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From climate antagonists to low-carbon protagonists? The changing role of the Gulf OPEC States in the UNFCCC / Axel Michaelowa and Mari Luomi. Fridtjof Nansens Institut, October 2012, 8 p. (FNI Climate Policy Perspectives 6)http://fni.no/doc&#38;pdf/FNI-Climate-Policy-Perspectives-6.pdfin the run-up to COP 18 in Doha,  put a spotlight on climate policy of the Gulf states:Given surging domestic energy consumption that is increasingly threatening oil and gas export revenues, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Saudi Arabia are initiating multiple experiments to improve energy efficiency and introduce renewable energy. Cautious signals of a more constructive engagement of the Gulf Cooperation Council states in the international climate policy regime are emerging. The resulting opportunities for constructive and innovative dialogues should not be wasted. Climate diplomacy should try to strengthen the position of those groups that support new domestic energy policies. Technical support for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) pilot projects by the EU and other progressive countries in the climate regime could serve as a catalyst for creating sustained synergies between new energy and climate policies in the Gulf region. (© Michaelowa)&#160;&#160;