The true extent of the devastation is still being uncovered, with recent archaeological discoveries revealing the scale of the destruction. 

The massacre's impact extends far beyond the immediate casualties. The destruction of Greenwood wiped out generations of Black wealth and prosperity. The community, which had boasted a thriving business district, skilled professionals, and a strong sense of self-reliance, was shattered. 

The trauma of the massacre continues to resonate through Tulsa today. Many descendants of survivors still grapple with the loss of their ancestors, their homes, and their history. The scars of the past are visible in the economic disparities that persist between Black and white Tulsans, and in the ongoing struggle for racial justice.

In recent years, there has been a renewed effort to acknowledge and address the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre.  A state commission was established to investigate the massacre, and a memorial has been erected in Greenwood to honor the victims. 

However, the fight for justice and reparations continues. Many survivors and their descendants are demanding accountability from the city and state for the atrocities committed against their community. They are calling for financial compensation, the return of stolen property, and a commitment to addressing the systemic racism that allowed the massacre to happen in the first place.

The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the fragility of democracy and the enduring legacy of racial violence in America. It is a story that must be told, remembered, and learned from, so that such atrocities are never repeated. 


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##  A Century Later, the Scars of Greenwood's Massacre Still Run Deep

**Tulsa, Oklahoma** - A century has passed since the horrific events of the Tulsa Race Massacre, yet the wounds inflicted on Greenwood, a thriving Black community also known as "Black Wall Street," remain deeply etched in the hearts and minds of its residents.  On May 31st and June 1st, 1921, a white mob, fueled by racial hatred and a false accusation, descended upon Greenwood, burning down over 35 blocks of the district, destroying over 1,200 homes, businesses, churches, and institutions. 

The massacre, spurred by a rumor of an altercation between a Black man and a white woman, saw hundreds of Black Tulsans brutally murdered.  The violence was not simply the act of a mob; it was sanctioned by the city's authorities, who deputized white civilians and provided them with weapons. The Tulsa Police Department, overwhelmingly white at the time, actively participated in the destruction, leaving a legacy of mistrust and pain that resonates to this day.

While the official death toll remains contested, historians estimate that hundreds were killed, with many bodies never recovered.  The massacre decimated Greenwood's economic heart, wiping out Black-owned businesses and shattering the community's sense of security and prosperity.

The trauma of the massacre continues to reverberate through generations. Descendants of survivors struggle with the loss of their ancestors' wealth, the displacement from their ancestral homes, and the psychological scars left by the violence.  

“The Tulsa Race Massacre was not just a historical event; it’s a living memory,” said Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors. “We live with the consequences of that violence every day.”

The city of Tulsa has made some efforts to acknowledge and address the massacre's legacy.  In recent years, a memorial has been erected in Greenwood, and the state has established a commission to investigate the massacre and its aftermath. However, many residents feel that these efforts are insufficient and that true justice requires more tangible reparations and a genuine commitment to addressing systemic racism.

The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the enduring legacy of racial violence in America. It underscores the urgent need to confront the nation's past and work towards a future where all citizens are treated with dignity and respect.


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##  The Scars of 1921: Tulsa's Greenwood Still Feels the Weight of Racial Terror

A century after the Tulsa Race Massacre, the scars of racial violence run deep in the city's soul.  What began as an inflammatory encounter between a Black man and a white woman in an elevator erupted into a horrifying 18-hour rampage of arson, looting, and murder, leaving Greenwood, Tulsa's thriving Black community, in ashes. 

Known as "Black Wall Street," Greenwood boasted a vibrant economy and cultural life, with Black-owned businesses, schools, churches, and a hospital. But on May 31, 1921, this beacon of Black success was ruthlessly extinguished by a white mob, deputized by the Tulsa Police Department and armed with weapons provided by local authorities. 

The massacre resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Black residents, the destruction of over 1,200 homes, and the obliteration of countless businesses. While the official death toll remains debated, the true number of victims is likely far higher, lost to history's silence. 

The wounds inflicted on Greenwood extend far beyond the physical destruction. The massacre shattered the community's economic foundation, leaving generations to grapple with the lasting effects of racial inequality.  

"The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence 100 years ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities," said Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors.

The trauma of the massacre continues to reverberate through Tulsa today.  Descendants of survivors carry the weight of their ancestors' suffering, while many residents still feel the sting of systemic racism that continues to plague their city.

Despite the passage of time, the fight for justice and remembrance continues.  The establishment of the 1921 Race Massacre Commission is a testament to the community's unwavering determination to unearth the truth and ensure that the horrors of that week are never forgotten.

The legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the fragility of justice and the enduring power of racial hatred. It is a call to action, urging us to confront the systemic racism that continues to plague our nation and to work tirelessly for a more just and equitable future for all. 


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**The Forgotten Massacre of Tulsa: Uncovering the Dark History of America's Black Wall Street**

One hundred years ago, on June 1, 1921, a devastating event shook the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma, leaving behind a trail of destruction and death. The Tulsa Race Massacre, as it has come to be known, was a brutal attack on the predominantly Black Greenwood neighborhood, which was then thriving as a hub of Black economic and cultural activity. The massacre, which lasted for 18 hours, resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, the destruction of over 1,200 homes, and the devastation of more than 60 Black-owned businesses.

The roots of the massacre can be traced back to a single incident: a confrontation between a Black man named Dick Rowland and a white woman in an elevator. However, the true extent of the violence was not limited to this incident. White mobs, deputized by the local government, descended upon the Greenwood neighborhood, burning homes and businesses to the ground. The attacks were relentless, with residents being brutally killed, their homes and businesses looted, and their life's possessions destroyed.

Despite the passage of time, the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre continues to have a profound impact on the community. Many survivors and their descendants are still struggling to rebuild their lives, and the trauma of the event continues to be felt today. In recent years, there has been a growing effort to acknowledge the truth of the massacre and to provide justice for the victims and their families.

In 2021, the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held a hearing on the centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre. The hearing brought together survivors, community leaders, and lawmakers to discuss the ongoing impact of the event and to explore ways to provide justice and reparations to the victims and their families.

One of the key takeaways from the hearing was the importance of acknowledging the truth of the massacre and its ongoing impact on the community. "Hundreds of Greenwood residents were brutally killed, their homes and businesses wiped out," said Congresswoman Ross. "Residents were left without homes and their life's possessions."

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a stark reminder of the dark history of racial violence in America. It is a painful reminder of the ways in which racism and violence have prevented families from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. As we continue to grapple with the ongoing racial reckoning in America, it is essential that we acknowledge the truth of this event and work towards providing justice and reparations to the victims and their families.

Today, the city of Tulsa is still grappling with the legacy of the massacre. While the city has made efforts to acknowledge the event and to provide some measure of justice, much work remains to be done. As Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said in a recent interview, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism."

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a powerful reminder of the need for accountability and justice in America. It is a call to action, urging us to confront the dark history of racial violence and to work towards a more just and equitable society for all.
## The Scars of Greenwood: How the Tulsa Race Massacre Still Haunts a City 

A century has passed since the horrific events of May 31st and June 1st, 1921, when a white mob descended upon Greenwood, a thriving Black community in Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as "Black Wall Street." This brutal attack, now recognized as the Tulsa Race Massacre, left a lasting scar on the city, its Black residents, and the nation's conscience. 

The massacre, ignited by a false accusation of assault against a white woman, resulted in the destruction of over 1,200 homes, countless businesses, and the deaths of hundreds of Black Tulsans. The violence, fueled by racial hatred and a disregard for Black lives, was not only a tragedy in itself but also a devastating blow to the economic and social progress of Greenwood. 

While the massacre has been documented in history books, its impact continues to resonate in the lives of Tulsa residents today. Descendants of survivors carry the weight of their ancestors' trauma, facing the lingering effects of lost wealth, generational poverty, and systemic racism. 

"My family lost everything in the massacre," said Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors. "And our descendants do not."  Amusan, like many others, points to the city's failure to adequately address the aftermath of the massacre, leaving generations of Black Tulsans struggling to rebuild what was lost.  

The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the enduring legacy of racial violence in America. It underscores the need for continued efforts to confront systemic racism, address economic inequities, and ensure justice for victims of past atrocities. 

As the country grapples with its own reckoning with racial injustice, the story of Greenwood serves as a powerful call to action. It is a reminder that the wounds of the past are not easily healed, and that true progress requires confronting the systemic issues that continue to perpetuate inequality. 

The city of Tulsa is taking steps to acknowledge and address the massacre's legacy. In 2021, the city established the 1921 Race Massacre Commission to investigate the events and recommend reparations for survivors and their descendants. 

However, the road to healing is long and complex. The scars of Greenwood remain deeply etched in the city's fabric, a constant reminder of the need for continued vigilance against racism and the pursuit of a more just and equitable future. 

## The Shadow of Greenwood: How the Tulsa Massacre Still Haunts a City

A century has passed since the Tulsa Race Massacre, but the scars of that horrific event still run deep in the heart of Tulsa, Oklahoma.  On May 31, 1921, a white mob, empowered by the Tulsa Police Department, descended upon Greenwood, a thriving Black community known as "Black Wall Street,"  burning it to the ground. 

The massacre, sparked by a fabricated accusation of a Black man assaulting a white woman, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Black residents, the destruction of over 1,200 homes, dozens of businesses, and critical institutions like churches, schools, and hospitals. The brutality inflicted upon Greenwood was a stark reminder of the systemic racism and violence deeply embedded in America’s history. 

While the nation struggles with current issues like police brutality, racial economic inequity, and voting rights restrictions, the Tulsa Massacre stands as a stark testament to the enduring legacy of racial violence. It serves as a chilling reminder of how racism can manifest in devastating and brutal ways, erasing generations of progress and leaving behind a legacy of pain and trauma.

The massacre’s impact on Tulsa's Black community is undeniable.  Descendants of survivors continue to bear the weight of the event, struggling with the loss of family, property, and opportunity.  The destruction of Greenwood robbed generations of Black Tulsans of the chance to build wealth and create a stable future.  Many are still grappling with the lack of justice and the systemic barriers that continue to impede their progress.

Even today, the city's landscape reflects the deep divisions created by the massacre.  The economic gap between white and Black communities persists, with a stark disparity in access to resources and opportunities.  While Tulsa has attempted to address the past, the healing process is far from complete.  The city's efforts to acknowledge and address the lasting impact of the massacre are often met with resistance from some who seek to downplay or ignore its significance.

The Tulsa Massacre is a story that must not be forgotten.  It serves as a critical reminder of the devastating consequences of racism and the urgent need for racial justice. The city of Tulsa, and the nation as a whole, must continue to confront its past, acknowledge the pain and suffering inflicted upon the Black community, and work towards creating a more equitable future.  Only then can the shadow of Greenwood truly begin to fade. 

Title: The Greenwood Massacre: A Century of Racial Violence and its Impact on Tulsa, Oklahoma

A hundred years ago, the Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as Black Wall Street, was burned to the ground by a white mob, with the Tulsa Police Department joining in the attack. The massacre, which took place over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, left dozens dead and destroyed homes and businesses in the thriving Black-dominated neighborhood. The Greenwood district had sprung up at the start of the 20th century on the northern side of Tulsa, separated by a railroad track from the city's White-dominated part on the south.

The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence 100 years ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. The attacks on Greenwood raged over two days, with a white mob of looters and arsonists leaving a trail of destruction in their wake. The Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma, had flourished as a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people. But on June 1, in what became known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, white mobs set it on fire, destroying homes and businesses and leaving dozens dead.

The other thing that happened post-massacre - there were a lot of promises made by local leaders, these are white men, about rebuilding the Greenwood community, and they didn't really materialize. The short- and medium-run effects of the massacre on Black Tulsans' home ownership and occupational status are still being felt today. The Tulsa Race Massacre Commission has changed the name to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission, acknowledging the feelings and interpretation of those who experienced this devastation, as well as current area residents and historical scholars.

Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said in his statement, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism." In a May 29, 2020, report entitled "Continuing Injustice: The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre," Human Rights Watch put the Tulsa Race Massacre in the context of the broader racial violence that occurred at the turn of the 20th century.

The Tulsa Race Massacre still has a significant impact on the residents of Tulsa, Oklahoma, and serves as a reminder of the country's fraught history over racial violence. As the country grapples with a current-day racial reckoning to confront accusations of police abuse of minorities, racial economic inequity, and contentious debates over newly enacted voting restrictions that critics say are aimed at curbing the turnout of Black and Hispanic voters to limit their influence, the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the need for justice and reconciliation.
Title: The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century of Racial Violence and Economic Inequality

A hundred years ago, the Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as Black Wall Street, was burned to the ground by a white mob, with the assistance of the virtually all-white Tulsa Police Department. The massacre, which took place over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, left dozens dead, homes and businesses destroyed, and a community shattered. The Greenwood district, a thriving Black-dominated neighborhood that had sprung up at the start of the 20th century on the northern side of Tulsa, separated by a railroad track from the city’s White-dominated part on the south, was a symbol of Black economic and cultural success. However, the massacre exposed the fragility of that success and the depths of racial violence in America.

The Tulsa Race Massacre was sparked by an encounter between a Black man, named Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. The incident led to a confrontation between a group of armed Black men, who had gathered to protect Rowland from a lynch mob, and a white mob that had gathered outside the courthouse where Rowland was being held. The confrontation escalated into a full-scale attack on Greenwood, with white mobs setting fire to homes and businesses, looting and destroying property, and killing Black residents.

The aftermath of the massacre was marked by a lack of justice and accountability. Local leaders, who had promised to rebuild the Greenwood community, failed to materialize those promises. Instead, the community was left to rebuild on its own, with limited resources and support. The economic impact of the massacre was devastating, with Black residents losing their homes, businesses, and life savings. The trauma of the massacre was also long-lasting, with survivors and their descendants still grappling with the legacy of racial violence and economic inequality.

The Tulsa Race Massacre is an episode in America’s fraught history over racial violence that many Americans have little awareness of. However, the current-day racial reckoning has brought renewed attention to the massacre and its impact on the residents of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The massacre serves as a stark reminder of the ways that racism and violence have prevented families from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. It also highlights the ongoing struggle for justice and accountability in the face of racial violence and economic inequality.

In recent years, there have been efforts to acknowledge and address the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre. The Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission was established to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the massacre and to promote education and awareness about the event. The commission has also worked to support the survivors and descendants of the massacre, who have been fighting for justice and reparations for decades.

The legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre is a reminder of the ongoing struggle for racial justice and equality in America. It is a call to action for all Americans to confront the legacy of racial violence and economic inequality and to work towards a more just and equitable society. As Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said in his testimony, “Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism.” It is time for America to acknowledge and address the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre and to work towards a future where justice and equality are a reality for all.
Title: The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century of Racial Violence and Injustice

A hundred years ago, the Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as Black Wall Street, was burned to the ground in one of America's worst racist attacks. The virtually all-white Tulsa Police Department joined in the attack, deputizing white mobs and providing them with arms. The massacre left dozens dead and destroyed homes and businesses in the thriving Black-dominated neighborhood that had sprung up at the start of the 20th century on the northern side of Tulsa, separated by a railroad track from the city's White-dominated part on the south.

To this day, what happened in Tulsa is an episode in the country's fraught history over racial violence that many Americans have little awareness of, even as the country grapples with a current-day racial reckoning to confront accusations of police abuse of minorities, racial economic inequity, and contentious debates over newly enacted voting restrictions that critics say are aimed at curbing the turnout of Black and Hispanic voters to limit their influence.

The Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma had flourished as a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people. But on June 1, in what became known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, white mobs set it on fire, destroying homes and businesses and leaving dozens dead. The attacks on Greenwood raged over two days, leaving a trail of destruction and devastation that would take decades to recover from.

After the massacre, there were many promises made by local leaders about rebuilding the Greenwood community, but they didn't materialize. Instead, the Greenwood residents were left to pick up the pieces of their shattered lives and rebuild on their own. The Greenwood district never fully recovered from the destruction of the massacre, and the economic impact of the violence was felt for generations.

The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence 100 years ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said in his statement, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism."

In response to the Tulsa Race Massacre, Congresswoman Ross said, "On March 19, the House Judiciary Committee heard from three survivors of the Tulsa Race Massacre about its continuing effects on their lives." The House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held a hearing entitled "Continuing Injustice: The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre." The dialogue about the reasons and effects of the terms "riot" vs. "massacre" are very important and encouraged, but the feelings and interpretation of those who experienced this devastation, as well as current area residents and historical scholars, have led us to more appropriately change the name to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission.

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a stark reminder of the ongoing legacy of racial violence and injustice in America. It is a call to action for all Americans to confront the past and work towards a more just and equitable future. Justice must be served, and the voices of those who have suffered must be heard.
Title: The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre: A Century of Racial Violence and Inequity

The Tulsa Race Massacre, which took place a century ago, remains a dark and harrowing chapter in American history. On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob descended on Greenwood, a thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, that was known as "Black Wall Street," and burned it to the ground. The attack left dozens dead and destroyed homes and businesses built by Black people for Black people.

The Greenwood community had sprung up at the start of the 20th century on the northern side of Tulsa, separated by a railroad track from the city's White-dominated part on the south. The massacre took place after an encounter with a Black man, named Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. The virtually all-white Tulsa Police Department joined in the attack, deputizing white mobs and providing them with arms.

The Greenwood massacre is an episode in the country's fraught history over racial violence that many Americans have little awareness of. The impact of the massacre on the residents of Tulsa, Okla., is still felt today. The promises made by local leaders about rebuilding the Greenwood community did not materialize. The Black Tulsans who survived the attack were left without homes and their life's possessions.

The assault on Greenwood raged over two days. The Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma, had flourished as a neighborhood built by Black people, for Black people. The white mob burned down 35 blocks of the Black community of Greenwood, including more than 1,200 homes, a dozen or more churches, more than 60 Black-owned businesses, a school, a hospital, and a library.

The effects of the massacre on Black Tulsans are still being felt today. Researchers have found that the massacre had a significant impact on Black Tulsans' home ownership and occupational status in the short and medium run. The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence 100 years ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities.

Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said in his testimony, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 is leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism." In response to the massacre, the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held a hearing entitled "Continuing Injustice: The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre." The dialogue about the reasons and effects of the massacre is very important and encouraged, but current area residents and historical scholars have led the name to be more appropriately changed to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission.

In Tulsa, this includes not just victims of the massacre, but also the descendants of those who suffered through the massacre every day. The massacre highlights the ongoing impact of racism and violence on Black communities. The Tulsa Race Massacre remains a stark reminder of the need for reparations and justice for the victims and their descendants.

The legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre is a century of racial violence and inequity. The massacre and its aftermath demonstrate the need for ongoing efforts to address systemic racism and ensure that all Americans are treated equally under the law. The legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre is a call to action for all Americans to confront the past and work toward a more just and equitable future.
Title: "The Haunting Legacy of the Greenwood Avenue Massacre: Tulsa, Oklahoma's Gruesome History"

A century after the atrocity on Greenwood Avenue, the echoes of one of America's worst racist attacks still resonate among the residents of Tulsa, Oklahoma. This neighborhood, once synonymous with the flourishing African American business district known as "Black Wall Street," was reduced to ashes over two terrifying days in 1921. The impact of the Tulsa Race Massacre continues to cast a long shadow on the city's history and its ongoing struggle with racial reconciliation.

Greenwood Avenue, located in the north of Tulsa, was the heart of a thriving Black community that prospered at the turn of the century. Separated by a railroad track from the predominantly White area to the south, this district had cultivated a bustling economic ecosystem, complete with homes, businesses, schools, churches, and a hospital. However, on June 1, 1921, after a white woman accused a Black man of assaulting her, the peaceful existence of Greenwood Avenue was shattered by an onslaught of violence that changed the course of history.

White mobs, emboldened by the local authorities and the Tulsa Police Department, stormed Greenwood Avenue with weapons and a murderous intent to destroy everything in sight. Homes and businesses were reduced to rubble, lives were lost, and hundreds of Black Tulsans were left homeless. This traumatic event has since been known as the Tulsa Race Massacre, a name that echoes the feelings and interpretations of survivors, current residents, and historical scholars who have all grappled with the brutality and horror of that fateful day.

The massacre is not just a dark chapter in Tulsa's history; it is a testament to America's long-standing struggle with racial violence and inequality. The Greenwood Race Massacre Commission was established to investigate the events that transpired in 1921, to provide reparations, and to ensure that such violence would never be repeated. However, the promises of rebuilding made by local leaders never materialized, leaving the Greenwood community to grapple with the aftermath of the massacre on its own.

The massacre's impact on Black Tulsans can still be felt today, as families have faced economic hardship and been denied opportunities to accumulate wealth and establish a strong presence in their community. The destruction of Greenwood Avenue, the loss of homes, and the trauma of the event have left deep scars that have prevented generations from healing fully. This has led to a cycle of poverty, inequality, and disadvantage that has persisted for decades.

Recent efforts to address the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre have sparked renewed interest in the events of 1921. The House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held hearings on the "Continuing Injustice: The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre," where the stories of survivors and the impact on their lives were shared. These testimonies have served to remind the nation of the atrocities committed a century ago and the ongoing struggle for justice for the victims and their descendants.

A century later, the city of Tulsa must confront the legacy of the Greenwood Avenue Massacre and the long-standing effects of racism and inequality. The quest for justice, the search for healing, and the need to right the wrongs of the past have become all the more urgent as the city and its residents reckon with the past.

The Greenwood race massacre is not just a story from history books; it is a vivid reminder of the continued struggle for racial equality in America. As descendants of the victims continue to demand reparations and recognition for the traumas their families have endured, it is the responsibility of the nation to listen, learn, and take meaningful action to ensure that such atrocities are never repeated. The haunting legacy of the Greenwood Avenue Massacre is a call to action for justice and equality for all, a call that must be answered if we are to truly heal as a nation.
**The Massacre on Greenwood Avenue: A Century of Unhealed Wounds in Tulsa, Oklahoma**

June 1, 2021, marks the 100th anniversary of the Tulsa Race Massacre, one of the most devastating episodes of racial violence in American history. On that fateful day, a white mob descended upon the thriving Black neighborhood of Greenwood, also known as Black Wall Street, and burned it to the ground. The attack, which lasted for 18 hours, left dozens dead, hundreds injured, and a community in ruins.

The massacre was sparked by a false accusation of a Black man, Dick Rowland, assaulting a white woman in an elevator. The incident ignited a wave of violence, as white mobs, deputized by the local government, attacked and pillaged the Greenwood community. The destruction was catastrophic: 35 blocks of homes, businesses, and institutions were reduced to ashes, leaving over 1,200 families without shelter.

The aftermath of the massacre was marked by broken promises and neglect. Local leaders, all white men, vowed to rebuild the community, but their words were empty. The city's response was inadequate, and the survivors were left to pick up the pieces on their own. The trauma inflicted on the community was profound, and its impact still resonates today.

A century later, the wounds of the massacre remain unhealed. The city of Tulsa has yet to provide adequate reparations or recognition to the survivors and their descendants. The community continues to struggle with poverty, lack of access to education and economic opportunities, and a lingering sense of mistrust towards the city's institutions.

The massacre serves as a stark reminder of the country's fraught history of racial violence and the ongoing struggle for racial justice. As the nation grapples with contemporary issues of police brutality, economic inequality, and voting rights, the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a powerful reminder of the need for accountability and reconciliation.

In recent years, there has been a growing effort to acknowledge and commemorate the massacre. In 2020, the Oklahoma State Senate officially renamed the event the "1921 Race Massacre," recognizing the gravity of the violence and its impact on the community. The city of Tulsa has also established a commission to investigate the massacre and provide recommendations for reparations.

However, many survivors and descendants feel that these efforts are insufficient. Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, has criticized the city's approach, saying, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism."

As the nation marks the centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre, it is essential to acknowledge the ongoing impact of this tragedy on the community. The massacre is not just a historical event; it is a living legacy that continues to shape the lives of Black Tulsans today. It is a reminder that the struggle for racial justice is ongoing and that true reconciliation requires more than just words – it demands action, accountability, and a commitment to healing the wounds of the past.
**The Massacre on Greenwood Avenue: A Century of Trauma and Injustice in Tulsa, Oklahoma**

June 1, 2021, marks the 100th anniversary of the Tulsa Race Massacre, one of the most devastating episodes of racial violence in American history. On that fateful day, a white mob descended upon the thriving Black neighborhood of Greenwood, Oklahoma, also known as Black Wall Street, leaving a trail of destruction and death in its wake. The attack, which lasted for 18 hours, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Black Tulsans, the destruction of over 1,200 homes, and the devastation of a community that had been built by Black people, for Black people.

The events of that day were sparked by a false accusation of assault against a Black man, Dick Rowland, by a white woman in an elevator. The incident quickly escalated into a full-blown riot, with white mobs, armed and deputized by the local government, attacking and pillaging the Greenwood community. The Tulsa Police Department, which was virtually all-white at the time, joined in the attack, providing arms and support to the mobs.

The aftermath of the massacre was marked by a lack of accountability and a failure to provide justice to the victims and their families. Despite promises from local leaders to rebuild the community, little was done to support the survivors. Many were left without homes, livelihoods, or a sense of security. The trauma of that day has been passed down through generations, with many descendants of the survivors still feeling the effects of the massacre today.

The Tulsa Race Massacre is a painful reminder of the long history of racial violence and systemic racism in the United States. It is a stark example of how racism and violence can prevent families from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. The massacre also highlights the importance of acknowledging and confronting the past, rather than trying to erase or downplay its significance.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of the Tulsa Race Massacre and its ongoing impact on the community. In 2020, the Oklahoma State Legislature officially changed the name of the event from the "Tulsa Riot" to the "Tulsa Race Massacre," acknowledging the true nature of the violence that occurred. The city of Tulsa has also established a commission to study the massacre and provide recommendations for reparations and reconciliation.

However, much work remains to be done. Many descendants of the survivors are still seeking justice and compensation for the losses they suffered. The city of Tulsa is also grappling with the legacy of the massacre, including the ongoing impact on the community's economic and social development.

As the country grapples with a current-day racial reckoning, the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a powerful reminder of the need for accountability, justice, and reconciliation. It is a painful reminder of the past, but also a call to action for a more equitable and just future.

"We will not forget the sacrifices of our ancestors," said Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors. "We will not forget the trauma that has been passed down through generations. We demand justice, and we demand it now."

The massacre on Greenwood Avenue is a painful reminder of the darkest aspects of American history, but it is also a testament to the resilience and strength of the Black community in Tulsa. As the city and the country move forward, it is essential that we acknowledge the past, confront the ongoing impacts of racism and violence, and work towards a more just and equitable future for all.
**The Massacre on Greenwood Avenue: A Legacy of Racial Violence Still Felt in Tulsa, Oklahoma**

A century has passed since the devastating Tulsa Race Massacre, a brutal attack on the city's thriving Black community of Greenwood, also known as Black Wall Street. The assault, which took place from May 31 to June 1, 1921, left hundreds dead, over 1,200 homes destroyed, and a community forever scarred. The massacre was a stark reminder of the deep-seated racial tensions that have long plagued the United States, and its impact is still felt today.

The events leading up to the massacre were sparked by a reported encounter between a Black man, Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. The incident escalated into a full-blown riot, with white mobs, armed and deputized by the local government, descending upon the Greenwood district. The attacks continued unabated for 18 hours, with homes, businesses, and places of worship being reduced to rubble.

The aftermath of the massacre was marked by a lack of accountability and a failure to provide adequate support to the victims. Local leaders promised to rebuild the community, but those promises were largely unfulfilled. The trauma inflicted upon the survivors and their descendants has been passed down through generations, with many still feeling the effects of the massacre today.

The legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre is a painful reminder of the country's fraught history of racial violence. The attack was not an isolated incident, but rather part of a broader pattern of violence and intimidation aimed at African Americans during the early 20th century. The massacre also highlights the systemic injustices that have prevented many Black families from accumulating wealth, accessing education, and building roots in their communities.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the significance of the Tulsa Race Massacre, with efforts underway to commemorate the centennial of the event. However, some have criticized the way in which the city has approached these efforts, with concerns that the focus on tourism and economic development is overshadowing the need for justice and reparations for the survivors and their descendants.

Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, has spoken out about the need for accountability and reparations. "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 is leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism," he said. "Justice must be served."

The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a powerful reminder of the ongoing struggle for racial justice in the United States. As the country grapples with issues of police brutality, economic inequality, and voting rights, it is essential that we acknowledge and learn from the lessons of the past. The massacre on Greenwood Avenue is a painful reminder of the devastating consequences of racial violence and the need for collective action to address the systemic injustices that have been perpetuated against African Americans for centuries.

In the words of Congresswoman Ross, "hundreds of Greenwood residents were brutally killed, their homes and businesses wiped out, and residents were left without homes and their life's possessions. We must acknowledge the historical injustices that have been perpetrated against the Black community and work towards a more just and equitable future for all."
**The Ghosts of Greenwood: How a Century-Old Massacre Continues to Haunt Tulsa, Oklahoma**

Tulsa, Oklahoma, is a city forever scarred by one of the most horrific episodes of racial violence in American history. Exactly 100 years ago, on June 1, 1921, a white mob descended upon the thriving Black neighborhood of Greenwood, also known as Black Wall Street, and laid it to waste. The 18-hour rampage, which began on May 31, left an estimated 300 people dead, over 1,200 homes destroyed, and a community in ruins.

The massacre was sparked by a trivial incident between a Black man, Dick Rowland, and a white woman in an elevator. The encounter escalated into a frenzy of violence, with the local police department deputizing white mobs and providing them with arms. The Greenwood community, which had been built by Black people for Black people, was left to burn.

Despite the devastation, the massacre was largely forgotten, and the city's white leaders failed to rebuild the community as promised. Instead, they turned a blind eye to the suffering of the survivors and their descendants.

Today, the remnants of the massacre still linger. Many of the survivors' descendants continue to feel the pain and trauma inflicted upon their families. Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, said, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism."

The massacre has also had long-lasting effects on the economic and social fabric of the community. Research has shown that the destruction of Black Wall Street prevented families from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities. The effects of the massacre can be seen in the persistent racial disparities in Tulsa, with Black residents facing significant barriers to economic mobility and social justice.

In recent years, efforts have been made to acknowledge and commemorate the massacre. In 2020, the Oklahoma State Senate officially recognized the event as the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, replacing the term "riot" with "massacre." The city has also established a museum and a memorial to honor the victims.

However, many residents feel that these efforts do not go far enough. Congresswoman Ross, who has been advocating for justice for the survivors and their descendants, said, "On March 19, the House Judiciary Committee heard from three survivors of the Tulsa Race Massacre about its continuing effects on their lives. It's time for our country to confront the truth about its history and provide reparations for the harm inflicted."

As the city marks the centennial of the massacre, it is clear that the ghosts of Greenwood continue to haunt Tulsa. The city's residents are still grappling with the legacy of racial violence and discrimination. It is a painful reminder that the struggle for racial justice and equality is far from over.

In the words of a descendant of a massacre survivor, "We are still living through the massacre every day." It is a powerful reminder that the past is not just a distant memory but a living, breathing reality that continues to shape the present. As America grapples with its current-day racial reckoning, the story of the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a stark reminder of the need for truth, justice, and reparations.
**The Massacre on Greenwood Avenue: A Legacy of Racial Violence and Injustice Still Haunts Tulsa, Oklahoma**

One hundred years ago, the thriving Black neighborhood of Greenwood, also known as Black Wall Street, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was brutally attacked and destroyed by a white mob, aided by the local police department. The Tulsa Race Massacre, which occurred on June 1, 1921, was one of the deadliest episodes of racial violence in American history, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Black residents and the destruction of over 35 blocks of homes, businesses, and institutions.

The violence began after a Black man, Dick Rowland, was accused of assaulting a white woman in an elevator. The incident sparked a wave of white rage, with mobs descending upon Greenwood and wreaking havoc on the community. The local police department deputized the white mobs and provided them with arms, enabling the destruction of the neighborhood.

Despite the passage of time, the effects of the massacre continue to reverberate in Tulsa today. The community, which was once a hub of Black entrepreneurship and culture, never fully recovered from the devastation. Many families were left without homes, businesses, or livelihoods, and the trauma of the event was passed down through generations.

"The Tulsa Race Massacre serves as indisputable proof of the ways that racism and violence 100 years ago have prevented families today from amassing wealth, obtaining education, and building roots in their communities," said Oklahoma State Senator Kevin Matthews, who has been a vocal advocate for justice and reparations for the survivors and descendants of the massacre.

In recent years, there has been a growing movement to confront the legacy of the massacre and to provide justice and reparations to the affected community. In 2020, the Human Rights Watch released a report entitled "The Case for Reparations in Tulsa, Oklahoma," which highlighted the lasting impact of the massacre on the economic and social mobility of Black Tulsans.

In May 2021, the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held a hearing on the centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre, during which three survivors of the massacre testified about the ongoing effects of the violence on their lives.

"We are still living through the massacre every day," said one of the survivors, whose family lost their home and business in the attack. "We need justice, and we need it now."

The struggle for justice and reparations continues in Tulsa, with many calling for concrete actions to address the ongoing legacy of the massacre. As the city marks the centennial of the massacre, it is a stark reminder of the enduring impact of racial violence and the need for accountability and redress.

In the words of Chief Egunwale Amusan, a descendant of massacre survivors, "Today, the same city responsible for the crimes of 1921 are leveraging the suffering of the three living survivors and their descendants in the name of tourism." The community demands justice, not just commemoration.

The massacre on Greenwood Avenue is a painful reminder of America's fraught history with racial violence, and the ongoing struggle for justice and equality. As the country grapples with contemporary issues of police brutality, racial economic inequity, and voting restrictions, the legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre serves as a powerful reminder of the need for collective reckoning and action.