HuggingFace transformers BERT for classification: dimensionality of output with classification layer is expected to be 1, but is 512 instead
I am manually fine-tuning BERT to binary classify essay authors’ as having high/low Neuroticism score on big-5 scale, using a pre-trained BERT from HuggingFace Transformers v4 in PyTorch.I encounter a problem: the dimensionality of my classifier’s output, which is expected to be 1 for batch size 1, is in fact 512 and, hence, does not match the dimensionality of ground truth tensor. I get:ValueError: Expected input batch_size (512) to match target batch_size (1).I can’t figure out, where this high dimensionality of 512 comes from.Here is my model:import transformers
    from torch import nn
    
    
    class BERTClassification(nn.Module):
        def __init__ (self):
            super(BERTClassification, self).__init__()
            self.bert = transformers.BertModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-cased')
            self.bert_dropout = nn.Dropout(p=0.4)
            self.classifier = nn.Linear(768, 1)
            
        def forward(self, input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids):
            _, pooled_output = self.bert(
                input_ids=input_ids, 
                attention_mask=attention_mask,
                token_type_ids=token_type_ids, 
                return_dict=False
            )
            if type(pooled_output) == str:
                print(f"pooled_output = {pooled_output}")
            bert_with_dropout = self.bert_dropout(pooled_output)
            output = self.classifier(bert_with_dropout)
            
            return outputI get it ready for training on Apple Silicon Metal:torch.device("mps")
    model.to(mps_device)And this is how it looks like:BERTClassification(
      (bert): BertModel(
        (embeddings): BertEmbeddings(
          (word_embeddings): Embedding(28996, 768, padding_idx=0)
          (position_embeddings): Embedding(512, 768)
          (token_type_embeddings): Embedding(2, 768)
          (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
          (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
        )
        (encoder): BertEncoder(
          (layer): ModuleList(
            (0): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (1): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (2): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (3): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (4): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (5): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (6): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (7): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (8): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (9): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (10): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (11): BertLayer(
              (attention): BertAttention(
                (self): BertSelfAttention(
                  (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
                (output): BertSelfOutput(
                  (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                  (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                  (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
                )
              )
              (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
                (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
              )
              (output): BertOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
          )
        )
        (pooler): BertPooler(
          (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
          (activation): Tanh()
        )
      )
      (bert_dropout): Dropout(p=0.4, inplace=False)
      (classifier): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=1, bias=True)
    )Here is my semi-manual training procedure for PyTorch:from tqdm.auto import tqdm
    from torch.optim import AdamW
    from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, random_split, default_convert
    from datasets import Dataset
    from transformers import get_scheduler
    from transformers import AutoTokenizer
    
    
    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased", num_labels=2)
    
    def tokenize_function(examples):
        return tokenizer(examples["TEXT"], padding="max_length", truncation=True)  # , return_tensors="pt")
    
    essays_dataset = Dataset.from_pandas(essays)
    tokenized_dataset = essays_dataset.map(tokenize_function, batched=True)
    
    train_dataset, test_dataset = random_split(tokenized_dataset, [2000, len(tokenized_dataset) - 2000])
    
    tokenized_dataset = tokenized_dataset.rename_column("TEXT", "text")
    tokenized_dataset = tokenized_dataset.rename_column("cNEU", "labels")
    
    tokenized_dataset = tokenized_dataset.remove_columns(['#AUTHID', 'text', 'cEXT', 'cAGR', 'cCON', 'cOPN'])
    
    train_dataloader = DataLoader(tokenized_dataset, shuffle=True, batch_size=1)
    
    # parameters
    num_epochs = 3
    num_training_steps = num_epochs * len(train_dataloader)
    
    # optimizer, scheduler, loss, etc.
    optimizer = AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=5e-5)
    cross_entropy_loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    
    lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
        name="linear", 
        optimizer=optimizer, 
        num_warmup_steps=0, 
        num_training_steps=num_training_steps
    )
    
    progress_bar = tqdm(range(num_training_steps))
    
    model.train()
    
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        for batch in train_dataloader:
            labels = batch["labels"]
            del batch["labels"]

            batch = {k: torch.stack(default_convert(v)) for k, v in batch.items()}
            batch = {k: v.to(mps_device) for k, v in batch.items()}
            outputs = model(**batch)

            loss = cross_entropy_loss(outputs, labels)
            loss.backward()
    
            optimizer.step()
            lr_scheduler.step()
            optimizer.zero_grad()
            progress_bar.update(1)The classification head of my model takespooler_outputof the core BERT model, which is supposed to have a dimensionality of{batch_size=1xmodel_dimensionality=768xnumber_of_embeddings=1}.Then I apply dropout and linear classification layer, which is supposed to convert 768-dimensional model embeddings into 1-dimensional (can be changed into 2-dimensional) binary classification output.To simplify things I am using batch size of 1 and expect the output size to be 1. Instead I get a 512-dimensional output from the model, which, obviously, does not fit the dimensionality of 1-dimensional ground-truth tensor.Any ideas, where this 512-dimensional tensor comes from?Full error traceback:---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
    Input In [15], in <cell line: 48>()
         56 outputs = model(**batch)
         57 print(f"outputs = {outputs}")
    ---> 58 loss = cross_entropy_loss(outputs, labels)
         59 loss.backward()
         61 optimizer.step()
    
    File ~/Documents/Projects/personal/text2personality/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py:1130, in Module._call_impl(self, *input, **kwargs)
       1126 # If we don't have any hooks, we want to skip the rest of the logic in
       1127 # this function, and just call forward.
       1128 if not (self._backward_hooks or self._forward_hooks or self._forward_pre_hooks or _global_backward_hooks
       1129         or _global_forward_hooks or _global_forward_pre_hooks):
    -> 1130     return forward_call(*input, **kwargs)
       1131 # Do not call functions when jit is used
       1132 full_backward_hooks, non_full_backward_hooks = [], []
    
    File ~/Documents/Projects/personal/text2personality/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/loss.py:1164, in CrossEntropyLoss.forward(self, input, target)
       1163 def forward(self, input: Tensor, target: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    -> 1164     return F.cross_entropy(input, target, weight=self.weight,
       1165                            ignore_index=self.ignore_index, reduction=self.reduction,
       1166                            label_smoothing=self.label_smoothing)
    
    File ~/Documents/Projects/personal/text2personality/venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/nn/functional.py:3014, in cross_entropy(input, target, weight, size_average, ignore_index, reduce, reduction, label_smoothing)
       3012 if size_average is not None or reduce is not None:
       3013     reduction = _Reduction.legacy_get_string(size_average, reduce)
    -> 3014 return torch._C._nn.cross_entropy_loss(input, target, weight, _Reduction.get_enum(reduction), ignore_index, label_smoothing)
    
    ValueError: Expected input batch_size (512) to match target batch_size (1).
2023-11-14T22:18:10Z
Hi, did u managed why the shape change?I’m having a pretty similar error and cant find nothing usefoul.