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The optimal energy mix in power generation and the contribution from natural gas in reducing carbon emissions to 2030 and beyond / Carlo Carraro, Massimo Tavoni, Thomas Longden, and Giacomo Marangoni.  Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, January 2013, 45 p. (Discussion Paper 2014-63)http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/dp63_carraro-et-al.pdfAuthors's abstract :This paper analyses a set of new scenarios for energy markets in Europe to evaluate the consistency of economic incentives and climate objectives. It focuses in particular on the role of natural gas across a range of climate policy scenarios (including the Copenhagen Pledges and the EU Roadmap) to identify whether current trend and policies are leading to an economically efficient and, at the same time, climate friendly, energy mix. Economic costs and environmental objectives are balanced to identify the welfare-maximising development path, the related investment strategies in the energy sector, and the resulting optimal energy mix. Policy measures to support this balanced economic development are identified. A specific sensitivity analysis upon the role of the 2020 renewable targets and increased energy efficiency improvements is also carried out. We conclude that a suitable and sustained carbon price needs to be implemented to move energy markets in Europe closer to the optimal energy mix. We also highlight that an appropriate carbon pricing is sufficient to achieve both the emission target and the renewable target, without incurring in high economic costs if climate policy is not too ambitious and/or it is internationally coordinated. Finally, our results show that natural gas is the key transitional fuel within the cost-effective achievement of a range of climate policy targets.