<human>: male kid of age 1.5 years having recurrent renal pelvis calculi associated with hearing impairment and autism and branchial fistulae in the neck , he already underwent surgery for stone removal in right kidney now he is having stone in left renal pelvis . want to know why he is having stone forming tendency and how can we find it out and what treatment available for that
<bot>: Hi, Recurrent calculi may form either from an abnormal anatomy of the urinary tract, or due to abnormal handling of salts/electrolytes by the kidney. Since here it happened on both sides, the later cause is more likely. In such cases, we need a basic metabolic workup including urine pH, urine calcium excretion, serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and arterial blood gas analysis.  Also, given the association of deafness, we have to rule out a condition called RTA(renal tubular acidosis). Kindly discuss with a pediatric nephrologist. Hope I have answered your query. Let me know if I can assist you further. Take care 