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Stimulating Low-Carbon Vehicle Technologies, International Transport Forum, Rand table 148, OECD, Dec. 2010, 164 p.http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/transport/stimulating-low-carbon-vehicle-technologies_9789282102978-enversion française :Stimuler les technologies pour les véhicules à faibles émissions de carbone  :  http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/transport/stimuler-les-technologies-pour-les-vehicules-a-faibles-emissions-de-carbone_9789282103074-frGovernments  around the world are increasingly intervening in automobile markets to  improve fuel economy and reduce emissions of CO2 from new vehicles. This  report reviews the rationale for such intervention and examines  measures for maximum effectiveness and minimum cost.The Round Table brought together economists, policy makers and auto  engineers with the aim of advancing understanding of why car markets  currently fail to deliver sufficient fuel economy. It started by  questioning whether any additional measures would be necessary once an  appropriate price for carbon dioxide is established via fuel taxes. It  confirmed that there are indeed market imperfections that merit  additional government intervention. Fuel economy and CO2 regulations are  an essential part of the package. The key to maximising the benefits of  such regulations is long-term planning. The longer the timeframe, the  less industry investment is handicapped by uncertainty.Subsidies to electric vehicles are more problematic because of the  risks of prematurely picking winning technologies and creating subsidy  dependence. And electricity production has yet to be decarbonised.  However, intervention to steer innovation in this direction is merited  so long as the risks of not attaining climate policy targets are seen as  higher than the risks of intervention. (© OECD)