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Intended Nationally Determined Contributions under the UNFCCC / Niklas Höhne, Christian Ellermann and Lina Li. Cologne : Ecofys ; Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), 11 June 2014, 20 p. (discussion paper)http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/ecofys-giz-2014-intended-nationally-determined-contributions-under-unfccc.pdfPresentation (© Ecofys) :Parties agreed in Warsaw to “initiate or intensify preparation of their intended nationally determined contributions” so that they can be submitted well in advance of the UNFCCC conference. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) put forward by countries will form a key input to the negotiations leading towards the 2015 Paris climate agreement.Ecofys has delivered a paper for GIZ at the UNFCCC Bonn intersessional conference in June 2014 to inform Parties’ understanding of the INDCs concept. The paper discusses the technical and policy-related aspects of preparing, consulting, and communicating these contributions. It focuses on the question of what a contribution could include and how this content can be determined. As such, it can serve as a starting point for countries to elaborate on their INDCs.