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#lang scribble/book

@require{../literacy.rkt}
@require{../chart.rkt}

@;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
@(define long-style (make-style #false (list (make-color-property "DodgerBlue"))))
@(define short-style (make-style #false (list (make-color-property "Aquamarine"))))

@(define gap1 (hspace 1))
@(define gap2 (hspace 2))
@(define gap4 (hspace 4))

@(define en-letters
   (lambda [lttr]
     (litchar lttr)))

@(define en-phonetics
   (lambda [sym]
     (ipa-phonetics (ipa-phoneme sym))))

@(define en-sentence
   (lambda [bases [symbols null] [punctuation "."]]
     @nested[#:style tamer-boxed-style
             @|gap4| @ipa-ruby[bases symbols]
             punctuation]))

@(define en-words
   (lambda [bases symbols [cols 4]]
     (define bsize (length bases))
     (define ssize (length symbols))
     
     @nested[#:style tamer-boxed-style
             (tabular #:sep gap4
                      #:column-properties (make-list cols 'center)
                      (let tabulize ([ws bases]
                                     [ss (cond [(< ssize bsize) (append symbols (make-list (- bsize ssize) '-))]
                                               [(> ssize bsize) (take symbols bsize)]
                                               [else symbols])]
                                     [sowr null])
                        (cond [(null? ws) (reverse sowr)]
                              [(< (length ws) cols)
                               (reverse (cons (append (map ipa-ruby ws ss) (make-list (- cols (length ws)) ""))
                                              sowr))]
                              [else (let-values ([(wrow wrest) (split-at ws cols)]
                                                 [(srow srest) (split-at ss cols)])
                                      (tabulize wrest srest
                                                (cons (map ipa-ruby wrow srow)
                                                      sowr)))])))]))

@(define vnode
   (lambda [unrounded [rounded #false] [name #false] #:en-vowel [vowel 'none] #:long? [long? #false] #:dot? [dot? #true] #:elem [ipa-elem phone-elem]]
     (define uv-elem
       (and unrounded
            (elem #:style (and (memq vowel '(both left)) (if (memq long? '(#true left)) long-style short-style))
                  (ipa-elem (~a unrounded)))))
     
     (define rv-elem
       (and rounded
            (elem #:style (and (memq vowel '(both right)) (if (memq long? '(#true right)) long-style short-style))
                  (ipa-elem (~a rounded)))))

     (define notation
       (filter values
               (cond [(not dot?) (list uv-elem rv-elem)]
                     [else (list uv-elem full-space rv-elem)])))
     
     (list (~a (or name (apply ~a (filter values (list unrounded rounded)))))
           notation
           dot?)))

@;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
@handbook-appendix-story{(British) English Phonology}

@handbook-scenario{Phones}

@handbook-action{Vowels}

@tamer-figure-here["ipa:vowels:en" "IPA Vowels (British English)"]{
 @(let*-values ([(width height) (values 10 6)]
                [(xunit) (* width 1/6)]
                [(dx) (values (* xunit 2))])
    @nested[#:style "tikzpicture"]{
  @(ipa-line dx width height 'Open
             (vnode 'a '&OE 'aoe)
             (vnode '&ipacentralized.a #false 'ca)
             (vnode 'A '6 #:en-vowel 'both #:long? 'left))
  @(ipa-line dx width height 'Near-Open #:draw-line? #false
             (vnode '&ae #false 'ae  #:en-vowel 'left)
             (vnode '5 #false #:dot? #false))
  @(ipa-line dx width height 'Open-Mid
             (vnode 'E '&oe 'eoe)
             (vnode '3 '&textcloserevepsilon '3cr3 #:en-vowel 'left #:long? #true)
             (vnode '2 'O #:en-vowel 'both #:long? 'right))
  @(ipa-line dx width height 'Mid #:draw-line? #false
             (vnode #false '&textlowering.&o 'cmo)
             (vnode '* #false 'schwa #:en-vowel 'left #:dot? #false)
             (vnode #false '&textlowering.o 'mbo))
  @(ipa-line dx width height 'Close-Mid
             (vnode 'e '&o 'ecmo #:en-vowel 'left)
             (vnode '9 '8)
             (vnode '7 'o))
  
  @(ipanode width height 'Near-Front 'Near-Close dx
            (vnode 'I 'Y  #:en-vowel 'left))
  
  @(ipanode width height 'Near-Back 'Near-Close dx
            (vnode #false 'U #:en-vowel 'right))
  
  @(ipa-line dx width height 'Close
             (vnode 'i 'y #:en-vowel 'left #:long? #true)
             (vnode '1 '0)
             (vnode 'W 'u #:en-vowel 'right #:long? #true))
  
  @(ipa-edge 'aoe 'ae 'eoe 'cmo 'ecmo 'iy)
  @(ipa-edge 'ca '5 '3cr3 'schwa '98 '10)
  @(ipa-edge 'A6 '2O 'mbo '7o 'Wu)
  
  @(for/list ([hlabel (in-list ipa-vowel-simplified-backnesses)])
     (ipanode width height hlabel 'Close dx 1 (vnode hlabel #:dot? #false #:elem tt)))
  
  @(for/list ([vlabel (in-list ipa-vowel-heights)])
     (define-values (x y) (ipa-vowel-position width height 'Front vlabel dx))
     (ipanode 0 y (vnode vlabel #:dot? #false #:elem tt)))
  })
}

@Tamer-Figure-ref{ipa:vowels:en} is the @ja-tech{IPA} vowels chart@handbook-footnote{The chart is
 introduced in @secref{CardinalVowels}} of (British) English. Generally speaking, there are 7 short
monothongs, 5 long monothongs, and 8 diphthongs in English:

@nested{
 @tabular[
 #:sep gap2
 #:column-properties '(right left)
 (list (cons "Long Monothong"
             (append (map (λ [lm] (elem #:style long-style (ipa-phone lm))) '(i: A: u: 3: O:))
                     (make-list 3 " ")))
       (cons "Short Monothong"
             (append (map (λ [sm] (elem #:style short-style (ipa-phone sm))) '(I 2 U e &ae$ * 6))
                     (make-list 1 " ")))
       (cons "Diphthong"
             (map ipa-phone '(eI aI *U OI aU I* e* U*))))]}

@handbook-scenario{Phonemes}

@handbook-action{Aspiration}

@handbook-action{Liaison}

Native English speakers usually don't treat an utterance as a stream of words@handbook-footnote{Words
 are invented for reading and writing, whereas @ja-tech{phoneme}s are regulated for speaking and listening.
 They are distinctive concepts, and no known languages follow the one-character-one-syllable-one-morpheme
 principle. This also indicates that you should not do liaison only by observing the spells of words.},
instead, it's nature for them to treat an utterance as a stream of syllables, even the consonant part
and vowel part of a @ja-tech{syllable} cross the word boundary. This is why and where the liaison occurs.
In fact, this phonological phenomenon applies to the pronunciation of a single word as well. For instances,
@ipa-ruby['(/go+wing/ /e=d+2dZucation/ /wi=tness/ /=s+Streng+kth/)
          '(^g*UIN      edjU^keIS*n      wItn*s     streNT)],
@etc

@itemlist[
 @item{@ja-tech{Consonant} + @ja-tech{Vowel}. This is the most common case.
       
 @en-sentence['(Please pic/k it u/p)]
 
 @en-sentence['(Le=t me ha/ve a/ loo/k at i/t)]}

 @item{@ja-tech{Vowel} + @ja-tech{Vowel}. @ja-tech{Vowel}s cannot be linked on their own, hence the
  added @ja-tech{semivowel}s.
  
  @itemlist[
 @item{A (fuzzy) @en-phonetics{j} is added if following @en-phonetics{i:}, @en-phonetics{eI},
    @en-phonetics{OI}, or @en-phonetics{aI}. @tt{[palatalization]}

    @en-sentence['(I come to se/e +jA/dam)]
    
    @en-sentence['(H/e +ja/sked me for a cu/p o/f tea)]
 }

 @item{A (fuzzy) @en-phonetics{w} is added if following @en-phonetics{u:}, @en-phonetics{U},
    @en-phonetics{*U}, or @en-phonetics{aU}. @tt{[labialization]}
    
    @en-sentence['(ho/w +wa/wful) null "!"]
    
    @en-sentence['(She^ll g/o +wa/way tomorro/w +wa/fternoon)]
    
    @en-sentence['(The coa/t i/s to/o +we/xpensive)]
   }
 ]}

 @item{@en-letters{-r}/@en-letters{-re} + @ja-tech{Vowel}. A (fuzzy) @en-phonetics{r} is added.

  @en-sentence['(I looked fo/r +ri/t he/re +ra/n=d there)]
  
  @en-sentence['(Whe/re +rare/ your brothe/r +ra/n=d sister) null "?"]
 
  @en-sentence['(I calle/d y/ou hal/f an ho/u/r +ra/go)]

  More generally speaking, the @en-phonetics{r} works for @en-phonetics{A:}, @en-phonetics{O:},
  @en-phonetics{3:}, @en-phonetics{*}, @en-phonetics{I*}, @en-phonetics{e*}, and @en-phonetics{U*}.

  @en-sentence['(The ar/ea +ri/s flooded)
               '(-   ^e*rI*)]

  @en-sentence['(Chin/a +ra/n=d Japan)
               '(^tSaIn*)]
  
  @en-sentence['(la/w +ra/n/d or/der)
               '(lO:)]

  @en-sentence['(A ca/r +ra/n=d a bike)
               '(- kA:)]
  
  @en-sentence['(the tou/r +ri/s good)
               '(-   tU*)]
 }
]

After all, liaison is not universally indispensable. The most notable situationses are:

@itemlist[
 @item{To emphasize something, in which case, the emphasized words tend to be pronounced clearly.
  @en-sentence['(In /my/ ◌ opinion)]
 }

 @item{To separate sense groups, in which case, a short stop would occur.
  @en-sentence['(The/re +ris a/ football ◌ unde/r +ri/t)]
  
  @en-sentence['(Th/e +je/n/d o/f the story ◌ is ver/y +ji/nteresting)]
 }
]

@handbook-action{Assimilation}

Assimilation is another phonological phenomenon similar to liaion but for @ja-tech{Consonant} + @ja-tech{Consonant}.

@itemlist[
 @item{Same consonants, also included the two with same articulatory features and only differ in
  voicedness. The former consonant would not contribute to the pronunciation by leaving a short or
  no stop for it.
  
  @en-words['(|ni=2ce song| |so=2me money| |be=d time| |qui=2te different|) null 4]}

 @item{@en-phonetics{t} @en-phonetics{d} + @en-phonetics{D}. They have similar articulatory features,
  and would be blended towarding the second one.
  
  @en-words['(|hol/=d th/e line please| |I go/=t th/e message| |a/=t th/e moment|) null 4]}

 @item{@ja-tech{Plosive} + @ja-tech{Consonant}. They are usually different consonants, and the former
  would be elided without leaving a short stop for it.

  @en-words['(|goo=d girl| |las=t Monday| |spea=k more slowly| |brigh=t colour|) null 4]}
 ]

@handbook-event{Progressive Assimilation}

In this category, @ja-tech{phonemes} assimilate to their preceding @ja-tech{phonemes}. The most well
known case is the voiceless-voiced-assimilation.

@itemlist[
 @item{@en-letters{-ed} that of an inflected @ja-tech{verb} is realized as @en-phonetics{t} if
  following a @ja-tech{voiceless consonant}, and realized as @en-phonetics{d} if following a
  @ja-tech{voiced consonant} or a @ja-tech{vowel}. Specifically, @en-letters{-ed} is realized
  as @en-phonetics{Id} if following another @en-phonetics{t} or @en-phonetics{d}.

 @en-words['(asked finished helped passed reached talked launched watched)
           '(A:skt ^fInISt  helpt  pA:st  ri:tSt  tO:kt  lO:ntSt  w6tSt)
           8]

 @en-words['(called borrowed moved enjoyed  welcomed answered bridged shared)
           '(kO:ld  ^b6r*Ud  mu:vd In^dZOId ^welk*md ^A:ns*d  brIdZd  Se*d)
           8]
 
 @en-words['(wanted doubted concentrated  ended  decided    acted  counted sided)
           '(w6ntId daUtId  ^k6nsntreItId endId dI^saIdId &ae$ktId kaUntId SaIdId)
           8]

  Some @ja-tech{adjective}s may just end with @en-letters{ed}s, which are realized as @en-phonetics{Id}s.
  Do not be confused with the suffix @en-letters{-ed} of an inflected @ja-tech{verb}.
  
 @en-words['(beloved  wretched wicked  sacred    ragged   naked  krooked dogged cursed  learned -legged aged)
           '(bI^l2vId ^retSId  ^wIkId ^seIkrId ^r&ae$gId ^neIkId ^krUkId ^d6gId ^k3:sId 'l3:nId -legId ^eIdZId)
           6]}

 @item{@en-letters{-s}/@en-letters{-es} that of an inflected @ja-tech{noun} or @ja-tech{verb} is
  realized as @en-phonetics{s} if following a @ja-tech{voiceless consonant}, and realized as
  @en-phonetics{z} if following a @ja-tech{voiced consonant} or a @ja-tech{vowel}. Specifically,
  when following another @en-phonetics{t} or @en-phonetics{d}, they are combined as the consonant
  pair @en-phonetics{ts} or @en-phonetics{dz}. When following another @en-phonetics{s}, @en-phonetics{z},
  @en-phonetics{S}, @en-phonetics{Z}, @en-phonetics{tS}, or @en-phonetics{dZ},
  @en-letters{-s}/@en-letters{-es} is realized as @en-phonetics{Iz}; When inflected from
  @en-letters{f}/@en-letters{fe}, @en-letters{-s}/@en-letters{-es} is realized as @en-phonetics{vz}.
  
  
 @en-words['(dates pets books hopes talks asks  laughs cloth/s/)
           '(deIts pets bUks  heUps tO:ks A:sks  lA:fs  kl6Ts)
           8]

 @en-words['(codes tells sides teams turns breathe/s/ goods cloth/es/)
           '(k*Udz tellz saIds ti:mz t3:nz   bri:Dz   gUdz  kl*UDz)
           8]
 
 @en-words['(bushes     garages   surprises  |the witch's watches| |the nurse's purses|    |Max's faxes|)
           '(bUSIz  ^g&ae$rA:dZIz s*^praIzIz  |D* wItSIz w6tSIz|    |D* n3:sIs p3:sIs| |m&ae$ksIs f&ae$ksIs|)
           6]
 
 @en-words['(knife ⇒ knives leaf ⇒ leaves)
           '(naIf  - naIvz  li:f - li:vz)
           6]}
 ]

@handbook-event{Regressive Assimilation}

In this category, @ja-tech{phonemes} assimilate to their following @ja-tech{phonemes}. If the resulting
@ja-tech{phoneme} is the same as the following one, the length doubled.

@itemlist[
 @item{@en-phonetics{s} ⇒ @en-phonetics{S}
  @en-words['(|spa/+S=2ce/ shuttle| /=s+S/tronge)
            '(|speIs S2tl|            str6NT)
            4]}

 @item{@en-phonetics{z} ⇒ @en-phonetics{s}
  @en-words['(new/+s=s/paper |hi/+s=s/ farm| |he ha/+s=s/ six sisters|)
            '(^nju:zpeIp*    |hIs fA:m|      |hi: h&ae$s sIks ^sIst*z|)
            4]}
 
 @item{@en-phonetics{v} ⇒ @en-phonetics{f}
  @en-words['(|o/+f=f/ course| |pro/+f=2ve/ to me|)
            '(|*v kO:s|        |pru:v t* mi:|)
            4]}
 
 @item{@en-phonetics{n} + @en-phonetics{k} or @en-phonetics{g} ⇒ @en-phonetics{N} [This is a hint of
  @ipa-ruby['(/=s+Streng+kth/) '(streNT)]]
  @en-words['(|o/+N=2ne/ cup| |in her ow/+N=n/ car|)
            '(|w2n k2p|       |In h3: oUn kA:|)
            4]}

 @item{@en-phonetics{n} + @en-phonetics{m} ⇒ @en-phonetics{m}
  @en-words['(|i/+m=n/ my opinion| |seve/+m=n/ million|)
            '(|In maI *^pinj*n|     |sevn mIlj*n|)
            4]}
 ]

@handbook-event{Reciprocal Assimilation}

In this category, @ja-tech{phonemes} assimilate to each other for another new @ja-tech{phoneme}.

@itemlist[
 @item{@en-phonetics{t} + @en-phonetics{j} ⇒ @en-phonetics{tS}
  @en-sentence['(I^ll pu/t y/ou through)]
  
 }
  
 @item{@en-phonetics{d} + @en-phonetics{j} ⇒ @en-phonetics{dZ}
  @en-sentence['(I^ll sen/d y/ou the book)]
 }

 @item{@en-phonetics{s} + @en-phonetics{j} ⇒ @en-phonetics{S}}
 @item{@en-phonetics{z} + @en-phonetics{j} ⇒ @en-phonetics{Z}}
 @item{@en-phonetics{s} + @en-phonetics{S} ⇒ @en-phonetics{S} [This is actually an instance of
  @emph{Regressive Assimilation}]}
 @item{@en-phonetics{z} + @en-phonetics{S} ⇒ @en-phonetics{Z}}
]

@handbook-event{Reading: Charle and Lola}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap1

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(Snow is  my  favouri=2te an=d my  best.)
                       '(sn*U Iz  maI ^feIv*rIt   *nd  maI best)
                       '(7777 76 6556 6788887654  4444 567 789987)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(I    have   this little sister|,| Lola.)
                       '(aI  h&ae$v  DIs ^lIt+ll ^sIst*    l*Ul*)
                       '(5556 678998 8877 776655 55445    5677654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(She^=s small .an=d. very  funny)
                       '(Siz    smO:l   *nd ^veri ^f2ni)
                       '(77765 5456788 87654 4456 6789987654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(I=t  hasn^=t  come   yet.)
                       '(It ^h&ae$z*nt k2m    jet)
                       '(555 67899876 6788765 543)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(It^=s still    coming    yet.)
                       '(Its    stIl    ^k2mIN    jet)
                       '(55556 667788 88999887766 654)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Today    Lola  i/s e/xtremel/y +je/xcited|,|     .because.  the  ma/n    o/n   the  weather sa/ys i/t^s go+wing to snow!)
                       '(t*^deI   l*Ul* Iz  Ik^stri:mli  ik^saItId         bI^k6z    D*  m&ae$n   6n    D*   ^weD*    sez  Its  ^g*UIN  t* sn*U)
                       '(66789998 65555 556 6789988776655 566776655443322 4445566777 7655 678877 776655 5544 5677766  6655 554445 567766 656 67776543)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Ooh! Snow!)
                       '(u:   sn*U)
                       '(6666 67887654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Lola   canno=t  wait .for. the  snow  .to. come.)
                       '(l*Ul* ^k&ae$n6t weIt  f*   D*   sn*U   t*  k2m)
                       '(54445  56789999 9876 65555 556 677654 456 6776543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(She^s go=t a/ll =her/ things  ready  jus/t i/n case.)
                       '(Si:z  g6t  O:l    h*  TINz    ^redi  dZ2st In keIs)
                       '(55555 5557 7999 99998 876545 5678876 55667 767 79876)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Sn/ow   +wi/s  my  favouri=2te .an./d i/s  my   best)
                       '(sn*U     Iz   maI  ^feIverit   *nd   Iz  maI   best)
                       '(88998765 54   445  56776543   332211 112 23467 7899876543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Remember     Lola|,| snow  .can.     only    come  whe/n i/t^s   very    very  cold.)
                       '(rI^memb*     l*Ul*   sn*U   k*n    ^*Unli     k2m   wen  Its    ^veri   ^veri  k*Uld)
                       '(222446665432 22223  2112345 54335 579998765 543222 2345  566654 4321112 665432 246665432)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Da=d  sai/d  i/=t migh=t no=t snow till mi=dnight|,| /or +re/ven tommorrow.)
                       '(d&ae$d sed    It   maIt  n6t  sn*U tIl  ^midnaIt      o:   ^i:v*n t*^m6r*U)
                       '(77665 543222  23  334455 555 55556 6677 667765432    666  67888  887654322345)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(I   know|,|  .bu./t i/t^s realy    col=d righ=t now.)
                       '(aI  n*U       b*t   Its  ^rI*li    k*Uld raIt   naU)
                       '(666 67899876  5566  6666 678998877 66556 67899 999876)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(S/o +wI/ thin=k snow will  come  sooner rather .than. mi=dnight)
                       '(s*U  aI   TINk  sn*U wIl   k2m   su:n*  ^rA:D*   D*n  ^mIdnaIt)
                       '(555 555  55555 57998 87655 56557 798765 555555  5567 7898877665544)]))]

@handbook-action{Plosion}

Besides the assimilation, there are some alternatives for improving the fluency of speech. The ones
specific to @ja-tech{plosive}s and other @ja-tech{consonant}s concern the plosion, and they are
associated with more operational definitions, instead of simply skipping the @ja-tech{plosive}
with a short or no stop as is defined in assimilation. They should have subtle yet distinguishable
hearing experiences.

@handbook-event{Plosion Loss}

When two or more @ja-tech{plosive}s appear consecutively in the stream of syllables, the former one
would only be progressed with the blocking action and without the releasing action, closely followed
by the latter. Note that even though no real sound of the former plosive is produced, the blocking
action must not be elided.

@en-words['(|wha_t time| goo_dbye  |bi_g kite|  re+ja_ct)
          '(|^w6t taIm|   gUd^baI  |^bIg ^kaIt| ri:&ae$kt)
          4]

For the two high frequent words @en-letters{asked} and @en-letters{stopped}, when they are used as the
@ja-tech{intransitive verb}s, they are reallized as usual, @en-phonetics{A:s_kt} and
@en-phonetics{st6_pt}. When they are used as the @ja-tech{transitive verb}s, the suffix
@en-letters{-ed} would also lose plosion, with a longer stop, if the @ja-tech{object} starts with a
@ja-tech{consonant}, or be linked with the @ja-tech{object} otherwise.

@en-sentence['(They sto_4pped the fight)
             '(-    sd6pt)]
  
@en-sentence['(H/e +ja/s_k/ed a/ lady for help)
             '(-      A:skt   *)]

@handbook-event{Incomplete Plosion}

When a @ja-tech{plosive} is followed by a @ja-tech{fricative} or @ja-tech{affricate}, it would be
progressed with the blocking action and a partial releasing action. That is, sliding to the following
@ja-tech{consonant} as soon as releasing the @ja-tech{plosive}, so that the @ja-tech{plosive} is much
weaker than the normal case. Sometimes, there is no notable difference between the plosion loss and
the imcomplete plosion.

@en-words['(pi_cture   |tha_t joke|     |bi_g jug|)
          '(|^pIktS*|  |^D&ae$t ^dZ*Uk| |^bIg ^dZ2g|)
          4]

@;handbook-event{Nasal Release}

@;handbook-event{Lateral Release}

@handbook-event{Reading: The Love Books}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap1

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(Come live  with m/e  .a/.n=d. be  my  love.)
                       '(k2m  lIv    wID  mi:  *nd     bi: maI  l2v)
                       '(8997 76787 7766 66554 44456  676 6787 7898765)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(These pretty pleasures  might  me  move.)
                       '(Di:z  ^prIti ^pleZ*z    maIt   mi: mu:v)
                       '(44445 567776 6789998765 567765 555 567888765)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(.To. live   with  thee  .an=d.  be  thy  love.)
                       '(t*   lIv    wID    Di:  *nd     bi: DaI  l2v)
                       '(555  579987 7666 678876 4455667 777 7787 789998765)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Give  me   my   Romeo.)
                       '(gIv   mi:  maI ^r*Umi*U)
                       '(99987 765 5665 567777654321)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Love. Love.  Love.)
                       '(l2v   l2v    l2v)
                       '(99998 877776 665544)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Drin_k  .to.  me  only   wi=2th thi/ne e/yes.)
                       '(drINk    t*   mi: ^*Unli wID    DaIn   aIz)
                       '(56789987 656 676  77776  65444  45654  4566654321)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Sha/ll  I/   compare   thee  /to +wa/ summer^s  day?)
                       '(S*l     aI   k*m^pe*   Di:   tU    *  ^s2m*z    deI)
                       '(123456 6776 5432112345 67776 543 3223 357888753 321000123)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(She   walk/s in/ beauty.)
                       '(Si:   wO:ks  In  ^bju:ti)
                       '(22334 468888 888 887766554433221)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(I/f  e/ver two  .were.  one|,| then  surely   we.)
                       '(If   ^ev*  tu:    w*    w2n    Den   ^SO:li   wi:)
                       '(6667 78999 9876 666555 6789987 44445 56788876 656789876)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(I   carry   your   heart.)
                       '(aI ^k&ae$ri jO:    hA:t)
                       '(444 4688765 556677 778899998765)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(I    carr/y     +ji/t .in.  .my. heart.)
                       '(aI   ^k&ae$ri    It    In    maI hA:t)
                       '(5556 6789999876 65    55543 3334 45666654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(/I   +jam   I/  an/d you are/ you.)
                       '(aI   &ae$m  aI  *nd  ju:  *   ju:)
                       '(888 876555 5677 5567 777 7655 56777654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(I   love  you.  I^m   gla/d    I +je/xist.)
                       '(aI   l2v  jU    aIm   gl&ae$d aI  Ig^zIst)
                       '(555 56788 87654 43456 678999 9876 65456777654)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Love.   Love.  Love.)
                       '(l2v     l2v    l2v)
                       '(9988776 655554 43333210)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(I     though_t .tha_t. love  .woul_d. las_t forever.  I  was   wrong.)
                       '(aI    TO:t      D*t    l2v     wUd    lA:st f*r^ev*  aI  w6z   r6N)
                       '(11123 45666654  432234 45666 65432223 35777 75445675 777 76556 6777765)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Trea_d sof=tly|,| because   you  trea/d   o/n  my    dreams.)
                       '(tred   s6ftli     bI^k6z    ju:  tred     6n   maI   dri:mz)
                       '(999876 66665554   4445566 667788 88999998 8877 77667 7788887654)]))]

@handbook-scenario{Prosody}

@handbook-action{Lexical Stress}

English employs the @ja-tech{stress accent} system@handbook-footnote{Linguistic terms are always
 the first source of chaos. In practice, English syllables might be emphasized in any way of:
 1). longer period; 2). heavier stress; or 3) higher pitch.} to cue its prominent syllable in a
word. A word contains one or more syllables, among those there always is a primary stress; for
some polysyllabic words, a secondary stress might be identified; the other syllables are considered
unstressed@handbook-footnote{Here only described the phonemic stress despite the  phonetic
 tertiary stress along with treating the unstressed as the quaternary one.}.

In the @ja-tech{IPA} transcriptions, the primary stress and secondary stress are denoted with
@ipa-phonetics{@ipa-sym{^}} and @ipa-phonetics{@ipa-sym{.}}@handbook-footnote{Tranditionally,
 English words may be acuted and graved for stresses: @emph{pronùnciátion}.} before target
syllables, respectively, like in @en-phonetics{pr*.n2nsI^eIS*n}.

Stressed syllables of English words are generally unpredictable, nonetheless, some cheatsheets
can be made for heuristic before looking up dictionaries.

@handbook-event{Disyllables}

@itemlist[
 @item{A @ja-tech{noun} or a @ja-tech{adjective} tends to stress on the first syllable.

  @en-sentence['(The artist^s most famous  picture shows some women and children in a lovely  forest with a  purple mountain behind)
               '(-   ^A:tIsts -   ^feIm*s  ^pIktS* -     -   ^wImIn -  ^tSIldr*n -  - ^l2vli ^f6rIst -    - ^p3:p*l ^maUntIn -)]}

 @item{A @ja-tech{verb} tends to stress on the second syllable, or on the one identified with its stem.

  @en-words['(contrast    export   present  rebel  remove dislike   rebuild recycle)
            '(k*n^trA:st Ik^spO:t prI^zent rI^bel rI^mu:v dis^laIk ri:^bIld ri:^saIk6l)
            8]

  Note that these two principles give an hint of how to speak a word if it can serve as
  both a @ja-tech{noun} and a @ja-tech{verb},

  @en-words['(insult  insult ""  transfer     transfer  "" discount  discount  "")
            '(^Ins2lt I^s2lt - ^tr&ae$nsf3: tr&ae$sn^f3: - ^dIskaUnt dIs^kaUnt - )
            9]
  
  and also note that the pronunciations may be slightly different.
  
  @en-words['(record  record  "" contrast   contrast ""  export   export "" present  present ""  rebel rebel "" project   project "")
            '(^rekO:d rI^kO:d - ^k6ntra:st k*n^trA:st - ^ekspO:t Ik^spO:t - ^prez*nt prI^zent - ^reb*l rI^bel - ^pr6dZekt pr*^dZekt -)
            9]}
                                                                   
 @item{Deriving a disyllabic word ususlly does not change its stressed syllable.

  @en-words['(happy    ⇒  unhappy   "" depart   ⇒ departure)
            '(^h&ae$pi - 2n^h&ae$pi  - dI^pA:t  -  dI^pA:tS*)
            8]}

 @item{Irregularities:

  @itemlist[
 @item{@ja-tech{Nouns} and @ja-tech{adjectives} that stressing on the second syllable:
    @en-letters{asleep}, @en-letters{mistake}, @en-letters{machine}, @en-letters{alone}, @etc}

 @item{Words that serving as both @ja-tech{nouns} and @ja-tech{verbs} consistently stress
    on the first syllable despite their @ja-tech[#:key "PoS"]{parts of speech}: @en-letters{promise},
    @en-letters{answer}, @en-letters{travel}, @en-letters{visit}, @en-letters{picture}, @etc}]}
 ]

As irregularities are regular in language, mastering exact lexical accent of words therefore
is indispensable for high quality communicating with native speakers.

@en-sentence['(I must tell you|,| I^m /unique/)
             '(-  -    -    -      -  ju:^ni:k)]

@en-sentence['(I must tell you|,| I^m a /eunuch/)
             '(-  -    -    -      -  - ^ju:n*k)]

@handbook-event{Polysyllables}

A polysyllabic word is usually derived from a shorter one by adding prefixes and/or suffixes:

@itemlist[
 @item{@en-letters{-ion}/@en-letters{-ian}/@en-letters{-tion}/@en-letters{-cian}: stressed on the syllable
  previous to the suffix(the second last syllable).
  
  @en-words['(educate  ⇒ education    "" electric   ⇒  electrician "" decorate   ⇒ decoration "" communicate   ⇒ communication)
            '(^edjUkeIt - edjU^keIS*n  - I^lektrIk  -  .Ilek^trIS*n -  ^dek*reIt -  dek*^reIS*n - k*^mju:nIkeIt - k*.mju:^nIkeIS*n)
            8]

  By the way, @en-letters{-tion} is realized as @en-phonetics{tS*n} if following a @en-letters{s},
  or @en-phonetics{S*n} otherwise; @en-letters{-sion} is realized as @en-phonetics{S*n} if following
  a @ja-tech{consonant}, or @en-phonetics{Z*n} if following a @ja-tech{vowel}; specifically,
  @en-letters{-ssion} is realized as @en-phonetics{S*n}, that is, the leading @en-letters{s}
  does not contribute to the pronunciation.
  
  @en-words['(suggestion  adoption extension  decision possession)
            '(s*^dZestS*n *^d6pS*n Iks^tenS*n dI^sIZ*n p*^zeS*n)
            8]}

@item{@en-letters{-ic}/@en-letters{-ial}/@en-letters{-ive}: stressed on the syllable previous to the suffix.
       
  @en-words['(scientist  ⇒ scientific  "" economy   ⇒  economic ""    atom   ⇒ atomic  "" instinct ⇒ instinc/tive/)
            '(^saI*ntIst - s2I*n^tIfik  - I^k6n*mi  -  I:k*^n6mik -  ^&ae$t*m -  *^t6mik - ^InstINkt - In^stINktIv)
            8]}

@item{@en-letters{-able}/@en-letters{-al}: usually unchanged, or unpredictable (true irregular).
       
  @en-words['(admire  ⇒ admirable   "" prefer ⇒  preferable "" medicine ⇒ medicinal "" agriculture   ⇒ agricultural)
            '(*d^maIe - ^&ae$m*r*b*l - prI^f3: - ^pref*r*b*l - ^meds*n  -  mI^dIsIn*l - ^&ae$grIk2ltS* - &ae$grI^k2ltS*r*l)
            8]}

 @item{@en-letters{-ious}/@en-letters{-ulous}/@en-letters{-orous}/@en-letters{-eous}: stressed on the syllable
  previous to the suffix. Note that these suffixes will never be realized with @en-phonetics{r}. 
       
  @en-words['(industry  ⇒ industrious "" mystery  ⇒ mysterious "" miracle ⇒   miraculous  ""  outrage  ⇒ outrageous)
            '(^Ind*stri - In^d2strI*s  - ^mIst*ri - mI^stI*rI*s - ^mIr*k*l - mI^r&ae$kjUl*s - ^aUtreIdZ - aUt^reIdZ*s)
            8]}
 
 @item{@en-letters{-ee}/@en-letters{-eer}/@en-letters{-ese}/@en-letters{-ette}: stressed on suffix itself.
  These suffixes are typically loaned from French, and their own stressed syllables shadow the ones of word stems. 
       
  @en-words['(engineer  cigarette  refugee   Chinese)
            '(endZI^nIe sIg*^ret  refjU^dZi: tSaI^ni:z)
            4]}

 @item{@en-letters{-y}: stressed on the third last syllable.
  @en-words['(public  ⇒ publicity  "" photograph   ⇒ photography "" national   ⇒ nationality     "" author ⇒ authority)
            '(^p2blIc - p2b^lIcIti  - ^f*Ut*grA:f  -  f*^t6gr*fi - ^n&ae$S*n*l - n&ae$S*^n&ae$lIti - ^O:T* -  O:^T6rIti)
            8]}
 ]

Otherwise, the stressed syllable tends to be remained:

@en-words['(forget ⇒ unforgettable ""  economic  ⇒ economical  "" author ⇒ authorize ""  regard ⇒ regardless)
          '(f*^get -  2nf*^get*bl   - I:k*^n6mik - I:k*^n6mik*l -  ^O:T* - ^O:T6raIz   - rI^gA:d - rI^gA:dl*s)
          8]

with irregularities:

@en-words['(advertise    ⇒  advertisement)
          '(^&ae$dv*taIz - &ae$d^v*tIzm*nt)
          8]

@handbook-event{Compound Words}

A compound word is the word composed of two or more single words and represents a new word. Compound
words can be written in any of the three forms: 1). a single word; 2). a hyphenated long word; or
3) raw form as if they were not compound.

@en-words['(airport lipstick  newspaper   Thanksgiving   |driving  licence| wil=d-life)
          '(^e*pO:t ^lIpstIk ^nju:zpeIp* T&ae$Nks^gIvIN  |^draIvIN laIs*ns| ^waildlaif)
          6]

The stress accent of a compound word depends on the @ja-tech{information}@handbook-footnote{This is
 really the key point for all prosody categories, not only for the lexical stress or compound word.}
either can be plausibly influenced or intended to emphasize. The stressed syllable of a compound word
is the syllable of the selected stressed word. For two-word compound word, not all two words should be
selected as stressed, if so they are not compounded and behave like two words in the sentence; For
longer compound word, no stressed word should be selected next to another stressed word, if so it is
an error.

Native speakers have made themselves very sensible to the stress accent patterns of compound words.

@en-words['(|green house| |[two words, a house colorzied with green]|)
          '(|^gri:n ^haUs|  -)
          2]

@en-words['(greenhouse |[plausibly inflenced, greenhouse is rarer than house]|)
          '(^gri:nhaUs  -)
          2]

@en-words['(|Italian Teacher| |[The teacher is an Italian]|)
          '(|I^t&ae$lj*n ti:tS*| -)
          2]

@en-words['(|Italian Teacher|  |[The teacher teaches Italian]|)
          '(|It&ae$lj*n ^ti:tS*| - )
          2]

Besides, some compound words may have more than one stressed words, these words may not be considered
as irregular, they are just not that into a single word.

@handbook-event{Reading: A Sad Birthday}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap1

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(It^s   my        birthday         .to.day.)
                       '(Its    maI       ^b3:TdeI         t*^deI)
                       '(6665 554433 357999887766554433 33445566554433)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(An/d  I^m  e/xpecting    lo/ts a/n=d lo/ts    o/f cards.)
                       '(^nd   aIm  Ik^spektIN    l6ts  *nd   l6ts     *v  kA:dz)
                       '(34555 5554 3456788776655 57987 6556  78877665 56  6777665544)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Okay|,| here  we     go.    Newspaper|,|  a  letter  .to.  my     mum|,| fas=t food|,|  pizza|,| a letter .to. my  dad|,| newspaper!)
                       '(.*U^keI hI*   wi     g*U    ^nju:s.peIp*  *  ^let*    t*   maI     m2m    fa:st fu:d    ^pi:ts*  * ^let*   t* maI  d&ae$d ^nju:z.peIp*)
                       '(999987 776655 443345 56776655 777777654357 545 6789998 7766 554433 445566  5555  56655443 88997755 54 567777 432 234 677654 8888877665544)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Bu=t  where +rare my    birthday   cards? I^.ve. go=t no   cards.)
                       '(b*t    we*    A:  maI   ^b3:TdeI   kA:dz    aIv   g6t n*U  kA:dz)
                       '(65556 556677 776 65445 5678998767 788765 6666   6544 4565 56654)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Even    my     dog   ha=d  more   cards  than  m/e  +jon  =hi/s birthday.)
                       '(^i:ven  maI    d6g  h&ae$d mO:    kA:dz  D*n   mi:   6n    hIz   ^b3:TdeI)
                       '(6677876 6556 678998 98766 665544 444454 43334 4565 54456 678998 76543222)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Maybe   my       do/g     a/=2te     my      cards.)
                       '(^meIbi  maI      d6g       eIt       maI     kA:dz)
                       '(5566776 654456 677766 6789988776655 56677 776655443322)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(.But.|,| I don^/t a/ctually   ha/ve       a/    dog.)
                       '(b*t     aI doUnt  ^&ae$ktS*li h&ae$v      *     d6g)
                       '(6666   555 55676  67887766554 45678987 876788 888776655443322)]))]

@handbook-action{Prosodic Stress}

Given that English utterances are composed of syllables, just like @ja-tech{polysyllabic word}s,
sentences and words share same prosodic stress patterns. More precisely, English is a stress-timed
language, in which stressed syllables appear at roughly constant rate and non-stressed syllables
are shortened to accommodate them.

Generally speaking, @ja-tech{ancillary word}s tend to be realized as their weak forms unless they
are emphasized, whereas @ja-tech{independent word}s tend to be realized as their strong forms.

@handbook-event{Pronunciation of some prepositions}

Prepositions are ancillary words. When they

@itemlist[
 @item{occur sentence-medially, their vowels would change to the @tt{unstressed central vowel}
  @ipa-phonetics{@ipa-phone{*}}. Specifically, @en-letters{to} may assimilate to the following
  vowel and be realized as @en-phonetics{tU}.

  @en-words['(at for from of to)
            '(*t f*  fr*m *v t*)
            5]

 @en-sentence['(She^s waiting .for. her Dad)
              '(-     -        f*)]
 }

 @item{occur sentence-finally, they would not be realized as the weak forms.

  @en-words['(at    for from of to)
            '(&ae$t fO: fr6m 6v tu:)
            5]

  Note that these symbols are written the same as their strong forms, but they usually are not
  stressed.

 @en-sentence['(What are you looking at)
              '(-     -              &ae$t)
              "?"]}

 @item{are actually emphasized, or as parts of some set phrases. they would be realized as the
  strong forms with stress.
       
  @en-words['(at    for from of to)
            '(&ae$t fO: fr6m 6v tu:)
            5]

  @en-sentence['(be hard   at it)
               '(-  -    &ae$t)]}
 ]

@;handbook-event{Pronunciation of some conjunctions}

@;{
Conjunctions are ancillary words, when they are realized as their weak forms, their vowels would
change to the @tt{unstressed central vowel} @ipa-phonetics{@ipa-phone{*}}.

In contrast to prepositions, conjunctios may connect two sense groups, and in these cases, they
would not be realized as weak forms.
}

@;handbook-event{Pronunciation of @en-letters{the}}

@;{
It is recommended that, realizing it as @en-phonetics{D*} before consonants, and as @en-phonetics{Di}
or @en-phonetics{Di:} before vowels.
}

@handbook-event{Reading: Wish You Well}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap1

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(Don^=t worry|,|   I  haven^=t  come    t/o +wun/do your good   wor/k  o/f th/e +jo/ther  night.)
                       '(d*Unt  ^w2ri     aI ^h&ae$v*nt k2m     tU   2n^du: jO:  gUd     w3:k  *v  Di    ^2D*     naIt)
                       '(777776 65432111 444  44567777 77665544 444 5678876 6555 55567 7899987 765 5445 567776543 32100123456)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(You   must^ve   bee/n  u/_p before the servants.)
                       '(j*    m2st*v     bIn   2p   bI^fO: D* ^s3:v*nts)
                       '(33345 567765432 222345 5666 666666 667 789999876543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(They  .were.  rather surprised  .to. see  me.)
                       '(DeI     w*    ^rA:D* s*^praIzd   t*  si:  mi)
                       '(66665 544456 6788876 6778899876 655 56766 66678)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['( I   wante_d   .to. give    you  this.)
                       '(aI   w6ntId     t*  gIv     j*   DIs)
                       '(5556 678876543 3345 5678765 5445 56776543)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(It^s   my     lucky  charm.)
                       '(Its    maI    ^l2ki  tSA:m)
                       '(55665 54445 57999876 667899987654321)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(I^ve  ha/d  it  a/lways.)
                       '(aIv  h&ae$d It ^O:lweIz)
                       '(445 5678876 67 789987654321)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(So   you   mus=t  promise  .to. bring i=t back|,|  withou/t .a./ scratch.)
                       '(s*U  j*    m*st   ^pr6mIs   t*  brIN  It  b&ae$k   wID^aUt   *  skr&ae$tS)
                       '(4455 54456 678887 789987655 567 78887 765 56787654 55667887 7667 78987654)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Won^/t y/ou  nee/d i/t.)
                       '(w*Unt   ju:  ni:d It)
                       '(444456 67876 65555 55678)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(No/t  a/s mu/ch  a/s you.)
                       '(n6t   *z  m2tS   *z  ju:)
                       '(77765 544 568888 876 678998765)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(So   loo/k a/fte/r +ri/t|,| please.)
                       '(s*U  lUk   ^A:ft*     It    pli:z)
                       '(4445 56778 8998765  54445   77665544)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Try  no=t  .to. b/e +ja/ hero|,|  if  that^s  what you^/re +ra/frai/d o/f.)
                       '(traI  n6t   t*  bi    *  ^hI*r*U  If  D&ae$ts w6t  j*        *^freId  *v)
                       '(4456 67899 9876 654 4445 5678876 3345 5678999 9876 6543211 1123579999 9876543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Jus=t come back|,| sa/fe .a/n=d. round.)
                       '(dZ2st c2m  b&ae$k  seIf    *nd   saUnd)
                       '(55567 7899 98765   8888  8765556 678999876)]))]


@handbook-scenario{Materials for Practice}

@handbook-action{The Miracle Cat}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap2

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(Wha=t do   you   call    yourself?)
                       '(w6t   du:  ju:   kO:l    jO:^self)
                       '(12345 5311 12345 6789987 76543210)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Alice.)
                       '(^&ae$lIs)
                       '(987654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Th/e    A/lice?)
                       '(Di:     ^&ae$lIs)
                       '(8888876 5556789)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(There^.s been .some deba/te a/bou=t that.)
                       '(De@z     bIn   s@m  dI^beIt *^baUt  D&ae$t)
                       '(4555555 44332 21111 1234555 5432112 34554432)])
 
       (list @ipa-ruby['(I  never ge/t i/nvolve/d i/n politics.)
                       '(aI ^nev@ get  In^v6lvd   In  p6l@tiks)
                       '(15 55554 333  34555554   433 3455443321)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(You^=d bes=t b/e o/n your way.)
                       '(ju:d   best  bi  6n  jO: weI)
                       '(12345  55543 21  11  1123 3455)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Wha=t way?)
                       '(w6t   weI)
                       '(5554  4321)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(A/ll I/ wan=t .to d/o +wi/s wa/ke u/=p .from this dream.)
                       '(O:l  aI  w6nt  t@ du:  Iz  weIk   2p   fr@m DIs  dri:m)
                       '(5554 32  223  34 4554  4321 123   455  54321 1112 3455432)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Fine. I^ll ta/ke you/ .to the Ha/re a/n=d the Hatter.)
                       '(faIn  aIl  teIk  yu:   t@ D@   he@  *nd    D@ ^h&ae$t@)
                       '(4555  543  3554  433  33  334 45555 543   21  1354321)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(.Bu=t that^s th/e +je/n/d of i/t.)
                       '(b@t   D&ae$ts Di:   end  *v  It)
                       '(334   45555  543  355430   42 221)]))]

@handbook-action{The Blue Whale}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap1

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(The        open      ocean.)
                       '(Di:       ^*Up*n     *UpS*n)
                       '(5555567 88887766555 57788776655443)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(It    covers     more  .than       half  .the   surface      .o./f  our/  planet.)
                       '(It    k2v*z      mO:   D*n         hA:f  D*     ^s3:fIs       *v    aU*   ^pl&ae$nIt)
                       '(55556 678888767 789999 8877665544 789999 987777 788999998765 66665 554445 77665544334455)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Yet|,| .for  .the      mos=t      part|,|    it^s   a   watery     desert|,|      empt/y   .+jo/f life.)
                       '(jet     f*    D*       m*Ust      pA:t       Its    *   ^wO:t*ri   ^dez*t         ^empti    *v    laIf)
                       '(777777 5555 555567 778899998877 6788776543  666666 654 45677765432 24776655443311 67887654 234567 88876543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Hunters here spen=d their live/s in a/ constan=t search   for scarce an=d illusive prey.)
                       '(^h2nt*z hI*  spend  De*   laIz   In *  ^k6nst*nt  s3:tS   f*  ske*s  *nd  I^lu:sIv preI)
                       '(999987  765  567776 6545  678887 67 765 5677765  5777653 4554 468887 4333 35776544 567531)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Remarkably|,| .this seemingly   barren  wilderness .is home  .to .the larges=t hunter  .of the/m a/ll --- .The blue whale.)
                       '(rI^mA:k*bli    DIs  ^si:mINli ^b&ae$r*n ^wIld*n*s  Iz  h*Um   t*  D*  lA:dZIst  ^h2nt* *v   D*m  O:l   -   D*  blu: weIl)
                       '(55678876543   55556 78877667   78999876 67766555   45 5566776 44 456  788888   8987654 55  557   987  654 2223 5677 76543210)]))]


@handbook-action{Peppa Pig}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap1

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(It^s   Gran=dda=d    Dog  .with.  Danny      Dog.)
                       '(Its  gr&ae$nd&ae$d   d6g   wID   ^d&ae$ni    d6g)
                       '(44445 5678886688867 77765  5556  678999758 88887654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Hello|,| Peppa.)
                       '(h*^l*U   pep*)
                       '(99998765 655556789)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Hello|,| Danny.   .We.^re lost.)
                       '(h*^l*U  ^d&ae$ni    wI*   l6st)
                       '(99998765 655556789 555666 666543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Lost?     I/s   y/our    sa=tnav    broken?)
                       '(l6st       Iz    jO:  ^s&ae$tn&ae$v ^br*Uk*n)
                       '(667898765 5555 569987    777777     7666679)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Satnav?)
                       '(^s&ae$tn&ae$v)
                       '(99998765567)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(You^re    drivi/ng   a/   camper    van    T   thirty  two hundred|,| sa=tnav    come/s a/ standard.)
                       '(jO:       ^draIvIN   *  ^k&ae$mp*   v&ae$n tI: ^T3:ti  tu: ^h2ndrId ^s&ae$tn&ae$v k2mz  *  ^st&ae$nd*d)
                       '(667776555  678998765 56  7888876557 76678 877 7899987 777 7899999753 899975334  456666 655 57998765)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Welcome  to  the  car   of the future.)
                       '(^welk*m  t*  D*   kA:   *v D* ^fju:tS*)
                       '(77776556 677 7776 65445 67  78 899876543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Ah....  So  that^s  wha=t tha=t  button does.)
                       '(A:     s*U  D&ae$ts  w6t  D&ae$ ^b2t+nn d2z)
                       '(899996 5445 5678999 98876 655567 899998 76543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Where   are we  going  today?)
                       '(we*     A:  wi  ^g*UIN t*^deI)
                       '(7999987 777 777 55555  55556789)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Tha=t    camper    va/n  i/s talking.)
                       '(D&ae$t ^k&ae$mp*  v&ae$n Iz  tO:kIN)
                       '(3344556 678998765  54445 579 9876543210)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Cleve/r  +ri/sn^/t i/t?)
                       '(^klev*   ^Iz*nt    It)
                       '(5688844  57998765  543210)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(The   computer^s     voice helps  you fin/d    y/our   way.)
                       '(D*    k*m^pju:t*z    vOIs  helps  ju: faInd     jO:    weI)
                       '(55555 54322246887654 45678 88888 8888 8776655 55445566 78987654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(But|,|   how   doe/s  i/=t know   where  we  wan.t .to.   go?)
                       '(b2t      haU   d*z     It   n*U    we*   wi: w6nt   t*    g*U)
                       '(66666  888777 766554   43 333445 5556789 99 987655  56 6789876543)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(You te/ll i/t.)
                       '(ju:  tel  It)
                       '(3334 4567 789)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Uh|,| hello|,| Mrs.   Camper    Van)
                       '(^2    h*^l*U ^mIsIz ^k&ae$mp*   v&ae$n)
                       '(666   777764   66667 7899998765 54444567)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Hello.)
                       '(h*^l*U)
                       '(777654334)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(We^re     goi/ng   on  a/  holiday.)
                       '(wI*       ^g*UIN   6n  *   ^h6l*deI)
                       '(888776655 5544333 334 456 678999987654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Can you te/ll  u/s  the   way?)
                       '(k*n ju:  tel   *s   D*    weI)
                       '(555 567 78999 9876 654321 11123456)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Procee/d        on  a/ curren=t  roa/d   in   a/  straigh=t    line.)
                       '(pr*^si:d        6n  *  ^k2r*nt  r*Ud    In   *    streIt      laIn)
                       '(556667777654334 455 56 67888876 6543334 5666 666 654321123456 789987654321)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Thanks   .for. your    help|,|      Gran=dda=d   Dog?)
                       '(T&ae$Nks  f*   jO:     help       ^gr&ae$nd&ae$d d6g)
                       '(99998765  543  32246 678887654321  5554321000   00135)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(You^re        welcome.)
                       '(jO:           ^welk*m)
                       '(9998877665544 4332211000000)]))]


@handbook-action{The Queen's Christmas Speech}

@tabular[
 #:sep gap1

 (list (list @ipa-ruby['(In    1914|,|    many  people though=t .the.   war .woul=d. b/e +jo/ver  by  Christmas.)
                       '(In     -        ^meni ^pi:p*l  TO:t      D*    wO:   wUd    bi    ^*Uv*  baI ^krIsm*s)
                       '(33345 5677887655 7777 78999987 7766555  5567 789987 7766555 555  789975 5445 567888888765432)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(.Bu=t. sad+lly  by  then|,| .the. trenches .were. dug  an=d the future  shape of the wa/r +ri/n Europe .wa=s. set.)
                       '(b*t   ^s&ae$dli baI D*n       D*  trentSIz   w*   d2g  *nd  D* ^fju:tS* SeIp  *v D*  wO:    In ^jU*r*p   w*z  set)
                       '(55567  789987   766 6667654  333 4567888765 55567 7887 5555 555 678887  7654 444 456 6788 88888 8876555 55667 7887654)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(.Bu./t a/s  we know|,|  something remarkable did    happen    tha=t  Christmas|,| exactl/y  a/  hundre/d y/ear/s a/go  today.)
                       '(b*t    *z   wi n*U      ^s2mTIN  rI^ma:k*b*l dId    ^h&ae$p*n D&ae$t ^krIsm*s  Ig^z&ae$ktli *  ^h2ndrId   jI*z   *^g*U t*^deI)
                       '(5556  6677 788 88765434 777777777 777765445 5678998 876676543 66666  6788887654   456788876 655 56666555 56666543 4311 1234566543210)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Without    an/y +ji/nstructio/n o/r command|,|  the shooting stopped|,|)
                       '(wID^aUt    ^eni   In^str2kS*n   O: k*^mA:nd    D*  ^Su:tIN   st6pt)
                       '(2223456667 78998 87789998765  544 445678876543 1112 34555432 23566543210)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(.an=d. Germa/n a/n=d Briti=2sh soldiers me/t i/n  No  Man^s   Land.)
                       '(*nd  ^dZ3:m*n  *nd  ^brItIS  ^s*UldZ*z met  In  n*U m&ae$nz l&ae$d)
                       '(012  3456654 43222 34566543 32111235 5665 54334 567 7765434 45554321)])
       
       (list @ipa-ruby['(Photographs .were. taken .an.=d gif/ts   e/xchanged.)
                       '(^f^Ut*grA:fs w*   ^teIk*n *nd   gIfts    Iks^tSeIndZd)
                       '(99999987654 43333 3334565 54322 23456654 4321123456654321)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(I_t  wa/s  a/  Christmas  truce.)
                       '(It   w*z   *   ^krIsm*s   tru:s)
                       '(9987 76544 445 5666654321 123455554321)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(Truce/s are/ no/t  a/   ne/w  +wi/dea.)
                       '(tru:sIz  *   n6t   *    nju:   aI^dI*)
                       '(7777765 5445 56776 655 567899 99987654321)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(In  th/e +ja/ncient world|,| .a. truce .was. declare=d .for. .the. duratio/n o/f  th/e +jO/lympi=c Games.)
                       '(In  Di:   ^eInS*nt  w3:ld     *  tru:s  w*z  dI^kle*d   f*    D*  djU^reIS*n *v   Di     *^lImpIk  geImz)
                       '(556 678999 99987654 4321112 2345 56777 7654 43223456776 555  55554 432234566 6543 3211 12345666654 456777654321)])

       (list @ipa-ruby['(An=d war/s a/.n.=d   batt+lles    were   pu/t   o/n  hold.)
                       '(*nd  wO:z    *nd     ^b&ae$tlz     w*     pUt   6n   h*Uld)
                       '(6654 43221 12345665 54321112345 56654334 456776 6556 6789987654321)]))]

@handbook-reference[]
