{"word_count": 192, "character_count": 1302}
Super-Grids and Concentrated Solar Power: A  Scenario Analysis with the WITCH Model / Emanuele Massetti, Elena Claire Ricci . FEEM, 2011, 56 p. (Note di lavoro ; 2011.047)http://www.feem.it/userfiles/attach/20116131152144NDL2011-047.pdfWe extend the WITCH model to consider the possibility to produce and  trade  electricity generated by large scale concentrated solar power  plants in highly  productive areas that are connected to the demand  centres through High Voltage  Direct Current (HVDC) cables. We find that  it becomes optimal to produce with  this source only from 2040 and  trade from 2050. In the second half of the  century, CSP electricity  shares become very significant especially when  penetration limits are  imposed on nuclear power and on carbon capture and  storage operations  (CCS). Climate policy costs can be reduced by large  percentages, up to  66% with respect to corresponding scenarios without the  CSP-powered  Super-Grid option and with limits on nuclear power and CCS. We also   show that MENA countries have the incentive to form a cartel to sell  electricity  to Europe at a price higher than the marginal cost.  Therefore we advocate the  institution of an international agency with  the role to regulate a hypothetic  Mediterranean electricity market. (© authors)