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Overview of the policy toolbox for low-carbon road mobility in the European Union / Claire Papaix &#38; Bénédicte Meurisse. Paris Dauphine. Chaire Economie du Climat, juillet 2013, 45 p. (Cahiers. série Informations et débats ; n° 26)http://www.chaireeconomieduclimat.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/13-07-09-Cahier-ID26-Papaix-Meurisse_EN.pdfAbstract (©  Claire Papaix &#38; Bénédicte Meurisse) :The transition to sustainable transport, which necessarily implies low-carbon transport, will require a major structural shift in both passenger and freight transport systems. Indeed, rapidly increasing traffic and a high dependency on fossil fuels have made transport a crucial but also a challenging issue with regard to the action required to fight climate change. Indeed, CO2 emissions from transport have been sharply increasing over the last decades contrary to the observed trends in theother industrial sectors. Since road represents most of carbon emissions we choose to focus in this report solely on the levers for reducing emissions from road mobility systems.When it comes to the means to steer low-carbon road mobility, most of transport’s carbon emissions are not directly covered by "first best" (CO2-oriented) economic instruments, such as fossil fuel taxation, or very heterogeneously in Europe when it is the case. Therefore, we propose in this report a French and European review of such "first best" and "second best" (not directly CO2-oriented) policy-tools for rolling out low-carbon transport systems. In particular, command-and-controllevers, economic instruments, collaborative initiatives and information and communication policies – applying both to the demand and the supply side of road transportation will be thoroughly analyzed here.Beyond the proposed framing and efficiency appraisal of the policy-tools, one of the key outcomes of this report is that such regulation package for reducing carbon in transport emissions may be recognized as opportunities for innovation and growth rather than constraints if consistently anticipated and time-wisely influenced by all the actors.