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Fossil-Fuel Subsidies and Climate Change : Options for policy-makers within their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions / Laura Merrill, Melissa Harris, Liesbeth Casier, and Andrea M. Bassi, for the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). Copenhagen : Nordic Council of Ministers, 2015, 25 p.http://www.iisd.org/gsi/fossil-fuel-subsidies-and-climate-changeIn 2014 almost 30 countries, including Egypt, Indonesia and India, delivered some form of fossil-fuel subsidy reform (FFSR). Current low oil prices make the removal of consumer fossil-fuel subsidies to the public easier because, depending on the level of subsidies, pass-through costs to the consumer are lowered. As a result, many countries that maintain subsidies to oil, gas, diesel, coal and electricity generated from such fuels will be considering or undergoing reform in the near future. Removal of fossil-fuel subsidies leads to domestic national emissions reductions in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Parties can use the opportunity, around current and planned reforms, and include such plans and expected emissions reduction estimates within their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). (© GSI/IISD)