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Exploring the     potential for energy conservation in French households through     hybrid modelling / Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet, Céline     Guivarch, Philippe Quirion. Cired, January 2011, DT/WP n° 2011-26http://www.centre-cired.fr/spip.php?article1220Although the building sector is recognized as     having major potential for energy conservation and carbon dioxide     emissions mitigation, conventional bottom-up and top-down models are     limited in their ability to capture the complex economic and     technological dynamics of the sector. This paper introduces a hybrid     framework developed to assess future household energy demand in     France. Res-IRF, a bottom-up module of energy consumption for space     heating, has several distinctive features : (i) a clear separation     between energy efficiency, i.e. investment in energy efficient     technologies, and sufficiency, i.e. changes in the utilization of     energy consuming durables which allows the rebound effect to be     assessed ; (ii) the inclusion of barriers to energy efficiency in     the form of intangible costs, consumer heterogeneity parameters and     the learning-by-doing process ; (iii) an endogenous determination of     retrofitting which represents trade-offs between retrofit quantity     and quality. Subsequently, Res-IRF is linked to the IMACLIM-R     computable general equilibrium model. This exercise shows that,     compared to a 37% reduction in final energy demand achievable in     business as usual in existing dwellings, an additional reduction of     14% could be achieved if relevant barriers to efficiency and     sufficiency were overcome. (© CIRED)