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Smart grids : Technology roadmap / Elzinga, David.  Paris : Agence internationale de l'énergie, 2011.  52 p.http://www.iea.org/Papers/2011/SmartGrids_roadmap.pdfThis roadmap focuses on smart grids – the infrastructure that enables  the delivery of power from generation sources to end-uses to be  monitored and managed in real time. Smart grids are required to enable the use of a range of lowcarbon technologies,  such as variable renewable resources and electric vehicles, and to  address current concerns with the electricity system infrastructure,  such as meeting peak demand with an ageing infrastructure. Unlike most  other lowcarbon energy technologies, smart grids must be deployed in  both existing systems (which in some cases are over 40 years old) as  well as within totally new systems. Smart grid technologies must also be  installed with minimum disruptionto the daily operation of the electricity system.These challenges do not  detract, however, from the opportunity to gain significant benefits  from developing and deploying smart grids. (© IEA)