ure Ot protection, and on the express ground of protection, were leading gen. tIemen Of South Carolina in Congress. I did not then, and cannot now, understand their language in any other sense. While this Tariff of 1916 was under discussi~n in the House of Representatives, an hon. gentleman from Georgia, now of this House, (Mr. FoRsYTH,) moved to reduce 1 the proposed duty on cotton. He ,AiIed by four votes, South Carolina giving three votes, (enough to have turned tho scale) l against this motion. The act, sir. then passed, and received on its passage the support of a majority of the Representa- lives of South Carolina, present and vo- ting. This act is the first, in the order of those now denounced as plain usurpations. We see it daily in the list by the side of those of 1924, aud 1928, as a case of man- itcst oppression, justiiying disunion. put 1t home to the hon. member from South Carolina, that his own State was not on- ly art and part' in this measure, but the caus0 c0usans. Without her aid, this sc- mInal principle of mischief, this root of Upas, could not have been planted. l have already said, and it is true, that this l tion. It interfered, directly, with exist ing interests of great value and amount.- It cut up the Calcutta cotton trade by the roots. e But it passed, nevertheless, and it passed on the principle of protecting man. ufactures, on the principle against free trade, on tshe principle. opposed to MGt ,Uhich Jets us alone.

 Such, Mr. President, were the opinions of important and leading gentleman from South Carolina, on the subject of Internal Improvement, in 1916. 1 went out of Congress the next year, and returning a. gain in 1923, thought l found South Caro- lima where had left her. really supposed that all things remained as they were, and that the South Corolina doctrine of Inter- nal Improvements would be defended by the same eloquent voices, and the same strong arms, as formerly. In the lapse of these six years, it is-true, political associa- tIons had assumed a new aspect, and new divisions. A party had arisen in the South, hostile to the doctrine of Internal Improvements, and had vigorously attack. ed that doctrine. An,i-conSolidation was 1 the flag, under which this party fought, and it's supporters inveighed against Inter- nal Improvements, much after the man. ner in which the hon. gentleman has nov inveighed against them, as part and par eel of the system of Consolidation. Whe- ther this party arose in South Carolina herself, or in her peighborhood, is more than I know. l think the latter. How ever that may have been, there were those found in South Carolina ready to make war upon it, and who did make intrepid war upon it. Names being regarded as things, in such controversies, they bestow- ed on the anti-improvemcnt gentleman the apprllation of Radicals. Yes, sir, the name of Radicals, as a term of distinction, applicable and applied [" those who de- nied the liberal doctrines of Internal In,- proyemements, originated. according to the best of my recollection somewhere be- tween North Carolina and Georgia.- 1 We'll, sir, those mischievous Radicals were 10 be rut down, and the strong arm of South Carolina was stretched out to put them down. About this time, sir, return cd to Congress. The battle with the Radicals had been fought, and our South Carolina champions of the doctrines o: Internal Improvement had nobly maintaill- ed their ground, and were understood to have achieved victory. They had driv- en back the enemy with discomfture q thing, by the way, sir, which is not always performed when it is promised. A gentle tlenan, to whom have already referred in this debate, had come into Congress du- ring my absence from it., from South Car olna, and had brought with him high reputation for ability. He came from a school with which we had been acqnaint- cd, ct mOscitur q sociis. I hold in my hand, sir, printed speech of this distinguished gentleman D (Mr. McDUFFIE)" ION INTERNAL. IMPROVEMENTS" delivered about the peril cd to which now refer, and printed with a few introductory remarks upon consoli- dation; in which, sir, think he quite consolidated the arguments of his oppo- nents, the Radicals, if to crush be to con- soIidate. give you short but snbs.an- tive quotation from these remarks. He is speaking of a pamphlet, then recently pub' lished entitled " Consolidation ;" and hav'

 ing alluded to the question of recbar'ering the former Bank of 'hc United States, he says: " Moreover, in the early history o

 parties, and when Mir. Crawford advoca-

 ted the renewal of the old charter, 1t wal

 considered federal measure which In ternal Improvements HeUer acGs. as thi, l Ti.t.