text: from __future__ import unicode_literals
  
  import datetime
  import os
  from decimal import Decimal
  from unittest import skipUnless
  
  from django import forms
  from django.core.exceptions import FieldError, ImproperlyConfigured, NON_FIELD_ERRORS
  from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
  from django.core.validators import ValidationError
  from django.db import connection
  from django.db.models.query import EmptyQuerySet
  from django.forms.models import (construct_instance, fields_for_model,
      model_to_dict, modelform_factory, ModelFormMetaclass)
  from django.template import Template, Context
  from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
  from django.utils._os import upath
  from django.utils import six
  
  from .models import (Article, ArticleStatus, Author, Author1, BetterWriter, BigInt, Book,
      Category, CommaSeparatedInteger, CustomFF, CustomFieldForExclusionModel,
      DerivedBook, DerivedPost, Document, ExplicitPK, FilePathModel, FlexibleDatePost, Homepage,
      ImprovedArticle, ImprovedArticleWithParentLink, Inventory, Person, Photo, Post, Price,
      Product, Publication, TextFile, Triple, Writer, WriterProfile,
      Colour, ColourfulItem, DateTimePost, CustomErrorMessage,
      test_images, StumpJoke, Character, Student)
  
  if test_images:
      from .models import ImageFile, OptionalImageFile
  
      class ImageFileForm(forms.ModelForm):
          class Meta:
              model = ImageFile
              fields = '__all__'
  
      class OptionalImageFileForm(forms.ModelForm):
          class Meta:
              model = OptionalImageFile
              fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class ProductForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Product
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class PriceForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Price
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class BookForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Book
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class DerivedBookForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = DerivedBook
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class ExplicitPKForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = ExplicitPK
          fields = ('key', 'desc',)
  
  
  class PostForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Post
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class DerivedPostForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = DerivedPost
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class CustomWriterForm(forms.ModelForm):
      name = forms.CharField(required=False)
  
      class Meta:
          model = Writer
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class BaseCategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Category
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Article
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class RoykoForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Writer
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class ArticleStatusForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = ArticleStatus
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class InventoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Inventory
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class SelectInventoryForm(forms.Form):
      items = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name='barcode')
  
  
  class CustomFieldForExclusionForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = CustomFieldForExclusionModel
          fields = ['name', 'markup']
  
  
  class TextFileForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = TextFile
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class BigIntForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = BigInt
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class ModelFormWithMedia(forms.ModelForm):
      class Media:
          js = ('/some/form/javascript',)
          css = {
              'all': ('/some/form/css',)
          }
  
      class Meta:
          model = TextFile
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class CustomErrorMessageForm(forms.ModelForm):
      name1 = forms.CharField(error_messages={'invalid': 'Form custom error message.'})
  
      class Meta:
          fields = '__all__'
          model = CustomErrorMessage
  
  
  class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
      def test_base_form(self):
          self.assertEqual(list(BaseCategoryForm.base_fields),
                           ['name', 'slug', 'url'])
  
      def test_no_model_class(self):
          class NoModelModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
              pass
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, NoModelModelForm)
  
      def test_empty_fields_to_fields_for_model(self):
          """
          An argument of fields=() to fields_for_model should return an empty dictionary
          """
          field_dict = fields_for_model(Person, fields=())
          self.assertEqual(len(field_dict), 0)
  
      def test_empty_fields_on_modelform(self):
          """
          No fields on a ModelForm should actually result in no fields.
          """
          class EmptyPersonForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Person
                  fields = ()
  
          form = EmptyPersonForm()
          self.assertEqual(len(form.fields), 0)
  
      def test_empty_fields_to_construct_instance(self):
          """
          No fields should be set on a model instance if construct_instance receives fields=().
          """
          form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__")({'name': 'John Doe'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          instance = construct_instance(form, Person(), fields=())
          self.assertEqual(instance.name, '')
  
      def test_blank_with_null_foreign_key_field(self):
          """
          #13776 -- ModelForm's with models having a FK set to null=False and
          required=False should be valid.
          """
          class FormForTestingIsValid(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Student
                  fields = '__all__'
  
              def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                  super(FormForTestingIsValid, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
                  self.fields['character'].required = False
  
          char = Character.objects.create(username='user',
                                          last_action=datetime.datetime.today())
          data = {'study': 'Engineering'}
          data2 = {'study': 'Engineering', 'character': char.pk}
  
          # form is valid because required=False for field 'character'
          f1 = FormForTestingIsValid(data)
          self.assertTrue(f1.is_valid())
  
          f2 = FormForTestingIsValid(data2)
          self.assertTrue(f2.is_valid())
          obj = f2.save()
          self.assertEqual(obj.character, char)
  
      def test_missing_fields_attribute(self):
          message = (
              "Creating a ModelForm without either the 'fields' attribute "
              "or the 'exclude' attribute is prohibited; form "
              "MissingFieldsForm needs updating."
          )
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, message):
              class MissingFieldsForm(forms.ModelForm):
                  class Meta:
                      model = Category
  
      def test_extra_fields(self):
          class ExtraFields(BaseCategoryForm):
              some_extra_field = forms.BooleanField()
  
          self.assertEqual(list(ExtraFields.base_fields),
                           ['name', 'slug', 'url', 'some_extra_field'])
  
      def test_extra_field_model_form(self):
          try:
              class ExtraPersonForm(forms.ModelForm):
                  """ ModelForm with an extra field """
                  age = forms.IntegerField()
  
                  class Meta:
                      model = Person
                      fields = ('name', 'no-field')
          except FieldError as e:
              # Make sure the exception contains some reference to the
              # field responsible for the problem.
              self.assertIn('no-field', e.args[0])
          else:
              self.fail('Invalid "no-field" field not caught')
  
      def test_extra_declared_field_model_form(self):
          try:
              class ExtraPersonForm(forms.ModelForm):
                  """ ModelForm with an extra field """
                  age = forms.IntegerField()
  
                  class Meta:
                      model = Person
                      fields = ('name', 'age')
          except FieldError:
              self.fail('Declarative field raised FieldError incorrectly')
  
      def test_extra_field_modelform_factory(self):
          self.assertRaises(FieldError, modelform_factory,
                            Person, fields=['no-field', 'name'])
  
      def test_replace_field(self):
          class ReplaceField(forms.ModelForm):
              url = forms.BooleanField()
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          self.assertIsInstance(ReplaceField.base_fields['url'],
              forms.fields.BooleanField)
  
      def test_replace_field_variant_2(self):
          # Should have the same result as before,
          # but 'fields' attribute specified differently
          class ReplaceField(forms.ModelForm):
              url = forms.BooleanField()
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = ['url']
  
          self.assertIsInstance(ReplaceField.base_fields['url'],
              forms.fields.BooleanField)
  
      def test_replace_field_variant_3(self):
          # Should have the same result as before,
          # but 'fields' attribute specified differently
          class ReplaceField(forms.ModelForm):
              url = forms.BooleanField()
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = []  # url will still appear, since it is explicit above
  
          self.assertIsInstance(ReplaceField.base_fields['url'],
              forms.fields.BooleanField)
  
      def test_override_field(self):
          class WriterForm(forms.ModelForm):
              book = forms.CharField(required=False)
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Writer
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          wf = WriterForm({'name': 'Richard Lockridge'})
          self.assertTrue(wf.is_valid())
  
      def test_limit_nonexistent_field(self):
          expected_msg = 'Unknown field(s) (nonexistent) specified for Category'
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, expected_msg):
              class InvalidCategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
                  class Meta:
                      model = Category
                      fields = ['nonexistent']
  
      def test_limit_fields_with_string(self):
          expected_msg = "CategoryForm.Meta.fields cannot be a string. Did you mean to type: ('url',)?"
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, expected_msg):
              class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
                  class Meta:
                      model = Category
                      fields = ('url')  # note the missing comma
  
      def test_exclude_fields(self):
          class ExcludeFields(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  exclude = ['url']
  
          self.assertEqual(list(ExcludeFields.base_fields),
                           ['name', 'slug'])
  
      def test_exclude_nonexistent_field(self):
          class ExcludeFields(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  exclude = ['nonexistent']
  
          self.assertEqual(list(ExcludeFields.base_fields),
                           ['name', 'slug', 'url'])
  
      def test_exclude_fields_with_string(self):
          expected_msg = "CategoryForm.Meta.exclude cannot be a string. Did you mean to type: ('url',)?"
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, expected_msg):
              class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
                  class Meta:
                      model = Category
                      exclude = ('url')  # note the missing comma
  
      def test_exclude_and_validation(self):
          # This Price instance generated by this form is not valid because the quantity
          # field is required, but the form is valid because the field is excluded from
          # the form. This is for backwards compatibility.
          class PriceFormWithoutQuantity(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Price
                  exclude = ('quantity',)
  
          form = PriceFormWithoutQuantity({'price': '6.00'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          price = form.save(commit=False)
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              price.full_clean()
  
          # The form should not validate fields that it doesn't contain even if they are
          # specified using 'fields', not 'exclude'.
          class PriceFormWithoutQuantity(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Price
                  fields = ('price',)
          form = PriceFormWithoutQuantity({'price': '6.00'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
  
          # The form should still have an instance of a model that is not complete and
          # not saved into a DB yet.
          self.assertEqual(form.instance.price, Decimal('6.00'))
          self.assertIsNone(form.instance.quantity)
          self.assertIsNone(form.instance.pk)
  
      def test_confused_form(self):
          class ConfusedForm(forms.ModelForm):
              """ Using 'fields' *and* 'exclude'. Not sure why you'd want to do
              this, but uh, "be liberal in what you accept" and all.
              """
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = ['name', 'url']
                  exclude = ['url']
  
          self.assertEqual(list(ConfusedForm.base_fields),
                           ['name'])
  
      def test_mixmodel_form(self):
          class MixModelForm(BaseCategoryForm):
              """ Don't allow more than one 'model' definition in the
              inheritance hierarchy.  Technically, it would generate a valid
              form, but the fact that the resulting save method won't deal with
              multiple objects is likely to trip up people not familiar with the
              mechanics.
              """
              class Meta:
                  model = Article
                  fields = '__all__'
              # MixModelForm is now an Article-related thing, because MixModelForm.Meta
              # overrides BaseCategoryForm.Meta.
  
          self.assertEqual(
              list(MixModelForm.base_fields),
              ['headline', 'slug', 'pub_date', 'writer', 'article', 'categories', 'status']
          )
  
      def test_article_form(self):
          self.assertEqual(
              list(ArticleForm.base_fields),
              ['headline', 'slug', 'pub_date', 'writer', 'article', 'categories', 'status']
          )
  
      def test_bad_form(self):
          # First class with a Meta class wins...
          class BadForm(ArticleForm, BaseCategoryForm):
              pass
  
          self.assertEqual(
              list(BadForm.base_fields),
              ['headline', 'slug', 'pub_date', 'writer', 'article', 'categories', 'status']
          )
  
      def test_invalid_meta_model(self):
          class InvalidModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  pass  # no model
  
          # Can't create new form
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              InvalidModelForm()
  
          # Even if you provide a model instance
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              InvalidModelForm(instance=Category)
  
      def test_subcategory_form(self):
          class SubCategoryForm(BaseCategoryForm):
              """ Subclassing without specifying a Meta on the class will use
              the parent's Meta (or the first parent in the MRO if there are
              multiple parent classes).
              """
              pass
  
          self.assertEqual(list(SubCategoryForm.base_fields),
                           ['name', 'slug', 'url'])
  
      def test_subclassmeta_form(self):
          class SomeCategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
              checkbox = forms.BooleanField()
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          class SubclassMeta(SomeCategoryForm):
              """ We can also subclass the Meta inner class to change the fields
              list.
              """
              class Meta(SomeCategoryForm.Meta):
                  exclude = ['url']
  
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(SubclassMeta()),
              """<tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th><label for="id_slug">Slug:</label></th><td><input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th><label for="id_checkbox">Checkbox:</label></th><td><input type="checkbox" name="checkbox" id="id_checkbox" /></td></tr>"""
          )
  
      def test_orderfields_form(self):
          class OrderFields(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = ['url', 'name']
  
          self.assertEqual(list(OrderFields.base_fields),
                           ['url', 'name'])
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(OrderFields()),
              """<tr><th><label for="id_url">The URL:</label></th><td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" /></td></tr>"""
          )
  
      def test_orderfields2_form(self):
          class OrderFields2(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = ['slug', 'url', 'name']
                  exclude = ['url']
  
          self.assertEqual(list(OrderFields2.base_fields),
                           ['slug', 'name'])
  
  
  class FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = Category
          fields = ['name', 'url', 'slug']
          widgets = {
              'name': forms.Textarea,
              'url': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'url'})
          }
          labels = {
              'name': 'Title',
          }
          help_texts = {
              'slug': 'Watch out! Letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only.',
          }
          error_messages = {
              'slug': {
                  'invalid': (
                      "Didn't you read the help text? "
                      "We said letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only!"
                  )
              }
          }
  
  
  class TestFieldOverridesByFormMeta(TestCase):
      def test_widget_overrides(self):
          form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm()
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(form['name']),
              '<textarea id="id_name" rows="10" cols="40" name="name" maxlength="20"></textarea>',
          )
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(form['url']),
              '<input id="id_url" type="text" class="url" name="url" maxlength="40" />',
          )
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(form['slug']),
              '<input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" />',
          )
  
      def test_label_overrides(self):
          form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm()
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(form['name'].label_tag()),
              '<label for="id_name">Title:</label>',
          )
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(form['url'].label_tag()),
              '<label for="id_url">The URL:</label>',
          )
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(form['slug'].label_tag()),
              '<label for="id_slug">Slug:</label>',
          )
  
      def test_help_text_overrides(self):
          form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm()
          self.assertEqual(
              form['slug'].help_text,
              'Watch out! Letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only.',
          )
  
      def test_error_messages_overrides(self):
          form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm(data={
              'name': 'Category',
              'url': '/category/',
              'slug': '!%#*@',
          })
          form.full_clean()
  
          error = [
              "Didn't you read the help text? "
              "We said letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only!",
          ]
          self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'slug': error})
  
  
  class IncompleteCategoryFormWithFields(forms.ModelForm):
      """
      A form that replaces the model's url field with a custom one. This should
      prevent the model field's validation from being called.
      """
      url = forms.CharField(required=False)
  
      class Meta:
          fields = ('name', 'slug')
          model = Category
  
  
  class IncompleteCategoryFormWithExclude(forms.ModelForm):
      """
      A form that replaces the model's url field with a custom one. This should
      prevent the model field's validation from being called.
      """
      url = forms.CharField(required=False)
  
      class Meta:
          exclude = ['url']
          model = Category
  
  
  class ValidationTest(TestCase):
      def test_validates_with_replaced_field_not_specified(self):
          form = IncompleteCategoryFormWithFields(data={'name': 'some name', 'slug': 'some-slug'})
          assert form.is_valid()
  
      def test_validates_with_replaced_field_excluded(self):
          form = IncompleteCategoryFormWithExclude(data={'name': 'some name', 'slug': 'some-slug'})
          assert form.is_valid()
  
      def test_notrequired_overrides_notblank(self):
          form = CustomWriterForm({})
          assert form.is_valid()
  
  
  class UniqueTest(TestCase):
      """
      unique/unique_together validation.
      """
      def setUp(self):
          self.writer = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
  
      def test_simple_unique(self):
          form = ProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          obj = form.save()
          form = ProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'})
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ['Product with this Slug already exists.'])
          form = ProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'}, instance=obj)
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
  
      def test_unique_together(self):
          """ModelForm test of unique_together constraint"""
          form = PriceForm({'price': '6.00', 'quantity': '1'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form.save()
          form = PriceForm({'price': '6.00', 'quantity': '1'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Price with this Price and Quantity already exists.'])
  
      def test_multiple_field_unique_together(self):
          """
          When the same field is involved in multiple unique_together
          constraints, we need to make sure we don't remove the data for it
          before doing all the validation checking (not just failing after
          the first one).
          """
          class TripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Triple
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          Triple.objects.create(left=1, middle=2, right=3)
  
          form = TripleForm({'left': '1', 'middle': '2', 'right': '3'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
  
          form = TripleForm({'left': '1', 'middle': '3', 'right': '1'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
  
      @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_nullable_unique_constraints')
      def test_unique_null(self):
          title = 'I May Be Wrong But I Doubt It'
          form = BookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form.save()
          form = BookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Book with this Title and Author already exists.'])
          form = BookForm({'title': title})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form.save()
          form = BookForm({'title': title})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
  
      def test_inherited_unique(self):
          title = 'Boss'
          Book.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, special_id=1)
          form = DerivedBookForm({'title': 'Other', 'author': self.writer.pk, 'special_id': '1', 'isbn': '12345'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['special_id'], ['Book with this Special id already exists.'])
  
      def test_inherited_unique_together(self):
          title = 'Boss'
          form = BookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form.save()
          form = DerivedBookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk, 'isbn': '12345'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Book with this Title and Author already exists.'])
  
      def test_abstract_inherited_unique(self):
          title = 'Boss'
          isbn = '12345'
          DerivedBook.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, isbn=isbn)
          form = DerivedBookForm({'title': 'Other', 'author': self.writer.pk, 'isbn': isbn})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['isbn'], ['Derived book with this Isbn already exists.'])
  
      def test_abstract_inherited_unique_together(self):
          title = 'Boss'
          isbn = '12345'
          DerivedBook.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, isbn=isbn)
          form = DerivedBookForm({
              'title': 'Other',
              'author': self.writer.pk,
              'isbn': '9876',
              'suffix1': '0',
              'suffix2': '0'
          })
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'],
                           ['Derived book with this Suffix1 and Suffix2 already exists.'])
  
      def test_explicitpk_unspecified(self):
          """Test for primary_key being in the form and failing validation."""
          form = ExplicitPKForm({'key': '', 'desc': ''})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
  
      def test_explicitpk_unique(self):
          """Ensure keys and blank character strings are tested for uniqueness."""
          form = ExplicitPKForm({'key': 'key1', 'desc': ''})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form.save()
          form = ExplicitPKForm({'key': 'key1', 'desc': ''})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 3)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Explicit pk with this Key and Desc already exists.'])
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['desc'], ['Explicit pk with this Desc already exists.'])
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['key'], ['Explicit pk with this Key already exists.'])
  
      def test_unique_for_date(self):
          p = Post.objects.create(title="Django 1.0 is released",
              slug="Django 1.0", subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3))
          form = PostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['title'], ['Title must be unique for Posted date.'])
          form = PostForm({'title': "Work on Django 1.1 begins", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = PostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-04'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = PostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-01-01'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ['Slug must be unique for Posted year.'])
          form = PostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", 'posted': '2008-09-30'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['subtitle'], ['Subtitle must be unique for Posted month.'])
          form = PostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", "title": "Django 1.0 is released",
              "slug": "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-09-03'}, instance=p)
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = PostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released"})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['posted'], ['This field is required.'])
  
      def test_unique_for_date_in_exclude(self):
          """
          If the date for unique_for_* constraints is excluded from the
          ModelForm (in this case 'posted' has editable=False, then the
          constraint should be ignored.
          """
          class DateTimePostForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = DateTimePost
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          DateTimePost.objects.create(title="Django 1.0 is released",
              slug="Django 1.0", subtitle="Finally",
              posted=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 3, 10, 10, 1))
          # 'title' has unique_for_date='posted'
          form = DateTimePostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          # 'slug' has unique_for_year='posted'
          form = DateTimePostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-01-01'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          # 'subtitle' has unique_for_month='posted'
          form = DateTimePostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", 'posted': '2008-09-30'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
  
      def test_inherited_unique_for_date(self):
          p = Post.objects.create(title="Django 1.0 is released",
              slug="Django 1.0", subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3))
          form = DerivedPostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['title'], ['Title must be unique for Posted date.'])
          form = DerivedPostForm({'title': "Work on Django 1.1 begins", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = DerivedPostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-04'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = DerivedPostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-01-01'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ['Slug must be unique for Posted year.'])
          form = DerivedPostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", 'posted': '2008-09-30'})
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['subtitle'], ['Subtitle must be unique for Posted month.'])
          form = DerivedPostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", "title": "Django 1.0 is released",
              "slug": "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-09-03'}, instance=p)
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
  
      def test_unique_for_date_with_nullable_date(self):
          class FlexDatePostForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = FlexibleDatePost
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          p = FlexibleDatePost.objects.create(title="Django 1.0 is released",
              slug="Django 1.0", subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3))
  
          form = FlexDatePostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released"})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = FlexDatePostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0"})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = FlexDatePostForm({'subtitle': "Finally"})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          form = FlexDatePostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", "title": "Django 1.0 is released",
              "slug": "Django 1.0"}, instance=p)
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
  
      def test_override_unique_message(self):
          class CustomProductForm(ProductForm):
              class Meta(ProductForm.Meta):
                  error_messages = {
                      'slug': {
                          'unique': "%(model_name)s's %(field_label)s not unique.",
                      }
                  }
  
          Product.objects.create(slug='teddy-bear-blue')
          form = CustomProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'})
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ["Product's Slug not unique."])
  
      def test_override_unique_together_message(self):
          class CustomPriceForm(PriceForm):
              class Meta(PriceForm.Meta):
                  error_messages = {
                      NON_FIELD_ERRORS: {
                          'unique_together': "%(model_name)s's %(field_labels)s not unique.",
                      }
                  }
  
          Price.objects.create(price=6.00, quantity=1)
          form = CustomPriceForm({'price': '6.00', 'quantity': '1'})
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors[NON_FIELD_ERRORS], ["Price's Price and Quantity not unique."])
  
      def test_override_unique_for_date_message(self):
          class CustomPostForm(PostForm):
              class Meta(PostForm.Meta):
                  error_messages = {
                      'title': {
                          'unique_for_date': "%(model_name)s's %(field_label)s not unique for %(date_field_label)s date.",
                      }
                  }
  
          Post.objects.create(title="Django 1.0 is released",
              slug="Django 1.0", subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3))
          form = CustomPostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
          self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['title'], ["Post's Title not unique for Posted date."])
  
  
  class ModelToDictTests(TestCase):
      """
      Tests for forms.models.model_to_dict
      """
      def test_model_to_dict_many_to_many(self):
          categories = [
              Category(name='TestName1', slug='TestName1', url='url1'),
              Category(name='TestName2', slug='TestName2', url='url2'),
              Category(name='TestName3', slug='TestName3', url='url3')
          ]
          for c in categories:
              c.save()
          writer = Writer(name='Test writer')
          writer.save()
  
          art = Article(
              headline='Test article',
              slug='test-article',
              pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
              writer=writer,
              article='Hello.'
          )
          art.save()
          for c in categories:
              art.categories.add(c)
          art.save()
  
          with self.assertNumQueries(1):
              d = model_to_dict(art)
  
          # Ensure all many-to-many categories appear in model_to_dict
          for c in categories:
              self.assertIn(c.pk, d['categories'])
          # Ensure many-to-many relation appears as a list
          self.assertIsInstance(d['categories'], list)
  
      def test_reuse_prefetched(self):
          # model_to_dict should not hit the database if it can reuse
          # the data populated by prefetch_related.
          categories = [
              Category(name='TestName1', slug='TestName1', url='url1'),
              Category(name='TestName2', slug='TestName2', url='url2'),
              Category(name='TestName3', slug='TestName3', url='url3')
          ]
          for c in categories:
              c.save()
          writer = Writer(name='Test writer')
          writer.save()
  
          art = Article(
              headline='Test article',
              slug='test-article',
              pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
              writer=writer,
              article='Hello.'
          )
          art.save()
          for c in categories:
              art.categories.add(c)
  
          art = Article.objects.prefetch_related('categories').get(pk=art.pk)
  
          with self.assertNumQueries(0):
              d = model_to_dict(art)
  
          #Ensure all many-to-many categories appear in model_to_dict
          for c in categories:
              self.assertIn(c.pk, d['categories'])
          #Ensure many-to-many relation appears as a list
          self.assertIsInstance(d['categories'], list)
  
  
  class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
      def create_basic_data(self):
          self.c1 = Category.objects.create(
              name="Entertainment", slug="entertainment", url="entertainment")
          self.c2 = Category.objects.create(
              name="It's a test", slug="its-test", url="test")
          self.c3 = Category.objects.create(
              name="Third test", slug="third-test", url="third")
          self.w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
          self.w_woodward = Writer.objects.create(name='Bob Woodward')
  
      def test_base_form(self):
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.count(), 0)
          f = BaseCategoryForm()
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(f),
              """<tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th><label for="id_slug">Slug:</label></th><td><input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th><label for="id_url">The URL:</label></th><td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" /></td></tr>"""
          )
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(f.as_ul()),
              """<li><label for="id_name">Name:</label> <input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" /></li>
  <li><label for="id_slug">Slug:</label> <input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" /></li>
  <li><label for="id_url">The URL:</label> <input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" /></li>"""
          )
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(f["name"]),
              """<input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" />""")
  
      def test_auto_id(self):
          f = BaseCategoryForm(auto_id=False)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(f.as_ul()),
              """<li>Name: <input type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" /></li>
  <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" /></li>
  <li>The URL: <input type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" /></li>"""
          )
  
      def test_initial_values(self):
          self.create_basic_data()
          # Initial values can be provided for model forms
          f = ArticleForm(
              auto_id=False,
              initial={
                  'headline': 'Your headline here',
                  'categories': [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]
              })
          self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="Your headline here" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" /></li>
  <li>Writer: <select name="writer">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Article: <textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="article"></textarea></li>
  <li>Categories: <select multiple="multiple" name="categories">
  <option value="%s" selected="selected">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="%s" selected="selected">It&#39;s a test</option>
  <option value="%s">Third test</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Status: <select name="status">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="1">Draft</option>
  <option value="2">Pending</option>
  <option value="3">Live</option>
  </select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
  
          # When the ModelForm is passed an instance, that instance's current values are
          # inserted as 'initial' data in each Field.
          f = RoykoForm(auto_id=False, instance=self.w_royko)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(f), '''<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" value="Mike Royko" maxlength="50" /><br /><span class="helptext">Use both first and last names.</span></td></tr>''')
  
          art = Article.objects.create(
              headline='Test article',
              slug='test-article',
              pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
              writer=self.w_royko,
              article='Hello.'
          )
          art_id_1 = art.id
  
          f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False, instance=art)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="Test article" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" value="test-article" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" value="1988-01-04" /></li>
  <li>Writer: <select name="writer">
  <option value="">---------</option>
  <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s" selected="selected">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Article: <textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="article">Hello.</textarea></li>
  <li>Categories: <select multiple="multiple" name="categories">
  <option value="%s">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="%s">It&#39;s a test</option>
  <option value="%s">Third test</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Status: <select name="status">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="1">Draft</option>
  <option value="2">Pending</option>
  <option value="3">Live</option>
  </select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
  
          f = ArticleForm({
              'headline': 'Test headline',
              'slug': 'test-headline',
              'pub_date': '1984-02-06',
              'writer': six.text_type(self.w_royko.pk),
              'article': 'Hello.'
          }, instance=art)
          self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          test_art = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(test_art.id, art_id_1)
          test_art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id_1)
          self.assertEqual(test_art.headline, 'Test headline')
  
      def test_m2m_initial_callable(self):
          """
          Regression for #10349: A callable can be provided as the initial value for an m2m field
          """
          self.maxDiff = 1200
          self.create_basic_data()
  
          # Set up a callable initial value
          def formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, **kwargs):
              if db_field.name == 'categories':
                  kwargs['initial'] = lambda: Category.objects.all().order_by('name')[:2]
              return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
  
          # Create a ModelForm, instantiate it, and check that the output is as expected
          ModelForm = modelform_factory(Article, fields=['headline', 'categories'],
                                        formfield_callback=formfield_for_dbfield)
          form = ModelForm()
          self.assertHTMLEqual(form.as_ul(), """<li><label for="id_headline">Headline:</label> <input id="id_headline" type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li><label for="id_categories">Categories:</label> <select multiple="multiple" name="categories" id="id_categories">
  <option value="%d" selected="selected">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="%d" selected="selected">It&39;s a test</option>
  <option value="%d">Third test</option>
  </select></li>"""
              % (self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
  
      def test_basic_creation(self):
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.count(), 0)
          f = BaseCategoryForm({'name': 'Entertainment',
                                'slug': 'entertainment',
                                'url': 'entertainment'})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['name'], 'Entertainment')
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['slug'], 'entertainment')
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['url'], 'entertainment')
          c1 = f.save()
          # Testing whether the same object is returned from the
          # ORM... not the fastest way...
  
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(c1, Category.objects.all()[0])
          self.assertEqual(c1.name, "Entertainment")
  
      def test_save_commit_false(self):
          # If you call save() with commit=False, then it will return an object that
          # hasn't yet been saved to the database. In this case, it's up to you to call
          # save() on the resulting model instance.
          f = BaseCategoryForm({'name': 'Third test', 'slug': 'third-test', 'url': 'third'})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          c1 = f.save(commit=False)
          self.assertEqual(c1.name, "Third test")
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.count(), 0)
          c1.save()
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.count(), 1)
  
      def test_save_with_data_errors(self):
          # If you call save() with invalid data, you'll get a ValueError.
          f = BaseCategoryForm({'name': '', 'slug': 'not a slug!', 'url': 'foo'})
          self.assertEqual(f.errors['name'], ['This field is required.'])
          self.assertEqual(f.errors['slug'], ["Enter a valid 'slug' consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens."])
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {'url': 'foo'})
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              f.save()
          f = BaseCategoryForm({'name': '', 'slug': '', 'url': 'foo'})
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              f.save()
  
      def test_multi_fields(self):
          self.create_basic_data()
          self.maxDiff = None
          # ManyToManyFields are represented by a MultipleChoiceField, ForeignKeys and any
          # fields with the 'choices' attribute are represented by a ChoiceField.
          f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(f), '''<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th>Slug:</th><td><input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th>Pub date:</th><td><input type="text" name="pub_date" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th>Writer:</th><td><select name="writer">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></td></tr>
  <tr><th>Article:</th><td><textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="article"></textarea></td></tr>
  <tr><th>Categories:</th><td><select multiple="multiple" name="categories">
  <option value="%s">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="%s">It&#39;s a test</option>
  <option value="%s">Third test</option>
  </select></td></tr>
  <tr><th>Status:</th><td><select name="status">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="1">Draft</option>
  <option value="2">Pending</option>
  <option value="3">Live</option>
  </select></td></tr>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
  
          # Add some categories and test the many-to-many form output.
          new_art = Article.objects.create(
              article="Hello.", headline="New headline", slug="new-headline",
              pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4), writer=self.w_royko)
          new_art.categories.add(Category.objects.get(name='Entertainment'))
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(new_art.categories.all(), ["Entertainment"])
          f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False, instance=new_art)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="New headline" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" value="new-headline" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" value="1988-01-04" /></li>
  <li>Writer: <select name="writer">
  <option value="">---------</option>
  <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s" selected="selected">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Article: <textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="article">Hello.</textarea></li>
  <li>Categories: <select multiple="multiple" name="categories">
  <option value="%s" selected="selected">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="%s">It&#39;s a test</option>
  <option value="%s">Third test</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Status: <select name="status">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="1">Draft</option>
  <option value="2">Pending</option>
  <option value="3">Live</option>
  </select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
  
      def test_subset_fields(self):
          # You can restrict a form to a subset of the complete list of fields
          # by providing a 'fields' argument. If you try to save a
          # model created with such a form, you need to ensure that the fields
          # that are _not_ on the form have default values, or are allowed to have
          # a value of None. If a field isn't specified on a form, the object created
          # from the form can't provide a value for that field!
          class PartialArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Article
                  fields = ('headline', 'pub_date')
  
          f = PartialArticleForm(auto_id=False)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(f), '''<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th>Pub date:</th><td><input type="text" name="pub_date" /></td></tr>''')
  
          # You can create a form over a subset of the available fields
          # by specifying a 'fields' argument to form_for_instance.
          class PartialArticleFormWithSlug(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Article
                  fields = ('headline', 'slug', 'pub_date')
  
          w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
          art = Article.objects.create(
              article="Hello.", headline="New headline", slug="new-headline",
              pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4), writer=w_royko)
          f = PartialArticleFormWithSlug({
              'headline': 'New headline',
              'slug': 'new-headline',
              'pub_date': '1988-01-04'
          }, auto_id=False, instance=art)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="New headline" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" value="new-headline" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" value="1988-01-04" /></li>''')
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          new_art = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(new_art.id, art.id)
          new_art = Article.objects.get(id=art.id)
          self.assertEqual(new_art.headline, 'New headline')
  
      def test_m2m_editing(self):
          self.create_basic_data()
          form_data = {
              'headline': 'New headline',
              'slug': 'new-headline',
              'pub_date': '1988-01-04',
              'writer': six.text_type(self.w_royko.pk),
              'article': 'Hello.',
              'categories': [six.text_type(self.c1.id), six.text_type(self.c2.id)]
          }
          # Create a new article, with categories, via the form.
          f = ArticleForm(form_data)
          new_art = f.save()
          new_art = Article.objects.get(id=new_art.id)
          art_id_1 = new_art.id
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(new_art.categories.order_by('name'),
                           ["Entertainment", "It's a test"])
  
          # Now, submit form data with no categories. This deletes the existing categories.
          form_data['categories'] = []
          f = ArticleForm(form_data, instance=new_art)
          new_art = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(new_art.id, art_id_1)
          new_art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id_1)
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(new_art.categories.all(), [])
  
          # Create a new article, with no categories, via the form.
          f = ArticleForm(form_data)
          new_art = f.save()
          art_id_2 = new_art.id
          self.assertNotIn(art_id_2, (None, art_id_1))
          new_art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id_2)
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(new_art.categories.all(), [])
  
          # Create a new article, with categories, via the form, but use commit=False.
          # The m2m data won't be saved until save_m2m() is invoked on the form.
          form_data['categories'] = [six.text_type(self.c1.id), six.text_type(self.c2.id)]
          f = ArticleForm(form_data)
          new_art = f.save(commit=False)
  
          # Manually save the instance
          new_art.save()
          art_id_3 = new_art.id
          self.assertNotIn(art_id_3, (None, art_id_1, art_id_2))
  
          # The instance doesn't have m2m data yet
          new_art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id_3)
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(new_art.categories.all(), [])
  
          # Save the m2m data on the form
          f.save_m2m()
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(new_art.categories.order_by('name'),
              ["Entertainment", "It's a test"])
  
      def test_custom_form_fields(self):
          # Here, we define a custom ModelForm. Because it happens to have the same fields as
          # the Category model, we can just call the form's save() to apply its changes to an
          # existing Category instance.
          class ShortCategory(forms.ModelForm):
              name = forms.CharField(max_length=5)
              slug = forms.CharField(max_length=5)
              url = forms.CharField(max_length=3)
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          cat = Category.objects.create(name='Third test')
          form = ShortCategory({'name': 'Third', 'slug': 'third', 'url': '3rd'}, instance=cat)
          self.assertEqual(form.save().name, 'Third')
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=cat.id).name, 'Third')
  
      def test_runtime_choicefield_populated(self):
          self.maxDiff = None
          # Here, we demonstrate that choices for a ForeignKey ChoiceField are determined
          # at runtime, based on the data in the database when the form is displayed, not
          # the data in the database when the form is instantiated.
          self.create_basic_data()
          f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" /></li>
  <li>Writer: <select name="writer">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Article: <textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="article"></textarea></li>
  <li>Categories: <select multiple="multiple" name="categories">
  <option value="%s">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="%s">It&#39;s a test</option>
  <option value="%s">Third test</option>
  </select> </li>
  <li>Status: <select name="status">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="1">Draft</option>
  <option value="2">Pending</option>
  <option value="3">Live</option>
  </select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
  
          c4 = Category.objects.create(name='Fourth', url='4th')
          w_bernstein = Writer.objects.create(name='Carl Bernstein')
          self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" /></li>
  <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" /></li>
  <li>Writer: <select name="writer">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s">Carl Bernstein</option>
  <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Article: <textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="article"></textarea></li>
  <li>Categories: <select multiple="multiple" name="categories">
  <option value="%s">Entertainment</option>
  <option value="%s">It&#39;s a test</option>
  <option value="%s">Third test</option>
  <option value="%s">Fourth</option>
  </select></li>
  <li>Status: <select name="status">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="1">Draft</option>
  <option value="2">Pending</option>
  <option value="3">Live</option>
  </select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, w_bernstein.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk, c4.pk))
  
  
  class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
      def setUp(self):
          self.c1 = Category.objects.create(
              name="Entertainment", slug="entertainment", url="entertainment")
          self.c2 = Category.objects.create(
              name="It's a test", slug="its-test", url="test")
          self.c3 = Category.objects.create(
              name="Third", slug="third-test", url="third")
  
      # ModelChoiceField ############################################################
      def test_modelchoicefield(self):
          f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
          self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
              ('', '---------'),
              (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
              (self.c2.pk, "It's a test"),
              (self.c3.pk, 'Third')])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean('')
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(None)
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(0)
  
          # Invalid types that require TypeError to be caught (#22808).
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([['fail']])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([{'foo': 'bar'}])
  
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c2.id).name, "It's a test")
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c3.id).name, 'Third')
  
          # Add a Category object *after* the ModelChoiceField has already been
          # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean() rather
          # than caching it at time of instantiation.
          c4 = Category.objects.create(name='Fourth', url='4th')
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(c4.id).name, 'Fourth')
  
          # Delete a Category object *after* the ModelChoiceField has already been
          # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean() rather
          # than caching it at time of instantiation.
          Category.objects.get(url='4th').delete()
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(c4.id)
  
      def test_modelchoicefield_choices(self):
          f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.filter(pk=self.c1.id), required=False)
          self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(str(self.c1.id)).name, "Entertainment")
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean('100')
  
          # len can be called on choices
          self.assertEqual(len(f.choices), 2)
  
          # queryset can be changed after the field is created.
          f.queryset = Category.objects.exclude(name='Third')
          self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
              ('', '---------'),
              (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
              (self.c2.pk, "It's a test")])
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c2.id).name, "It's a test")
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(self.c3.id)
  
          # check that we can safely iterate choices repeatedly
          gen_one = list(f.choices)
          gen_two = f.choices
          self.assertEqual(gen_one[2], (self.c2.pk, "It's a test"))
          self.assertEqual(list(gen_two), [
              ('', '---------'),
              (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
              (self.c2.pk, "It's a test")])
  
          # check that we can override the label_from_instance method to print custom labels (#4620)
          f.queryset = Category.objects.all()
          f.label_from_instance = lambda obj: "category " + str(obj)
          self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
              ('', '---------'),
              (self.c1.pk, 'category Entertainment'),
              (self.c2.pk, "category It's a test"),
              (self.c3.pk, 'category Third')])
  
      def test_modelchoicefield_11183(self):
          """
          Regression test for ticket #11183.
          """
          class ModelChoiceForm(forms.Form):
              category = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
  
          form1 = ModelChoiceForm()
          field1 = form1.fields['category']
          # To allow the widget to change the queryset of field1.widget.choices correctly,
          # without affecting other forms, the following must hold:
          self.assertIsNot(field1, ModelChoiceForm.base_fields['category'])
          self.assertIs(field1.widget.choices.field, field1)
  
      def test_modelchoicefield_22745(self):
          """
          #22745 -- Make sure that ModelChoiceField with RadioSelect widget
          doesn't produce unnecessary db queries when accessing its BoundField's
          attrs.
          """
          class ModelChoiceForm(forms.Form):
              category = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), widget=forms.RadioSelect)
  
          form = ModelChoiceForm()
          field = form['category']  # BoundField
          template = Template('{{ field.name }}{{ field }}{{ field.help_text }}')
          with self.assertNumQueries(1):
              template.render(Context({'field': field}))
  
  
  class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
      def setUp(self):
          self.c1 = Category.objects.create(
              name="Entertainment", slug="entertainment", url="entertainment")
          self.c2 = Category.objects.create(
              name="It's a test", slug="its-test", url="test")
          self.c3 = Category.objects.create(
              name="Third", slug="third-test", url="third")
  
      def test_model_multiple_choice_field(self):
          f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
          self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
              (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
              (self.c2.pk, "It's a test"),
              (self.c3.pk, 'Third')])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(None)
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([])
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean([self.c1.id]), ["Entertainment"])
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean([self.c2.id]), ["It's a test"])
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean([str(self.c1.id)]), ["Entertainment"])
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean([str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]),
              ["Entertainment", "It's a test"], ordered=False)
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean([self.c1.id, str(self.c2.id)]),
              ["Entertainment", "It's a test"], ordered=False)
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean((self.c1.id, str(self.c2.id))),
              ["Entertainment", "It's a test"], ordered=False)
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(['100'])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean('hello')
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(['fail'])
  
          # Invalid types that require TypeError to be caught (#22808).
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([['fail']])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([{'foo': 'bar'}])
  
          # Add a Category object *after* the ModelMultipleChoiceField has already been
          # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean() rather
          # than caching it at time of instantiation.
          # Note, we are using an id of 1006 here since tests that run before
          # this may create categories with primary keys up to 6. Use
          # a number that will not conflict.
          c6 = Category.objects.create(id=1006, name='Sixth', url='6th')
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean([c6.id]), ["Sixth"])
  
          # Delete a Category object *after* the ModelMultipleChoiceField has already been
          # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean() rather
          # than caching it at time of instantiation.
          Category.objects.get(url='6th').delete()
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([c6.id])
  
      def test_model_multiple_choice_required_false(self):
          f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), required=False)
          self.assertIsInstance(f.clean([]), EmptyQuerySet)
          self.assertIsInstance(f.clean(()), EmptyQuerySet)
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean(['0'])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([str(self.c3.id), '0'])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([str(self.c1.id), '0'])
  
          # queryset can be changed after the field is created.
          f.queryset = Category.objects.exclude(name='Third')
          self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
              (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
              (self.c2.pk, "It's a test")])
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(f.clean([self.c2.id]), ["It's a test"])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([self.c3.id])
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.clean([str(self.c2.id), str(self.c3.id)])
  
          f.queryset = Category.objects.all()
          f.label_from_instance = lambda obj: "multicategory " + str(obj)
          self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
              (self.c1.pk, 'multicategory Entertainment'),
              (self.c2.pk, "multicategory It's a test"),
              (self.c3.pk, 'multicategory Third')])
  
      def test_model_multiple_choice_number_of_queries(self):
          """
          Test that ModelMultipleChoiceField does O(1) queries instead of
          O(n) (#10156).
          """
          persons = [Writer.objects.create(name="Person %s" % i) for i in range(30)]
  
          f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=Writer.objects.all())
          self.assertNumQueries(1, f.clean, [p.pk for p in persons[1:11:2]])
  
      def test_model_multiple_choice_run_validators(self):
          """
          Test that ModelMultipleChoiceField run given validators (#14144).
          """
          for i in range(30):
              Writer.objects.create(name="Person %s" % i)
  
          self._validator_run = False
  
          def my_validator(value):
              self._validator_run = True
  
          f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=Writer.objects.all(),
                                             validators=[my_validator])
  
          f.clean([p.pk for p in Writer.objects.all()[8:9]])
          self.assertTrue(self._validator_run)
  
      def test_model_multiple_choice_show_hidden_initial(self):
          """
          Test support of show_hidden_initial by ModelMultipleChoiceField.
          """
          class WriterForm(forms.Form):
              persons = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(show_hidden_initial=True,
                                                       queryset=Writer.objects.all())
  
          person1 = Writer.objects.create(name="Person 1")
          person2 = Writer.objects.create(name="Person 2")
  
          form = WriterForm(initial={'persons': [person1, person2]},
                            data={'initial-persons': [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
                                  'persons': [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)]})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          self.assertFalse(form.has_changed())
  
          form = WriterForm(initial={'persons': [person1, person2]},
                            data={'initial-persons': [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
                                  'persons': [str(person2.pk)]})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(form.has_changed())
  
      def test_model_multiple_choice_field_22745(self):
          """
          #22745 -- Make sure that ModelMultipleChoiceField with
          CheckboxSelectMultiple widget doesn't produce unnecessary db queries
          when accessing its BoundField's attrs.
          """
          class ModelMultipleChoiceForm(forms.Form):
              categories = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), widget=forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple)
  
          form = ModelMultipleChoiceForm()
          field = form['categories']  # BoundField
          template = Template('{{ field.name }}{{ field }}{{ field.help_text }}')
          with self.assertNumQueries(1):
              template.render(Context({'field': field}))
  
  
  class ModelOneToOneFieldTests(TestCase):
      def test_modelform_onetoonefield(self):
          class ImprovedArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = ImprovedArticle
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          class ImprovedArticleWithParentLinkForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = ImprovedArticleWithParentLink
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          self.assertEqual(list(ImprovedArticleForm.base_fields), ['article'])
          self.assertEqual(list(ImprovedArticleWithParentLinkForm.base_fields), [])
  
      def test_modelform_subclassed_model(self):
          class BetterWriterForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  # BetterWriter model is a subclass of Writer with an additional `score` field
                  model = BetterWriter
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          bw = BetterWriter.objects.create(name='Joe Better', score=10)
          self.assertEqual(sorted(model_to_dict(bw)),
                           ['id', 'name', 'score', 'writer_ptr'])
  
          form = BetterWriterForm({'name': 'Some Name', 'score': 12})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          bw2 = form.save()
          self.assertEqual(bw2.score, 12)
  
      def test_onetoonefield(self):
          class WriterProfileForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  # WriterProfile has a OneToOneField to Writer
                  model = WriterProfile
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          self.w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
          self.w_woodward = Writer.objects.create(name='Bob Woodward')
  
          form = WriterProfileForm()
          self.assertHTMLEqual(form.as_p(), '''<p><label for="id_writer">Writer:</label> <select name="writer" id="id_writer">
  <option value="" selected="selected">---------</option>
  <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></p>
  <p><label for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" min="0" /></p>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk))
  
          data = {
              'writer': six.text_type(self.w_woodward.pk),
              'age': '65',
          }
          form = WriterProfileForm(data)
          instance = form.save()
          self.assertEqual(six.text_type(instance), 'Bob Woodward is 65')
  
          form = WriterProfileForm(instance=instance)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(form.as_p(), '''<p><label for="id_writer">Writer:</label> <select name="writer" id="id_writer">
  <option value="">---------</option>
  <option value="%s" selected="selected">Bob Woodward</option>
  <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
  </select></p>
  <p><label for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" value="65" id="id_age" min="0" /></p>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk))
  
      def test_assignment_of_none(self):
          class AuthorForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Author
                  fields = ['publication', 'full_name']
  
          publication = Publication.objects.create(title="Pravda",
              date_published=datetime.date(1991, 8, 22))
          author = Author.objects.create(publication=publication, full_name='John Doe')
          form = AuthorForm({'publication': '', 'full_name': 'John Doe'}, instance=author)
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['publication'], None)
          author = form.save()
          # author object returned from form still retains original publication object
          # that's why we need to retrieve it from database again
          new_author = Author.objects.get(pk=author.pk)
          self.assertEqual(new_author.publication, None)
  
      def test_assignment_of_none_null_false(self):
          class AuthorForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Author1
                  fields = ['publication', 'full_name']
  
          publication = Publication.objects.create(title="Pravda",
              date_published=datetime.date(1991, 8, 22))
          author = Author1.objects.create(publication=publication, full_name='John Doe')
          form = AuthorForm({'publication': '', 'full_name': 'John Doe'}, instance=author)
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
  
  
  class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
      def test_clean_false(self):
          """
          If the ``clean`` method on a non-required FileField receives False as
          the data (meaning clear the field value), it returns False, regardless
          of the value of ``initial``.
          """
          f = forms.FileField(required=False)
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(False), False)
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(False, 'initial'), False)
  
      def test_clean_false_required(self):
          """
          If the ``clean`` method on a required FileField receives False as the
          data, it has the same effect as None: initial is returned if non-empty,
          otherwise the validation catches the lack of a required value.
          """
          f = forms.FileField(required=True)
          self.assertEqual(f.clean(False, 'initial'), 'initial')
          self.assertRaises(ValidationError, f.clean, False)
  
      def test_full_clear(self):
          """
          Integration happy-path test that a model FileField can actually be set
          and cleared via a ModelForm.
          """
          class DocumentForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Document
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          form = DocumentForm()
          self.assertIn('name="myfile"', six.text_type(form))
          self.assertNotIn('myfile-clear', six.text_type(form))
          form = DocumentForm(files={'myfile': SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          doc = form.save(commit=False)
          self.assertEqual(doc.myfile.name, 'something.txt')
          form = DocumentForm(instance=doc)
          self.assertIn('myfile-clear', six.text_type(form))
          form = DocumentForm(instance=doc, data={'myfile-clear': 'true'})
          doc = form.save(commit=False)
          self.assertEqual(bool(doc.myfile), False)
  
      def test_clear_and_file_contradiction(self):
          """
          If the user submits a new file upload AND checks the clear checkbox,
          they get a validation error, and the bound redisplay of the form still
          includes the current file and the clear checkbox.
          """
          class DocumentForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Document
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          form = DocumentForm(files={'myfile': SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          doc = form.save(commit=False)
          form = DocumentForm(instance=doc,
                              files={'myfile': SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')},
                              data={'myfile-clear': 'true'})
          self.assertTrue(not form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['myfile'],
                           ['Please either submit a file or check the clear checkbox, not both.'])
          rendered = six.text_type(form)
          self.assertIn('something.txt', rendered)
          self.assertIn('myfile-clear', rendered)
  
      def test_file_field_data(self):
          # Test conditions when files is either not given or empty.
          f = TextFileForm(data={'description': 'Assistance'})
          self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
          f = TextFileForm(data={'description': 'Assistance'}, files={})
          self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
  
          # Upload a file and ensure it all works as expected.
          f = TextFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Assistance'},
              files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test1.txt', b'hello world')})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['file']), SimpleUploadedFile)
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test1.txt')
          instance.file.delete()
  
          # If the previous file has been deleted, the file name can be reused
          f = TextFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Assistance'},
              files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test1.txt', b'hello world')})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['file']), SimpleUploadedFile)
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test1.txt')
  
          # Check if the max_length attribute has been inherited from the model.
          f = TextFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Assistance'},
              files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test-maxlength.txt', b'hello world')})
          self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
  
          # Edit an instance that already has the file defined in the model. This will not
          # save the file again, but leave it exactly as it is.
          f = TextFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Assistance'},
              instance=instance)
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['file'].name, 'tests/test1.txt')
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test1.txt')
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django.
          instance.file.delete()
  
          # Override the file by uploading a new one.
          f = TextFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Assistance'},
              files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test2.txt', b'hello world')}, instance=instance)
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test2.txt')
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django.
          instance.file.delete()
          instance.delete()
  
      def test_filefield_required_false(self):
          # Test the non-required FileField
          f = TextFileForm(data={'description': 'Assistance'})
          f.fields['file'].required = False
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, '')
  
          f = TextFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Assistance'},
              files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test3.txt', b'hello world')}, instance=instance)
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test3.txt')
  
          # Instance can be edited w/out re-uploading the file and existing file should be preserved.
          f = TextFileForm(
              data={'description': 'New Description'},
              instance=instance)
          f.fields['file'].required = False
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.description, 'New Description')
          self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test3.txt')
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django.
          instance.file.delete()
          instance.delete()
  
      def test_custom_file_field_save(self):
          """
          Regression for #11149: save_form_data should be called only once
          """
          class CFFForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = CustomFF
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          # It's enough that the form saves without error -- the custom save routine will
          # generate an AssertionError if it is called more than once during save.
          form = CFFForm(data={'f': None})
          form.save()
  
      def test_file_field_multiple_save(self):
          """
          Simulate a file upload and check how many times Model.save() gets
          called. Test for bug #639.
          """
          class PhotoForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Photo
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          # Grab an image for testing.
          filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(upath(__file__)), "test.png")
          with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
              img = fp.read()
  
          # Fake a POST QueryDict and FILES MultiValueDict.
          data = {'title': 'Testing'}
          files = {"image": SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', img, 'image/png')}
  
          form = PhotoForm(data=data, files=files)
          p = form.save()
  
          try:
              # Check the savecount stored on the object (see the model).
              self.assertEqual(p._savecount, 1)
          finally:
              # Delete the "uploaded" file to avoid clogging /tmp.
              p = Photo.objects.get()
              p.image.delete(save=False)
  
      def test_file_path_field_blank(self):
          """
          Regression test for #8842: FilePathField(blank=True)
          """
          class FPForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = FilePathModel
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          form = FPForm()
          names = [p[1] for p in form['path'].field.choices]
          names.sort()
          self.assertEqual(names, ['---------', '__init__.py', 'models.py', 'tests.py'])
  
      @skipUnless(test_images, "Pillow not installed")
      def test_image_field(self):
          # ImageField and FileField are nearly identical, but they differ slightly when
          # it comes to validation. This specifically tests that #6302 is fixed for
          # both file fields and image fields.
  
          with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(upath(__file__)), "test.png"), 'rb') as fp:
              image_data = fp.read()
          with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(upath(__file__)), "test2.png"), 'rb') as fp:
              image_data2 = fp.read()
  
          f = ImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'An image'},
              files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', image_data)})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['image']), SimpleUploadedFile)
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django, but don't save
          # because the dimension fields are not null=True.
          instance.image.delete(save=False)
          f = ImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'An image'},
              files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', image_data)})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['image']), SimpleUploadedFile)
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
  
          # Edit an instance that already has the (required) image defined in the model. This will not
          # save the image again, but leave it exactly as it is.
  
          f = ImageFileForm(data={'description': 'Look, it changed'}, instance=instance)
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['image'].name, 'tests/test.png')
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django, but don't save
          # because the dimension fields are not null=True.
          instance.image.delete(save=False)
          # Override the file by uploading a new one.
  
          f = ImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Changed it'},
              files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test2.png', image_data2)}, instance=instance)
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test2.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 32)
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 48)
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django, but don't save
          # because the dimension fields are not null=True.
          instance.image.delete(save=False)
          instance.delete()
  
          f = ImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'Changed it'},
              files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test2.png', image_data2)})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test2.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 32)
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 48)
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django, but don't save
          # because the dimension fields are not null=True.
          instance.image.delete(save=False)
          instance.delete()
  
          # Test the non-required ImageField
          # Note: In Oracle, we expect a null ImageField to return '' instead of
          # None.
          if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
              expected_null_imagefield_repr = ''
          else:
              expected_null_imagefield_repr = None
  
          f = OptionalImageFileForm(data={'description': 'Test'})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, expected_null_imagefield_repr)
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, None)
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, None)
  
          f = OptionalImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'And a final one'},
              files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test3.png', image_data)}, instance=instance)
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test3.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
  
          # Editing the instance without re-uploading the image should not affect the image or its width/height properties
          f = OptionalImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'New Description'},
              instance=instance)
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.description, 'New Description')
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test3.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
  
          # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django.
          instance.image.delete()
          instance.delete()
  
          f = OptionalImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'And a final one'},
              files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test4.png', image_data2)}
          )
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test4.png')
          self.assertEqual(instance.width, 48)
          self.assertEqual(instance.height, 32)
          instance.delete()
          # Test callable upload_to behavior that's dependent on the value of another field in the model
          f = ImageFileForm(
              data={'description': 'And a final one', 'path': 'foo'},
              files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test4.png', image_data)})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          instance = f.save()
          self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'foo/test4.png')
          instance.delete()
  
  
  class ModelOtherFieldTests(TestCase):
      def test_big_integer_field(self):
          bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '-9223372036854775808'})
          self.assertTrue(bif.is_valid())
          bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '-9223372036854775809'})
          self.assertFalse(bif.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(bif.errors, {'biggie': ['Ensure this value is greater than or equal to -9223372036854775808.']})
          bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '9223372036854775807'})
          self.assertTrue(bif.is_valid())
          bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '9223372036854775808'})
          self.assertFalse(bif.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(bif.errors, {'biggie': ['Ensure this value is less than or equal to 9223372036854775807.']})
  
      def test_comma_separated_integer_field(self):
          class CommaSeparatedIntegerForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = CommaSeparatedInteger
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          f = CommaSeparatedIntegerForm({'field': '1,2,3'})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {'field': '1,2,3'})
          f = CommaSeparatedIntegerForm({'field': '1a,2'})
          self.assertEqual(f.errors, {'field': ['Enter only digits separated by commas.']})
          f = CommaSeparatedIntegerForm({'field': ',,,,'})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {'field': ',,,,'})
          f = CommaSeparatedIntegerForm({'field': '1.2'})
          self.assertEqual(f.errors, {'field': ['Enter only digits separated by commas.']})
          f = CommaSeparatedIntegerForm({'field': '1,a,2'})
          self.assertEqual(f.errors, {'field': ['Enter only digits separated by commas.']})
          f = CommaSeparatedIntegerForm({'field': '1,,2'})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {'field': '1,,2'})
          f = CommaSeparatedIntegerForm({'field': '1'})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {'field': '1'})
  
      def test_url_on_modelform(self):
          "Check basic URL field validation on model forms"
          class HomepageForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Homepage
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'foo'}).is_valid())
          self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://'}).is_valid())
          self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example'}).is_valid())
          self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example.'}).is_valid())
          self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://com.'}).is_valid())
  
          self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://localhost'}).is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example.com'}).is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com'}).is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com:8000'}).is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com/test'}).is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com:8000/test'}).is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example.com/foo/bar'}).is_valid())
  
      def test_http_prefixing(self):
          """
          If the http:// prefix is omitted on form input, the field adds it again. (Refs #13613)
          """
          class HomepageForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Homepage
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          form = HomepageForm({'url': 'example.com'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['url'], 'http://example.com')
  
          form = HomepageForm({'url': 'example.com/test'})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['url'], 'http://example.com/test')
  
  
  class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
      def test_media_on_modelform(self):
          # Similar to a regular Form class you can define custom media to be used on
          # the ModelForm.
          f = ModelFormWithMedia()
          self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(f.media), '''<link href="/some/form/css" type="text/css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/some/form/javascript"></script>''')
  
      def test_choices_type(self):
          # Choices on CharField and IntegerField
          f = ArticleForm()
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.fields['status'].clean('42')
  
          f = ArticleStatusForm()
          with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
              f.fields['status'].clean('z')
  
      def test_foreignkeys_which_use_to_field(self):
          apple = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=86, name='Apple')
          Inventory.objects.create(barcode=22, name='Pear')
          core = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=87, name='Core', parent=apple)
  
          field = forms.ModelChoiceField(Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name='barcode')
          self.assertEqual(tuple(field.choices), (
              ('', '---------'),
              (86, 'Apple'),
              (87, 'Core'),
              (22, 'Pear')))
  
          form = InventoryForm(instance=core)
          self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(form['parent']), '''<select name="parent" id="id_parent">
  <option value="">---------</option>
  <option value="86" selected="selected">Apple</option>
  <option value="87">Core</option>
  <option value="22">Pear</option>
  </select>''')
          data = model_to_dict(core)
          data['parent'] = '22'
          form = InventoryForm(data=data, instance=core)
          core = form.save()
          self.assertEqual(core.parent.name, 'Pear')
  
          class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
              description = forms.CharField()
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = ['description', 'url']
  
          self.assertEqual(list(CategoryForm.base_fields),
                           ['description', 'url'])
  
          self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(CategoryForm()), '''<tr><th><label for="id_description">Description:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="description" id="id_description" /></td></tr>
  <tr><th><label for="id_url">The URL:</label></th><td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" /></td></tr>''')
          # to_field_name should also work on ModelMultipleChoiceField ##################
  
          field = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name='barcode')
          self.assertEqual(tuple(field.choices), ((86, 'Apple'), (87, 'Core'), (22, 'Pear')))
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(field.clean([86]), ['Apple'])
  
          form = SelectInventoryForm({'items': [87, 22]})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(len(form.cleaned_data), 1)
          self.assertQuerysetEqual(form.cleaned_data['items'], ['Core', 'Pear'])
  
      def test_model_field_that_returns_none_to_exclude_itself_with_explicit_fields(self):
          self.assertEqual(list(CustomFieldForExclusionForm.base_fields),
                           ['name'])
          self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(CustomFieldForExclusionForm()),
                           '''<tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="10" /></td></tr>''')
  
      def test_iterable_model_m2m(self):
          class ColourfulItemForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = ColourfulItem
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          colour = Colour.objects.create(name='Blue')
          form = ColourfulItemForm()
          self.maxDiff = 1024
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              form.as_p(),
              """<p><label for="id_name">Name:</label> <input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="50" /></p>
          <p><label for="id_colours">Colours:</label> <select multiple="multiple" name="colours" id="id_colours">
          <option value="%(blue_pk)s">Blue</option>
          </select></p>"""
              % {'blue_pk': colour.pk})
  
  
  class ModelFormCustomErrorTests(TestCase):
      def test_custom_error_messages(self):
          data = {'name1': '@#$!!**@#$', 'name2': '@#$!!**@#$'}
          errors = CustomErrorMessageForm(data).errors
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(errors['name1']),
              '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Form custom error message.</li></ul>'
          )
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(errors['name2']),
              '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model custom error message.</li></ul>'
          )
  
      def test_model_clean_error_messages(self):
          data = {'name1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE', 'name2': 'ABC'}
          form = CustomErrorMessageForm(data)
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertHTMLEqual(
              str(form.errors['name1']),
              '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model.clean() error messages.</li></ul>'
          )
          data = {'name1': 'GLOBAL_ERROR', 'name2': 'ABC'}
          form = CustomErrorMessageForm(data)
          self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
          self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Global error message.'])
  
  
  class CustomCleanTests(TestCase):
      def test_override_clean(self):
          """
          Regression for #12596: Calling super from ModelForm.clean() should be
          optional.
          """
          class TripleFormWithCleanOverride(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Triple
                  fields = '__all__'
  
              def clean(self):
                  if not self.cleaned_data['left'] == self.cleaned_data['right']:
                      raise forms.ValidationError('Left and right should be equal')
                  return self.cleaned_data
  
          form = TripleFormWithCleanOverride({'left': 1, 'middle': 2, 'right': 1})
          self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
          # form.instance.left will be None if the instance was not constructed
          # by form.full_clean().
          self.assertEqual(form.instance.left, 1)
  
      def test_model_form_clean_applies_to_model(self):
          """
          Regression test for #12960. Make sure the cleaned_data returned from
          ModelForm.clean() is applied to the model instance.
          """
          class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Category
                  fields = '__all__'
  
              def clean(self):
                  self.cleaned_data['name'] = self.cleaned_data['name'].upper()
                  return self.cleaned_data
  
          data = {'name': 'Test', 'slug': 'test', 'url': '/test'}
          form = CategoryForm(data)
          category = form.save()
          self.assertEqual(category.name, 'TEST')
  
  
  class ModelFormInheritanceTests(TestCase):
      def test_form_subclass_inheritance(self):
          class Form(forms.Form):
              age = forms.IntegerField()
  
          class ModelForm(forms.ModelForm, Form):
              class Meta:
                  model = Writer
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          self.assertEqual(list(ModelForm().fields.keys()), ['name', 'age'])
  
      def test_field_removal(self):
          class ModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Writer
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          class Mixin(object):
              age = None
  
          class Form(forms.Form):
              age = forms.IntegerField()
  
          class Form2(forms.Form):
              foo = forms.IntegerField()
  
          self.assertEqual(list(ModelForm().fields.keys()), ['name'])
          self.assertEqual(list(type(str('NewForm'), (Mixin, Form), {})().fields.keys()), [])
          self.assertEqual(list(type(str('NewForm'), (Form2, Mixin, Form), {})().fields.keys()), ['foo'])
          self.assertEqual(list(type(str('NewForm'), (Mixin, ModelForm, Form), {})().fields.keys()), ['name'])
          self.assertEqual(list(type(str('NewForm'), (ModelForm, Mixin, Form), {})().fields.keys()), ['name'])
          self.assertEqual(list(type(str('NewForm'), (ModelForm, Form, Mixin), {})().fields.keys()), ['name', 'age'])
          self.assertEqual(list(type(str('NewForm'), (ModelForm, Form), {'age': None})().fields.keys()), ['name'])
  
      def test_field_removal_name_clashes(self):
          """Regression test for https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/22510."""
  
          class MyForm(forms.ModelForm):
              media = forms.CharField()
  
              class Meta:
                  model = Writer
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          class SubForm(MyForm):
              media = None
  
          self.assertIn('media', MyForm().fields)
          self.assertNotIn('media', SubForm().fields)
          self.assertTrue(hasattr(MyForm, 'media'))
          self.assertTrue(hasattr(SubForm, 'media'))
  
  
  class StumpJokeForm(forms.ModelForm):
      class Meta:
          model = StumpJoke
          fields = '__all__'
  
  
  class CustomFieldWithQuerysetButNoLimitChoicesTo(forms.Field):
      queryset = 42
  
  
  class StumpJokeWithCustomFieldForm(forms.ModelForm):
      custom = CustomFieldWithQuerysetButNoLimitChoicesTo()
  
      class Meta:
          model = StumpJoke
          fields = ()  # We don't need any fields from the model
  
  
  class LimitChoicesToTest(TestCase):
      """
      Tests the functionality of ``limit_choices_to``.
      """
      def setUp(self):
          self.threepwood = Character.objects.create(
              username='threepwood',
              last_action=datetime.datetime.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=1),
          )
          self.marley = Character.objects.create(
              username='marley',
              last_action=datetime.datetime.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=1),
          )
  
      def test_limit_choices_to_callable_for_fk_rel(self):
          """
          A ForeignKey relation can use ``limit_choices_to`` as a callable, re #2554.
          """
          stumpjokeform = StumpJokeForm()
          self.assertIn(self.threepwood, stumpjokeform.fields['most_recently_fooled'].queryset)
          self.assertNotIn(self.marley, stumpjokeform.fields['most_recently_fooled'].queryset)
  
      def test_limit_choices_to_callable_for_m2m_rel(self):
          """
          A ManyToMany relation can use ``limit_choices_to`` as a callable, re #2554.
          """
          stumpjokeform = StumpJokeForm()
          self.assertIn(self.threepwood, stumpjokeform.fields['has_fooled_today'].queryset)
          self.assertNotIn(self.marley, stumpjokeform.fields['has_fooled_today'].queryset)
  
      def test_custom_field_with_queryset_but_no_limit_choices_to(self):
          """
          Regression test for #23795: Make sure a custom field with a `queryset`
          attribute but no `limit_choices_to` still works.
          """
          f = StumpJokeWithCustomFieldForm()
          self.assertEqual(f.fields['custom'].queryset, 42)
  
  
  class FormFieldCallbackTests(TestCase):
  
      def test_baseform_with_widgets_in_meta(self):
          """Regression for #13095: Using base forms with widgets defined in Meta should not raise errors."""
          widget = forms.Textarea()
  
          class BaseForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Person
                  widgets = {'name': widget}
                  fields = "__all__"
  
          Form = modelform_factory(Person, form=BaseForm)
          self.assertIs(Form.base_fields['name'].widget, widget)
  
      def test_factory_with_widget_argument(self):
          """ Regression for #15315: modelform_factory should accept widgets
              argument
          """
          widget = forms.Textarea()
  
          # Without a widget should not set the widget to textarea
          Form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__")
          self.assertNotEqual(Form.base_fields['name'].widget.__class__, forms.Textarea)
  
          # With a widget should not set the widget to textarea
          Form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__", widgets={'name': widget})
          self.assertEqual(Form.base_fields['name'].widget.__class__, forms.Textarea)
  
      def test_modelform_factory_without_fields(self):
          """ Regression for #19733 """
          message = (
              "Calling modelform_factory without defining 'fields' or 'exclude' "
              "explicitly is prohibited."
          )
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, message):
              modelform_factory(Person)
  
      def test_modelform_factory_with_all_fields(self):
          """ Regression for #19733 """
          form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__")
          self.assertEqual(list(form.base_fields), ["name"])
  
      def test_custom_callback(self):
          """Test that a custom formfield_callback is used if provided"""
  
          callback_args = []
  
          def callback(db_field, **kwargs):
              callback_args.append((db_field, kwargs))
              return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
  
          widget = forms.Textarea()
  
          class BaseForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Person
                  widgets = {'name': widget}
                  fields = "__all__"
  
          modelform_factory(Person, form=BaseForm, formfield_callback=callback)
          id_field, name_field = Person._meta.fields
  
          self.assertEqual(callback_args,
                           [(id_field, {}), (name_field, {'widget': widget})])
  
      def test_bad_callback(self):
          # A bad callback provided by user still gives an error
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, modelform_factory, Person, fields="__all__",
                            formfield_callback='not a function or callable')
  
  
  class LocalizedModelFormTest(TestCase):
      def test_model_form_applies_localize_to_some_fields(self):
          class PartiallyLocalizedTripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Triple
                  localized_fields = ('left', 'right',)
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          f = PartiallyLocalizedTripleForm({'left': 10, 'middle': 10, 'right': 10})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(f.fields['left'].localize)
          self.assertFalse(f.fields['middle'].localize)
          self.assertTrue(f.fields['right'].localize)
  
      def test_model_form_applies_localize_to_all_fields(self):
          class FullyLocalizedTripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
              class Meta:
                  model = Triple
                  localized_fields = '__all__'
                  fields = '__all__'
  
          f = FullyLocalizedTripleForm({'left': 10, 'middle': 10, 'right': 10})
          self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
          self.assertTrue(f.fields['left'].localize)
          self.assertTrue(f.fields['middle'].localize)
          self.assertTrue(f.fields['right'].localize)
  
      def test_model_form_refuses_arbitrary_string(self):
          with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
              class BrokenLocalizedTripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
                  class Meta:
                      model = Triple
                      localized_fields = "foo"
  
  
  class CustomMetaclass(ModelFormMetaclass):
      def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
          new = super(CustomMetaclass, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
          new.base_fields = {}
          return new
  
  
  class CustomMetaclassForm(six.with_metaclass(CustomMetaclass, forms.ModelForm)):
      pass
  
  
  class CustomMetaclassTestCase(TestCase):
      def test_modelform_factory_metaclass(self):
          new_cls = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__", form=CustomMetaclassForm)
          self.assertEqual(new_cls.base_fields, {})
  