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aspire no longer to plague or pillage realms, but
are quite content when they can plunder caravan.
Next comes Charlemagne, an able and polite, we
may even say virtuous, princes but all whose mill
tary abilities could found only an empire which fell
to pieces under his immediate successors. Then
succeeded the Crusades; then the Venitian and
Genoese conquests in the Levant, out of which
grew, for the former State, that tyrannc oligarchy
under which her people groaned SO long. Th6Turks
came next who in their native deserts free tribe,
have, by dnt OF conquering, become utter slaves.
From them we may descend to the willy ambitious
Emperor, Charles The Fifth. What better was
Spain, for even an instant, for all his acquisi-
tons They found her King only, in the Castan
Court, the first of her gentlemen !" they left her
as mere tyranny could well be. The same is
true of Portugal, with dominions that once almost
girded the earth. We may place next the mad cal
reer of Charles the Twelfth of Sweden, who (very
naturally ruined his own kingdom much more than
any of those he attacked. Coming next to France,
under Louis the Fourteenth, II is enough to repeat
what the great Montesquieu says-that it was most
fortunate for her that Louiss project for conquer
ing all Europe failed for that its success would
have ruined her forever. The same is no doubt
equally true of her latest and most terrible con.
queror who, after countless victories, saw Russians
crown King in Paris, France reduced back to
her original boundaries, and himself sort of i'm
perial convict transported to another hemisphere tc
die. Always bellicose and ambitious, it is remark
able how little France has been able to keep of al
that she ever won beyond her natural limits. Take
Italy, for instance, which one of her great authors
remarks that she had already invaded nine severa
times; she has since then entered it again unde
Napoleon, and now she has not an inch Of it in he
possession