{"word_count": 1336, "character_count": 9432}
It might sounds incredibly old fashion, but for my the exam for the ACT2121 probability course (to prepare for the exam P of the Society of Actuaries), I will provide a standard normal distribution table. The problem is that it is never the one we're looking for (sometimes it is the survival function, sometimes it is the cumulative distribution function, sometimes we consider only positive values, etc). Here is the one that will be given for the exam, this Friday.Now, here is the code to generate it.I did use the following code to generate the table (in a latex format),&#62; u=seq(0,3.09,by=0.01)&#62; p=pnorm(u)&#62; m=matrix(p,ncol=10,byrow=TRUEWe have here the table that we wish to have in our table,&#62; options(digits=4)&#62; m        [,1]   [,2]   [,3]   [,4]   [,5]   [,6]   [,7]   [,8]   [,9]  [,10] [1,] 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 [2,] 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 [3,] 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 [4,] 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 [5,] 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 [6,] 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 [7,] 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 [8,] 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 [9,] 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133[10,] 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389[11,] 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621[12,] 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830[13,] 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015[14,] 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177[15,] 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319[16,] 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441[17,] 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545[18,] 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633[19,] 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706[20,] 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767[21,] 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817[22,] 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857[23,] 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890[24,] 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916[25,] 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936[26,] 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952[27,] 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964[28,] 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974[29,] 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981[30,] 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986[31,] 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990&#62; rownames(m)=seq(0,3,b=.1)&#62; colnames(m)=seq(0,.09,by=.01)To put it in a nice latex format, we can use&#62; library(xtable)&#62; newm=xtable(m,digits=4)&#62; print.xtable(newm, type="latex", file="nor1.tex")We now have a simple tex file containing a table.\begin{table}[ht]\centering\begin{tabular}{rrrrrrrrrrr}  \hline &#38; 0 &#38; 0.001 &#38; 0.002 &#38; 0.003 &#38; 0.004 &#38; 0.005 &#38; 0.006 &#38; 0.007 &#38; 0.008 &#38; 0.009 \\   \hline0 &#38; 0.5000 &#38; 0.5040 &#38; 0.5080 &#38; 0.5120 &#38; 0.5160 &#38; 0.5199 &#38; 0.5239 &#38; 0.5279 &#38; 0.5319 &#38; 0.5359 \\   0.1 &#38; 0.5398 &#38; 0.5438 &#38; 0.5478 &#38; 0.5517 &#38; 0.5557 &#38; 0.5596 &#38; 0.5636 &#38; 0.5675 &#38; 0.5714 &#38; 0.5753 \\   0.2 &#38; 0.5793 &#38; 0.5832 &#38; 0.5871 &#38; 0.5910 &#38; 0.5948 &#38; 0.5987 &#38; 0.6026 &#38; 0.6064 &#38; 0.6103 &#38; 0.6141 \\   0.3 &#38; 0.6179 &#38; 0.6217 &#38; 0.6255 &#38; 0.6293 &#38; 0.6331 &#38; 0.6368 &#38; 0.6406 &#38; 0.6443 &#38; 0.6480 &#38; 0.6517 \\   0.4 &#38; 0.6554 &#38; 0.6591 &#38; 0.6628 &#38; 0.6664 &#38; 0.6700 &#38; 0.6736 &#38; 0.6772 &#38; 0.6808 &#38; 0.6844 &#38; 0.6879 \\   0.5 &#38; 0.6915 &#38; 0.6950 &#38; 0.6985 &#38; 0.7019 &#38; 0.7054 &#38; 0.7088 &#38; 0.7123 &#38; 0.7157 &#38; 0.7190 &#38; 0.7224 \\   0.6 &#38; 0.7257 &#38; 0.7291 &#38; 0.7324 &#38; 0.7357 &#38; 0.7389 &#38; 0.7422 &#38; 0.7454 &#38; 0.7486 &#38; 0.7517 &#38; 0.7549 \\   0.7 &#38; 0.7580 &#38; 0.7611 &#38; 0.7642 &#38; 0.7673 &#38; 0.7704 &#38; 0.7734 &#38; 0.7764 &#38; 0.7794 &#38; 0.7823 &#38; 0.7852 \\   0.8 &#38; 0.7881 &#38; 0.7910 &#38; 0.7939 &#38; 0.7967 &#38; 0.7995 &#38; 0.8023 &#38; 0.8051 &#38; 0.8078 &#38; 0.8106 &#38; 0.8133 \\   0.9 &#38; 0.8159 &#38; 0.8186 &#38; 0.8212 &#38; 0.8238 &#38; 0.8264 &#38; 0.8289 &#38; 0.8315 &#38; 0.8340 &#38; 0.8365 &#38; 0.8389 \\   1 &#38; 0.8413 &#38; 0.8438 &#38; 0.8461 &#38; 0.8485 &#38; 0.8508 &#38; 0.8531 &#38; 0.8554 &#38; 0.8577 &#38; 0.8599 &#38; 0.8621 \\   1.1 &#38; 0.8643 &#38; 0.8665 &#38; 0.8686 &#38; 0.8708 &#38; 0.8729 &#38; 0.8749 &#38; 0.8770 &#38; 0.8790 &#38; 0.8810 &#38; 0.8830 \\   1.2 &#38; 0.8849 &#38; 0.8869 &#38; 0.8888 &#38; 0.8907 &#38; 0.8925 &#38; 0.8944 &#38; 0.8962 &#38; 0.8980 &#38; 0.8997 &#38; 0.9015 \\   1.3 &#38; 0.9032 &#38; 0.9049 &#38; 0.9066 &#38; 0.9082 &#38; 0.9099 &#38; 0.9115 &#38; 0.9131 &#38; 0.9147 &#38; 0.9162 &#38; 0.9177 \\   1.4 &#38; 0.9192 &#38; 0.9207 &#38; 0.9222 &#38; 0.9236 &#38; 0.9251 &#38; 0.9265 &#38; 0.9279 &#38; 0.9292 &#38; 0.9306 &#38; 0.9319 \\   1.5 &#38; 0.9332 &#38; 0.9345 &#38; 0.9357 &#38; 0.9370 &#38; 0.9382 &#38; 0.9394 &#38; 0.9406 &#38; 0.9418 &#38; 0.9429 &#38; 0.9441 \\   1.6 &#38; 0.9452 &#38; 0.9463 &#38; 0.9474 &#38; 0.9484 &#38; 0.9495 &#38; 0.9505 &#38; 0.9515 &#38; 0.9525 &#38; 0.9535 &#38; 0.9545 \\   1.7 &#38; 0.9554 &#38; 0.9564 &#38; 0.9573 &#38; 0.9582 &#38; 0.9591 &#38; 0.9599 &#38; 0.9608 &#38; 0.9616 &#38; 0.9625 &#38; 0.9633 \\   1.8 &#38; 0.9641 &#38; 0.9649 &#38; 0.9656 &#38; 0.9664 &#38; 0.9671 &#38; 0.9678 &#38; 0.9686 &#38; 0.9693 &#38; 0.9699 &#38; 0.9706 \\   1.9 &#38; 0.9713 &#38; 0.9719 &#38; 0.9726 &#38; 0.9732 &#38; 0.9738 &#38; 0.9744 &#38; 0.9750 &#38; 0.9756 &#38; 0.9761 &#38; 0.9767 \\   2 &#38; 0.9772 &#38; 0.9778 &#38; 0.9783 &#38; 0.9788 &#38; 0.9793 &#38; 0.9798 &#38; 0.9803 &#38; 0.9808 &#38; 0.9812 &#38; 0.9817 \\   2.1 &#38; 0.9821 &#38; 0.9826 &#38; 0.9830 &#38; 0.9834 &#38; 0.9838 &#38; 0.9842 &#38; 0.9846 &#38; 0.9850 &#38; 0.9854 &#38; 0.9857 \\   2.2 &#38; 0.9861 &#38; 0.9864 &#38; 0.9868 &#38; 0.9871 &#38; 0.9875 &#38; 0.9878 &#38; 0.9881 &#38; 0.9884 &#38; 0.9887 &#38; 0.9890 \\   2.3 &#38; 0.9893 &#38; 0.9896 &#38; 0.9898 &#38; 0.9901 &#38; 0.9904 &#38; 0.9906 &#38; 0.9909 &#38; 0.9911 &#38; 0.9913 &#38; 0.9916 \\   2.4 &#38; 0.9918 &#38; 0.9920 &#38; 0.9922 &#38; 0.9925 &#38; 0.9927 &#38; 0.9929 &#38; 0.9931 &#38; 0.9932 &#38; 0.9934 &#38; 0.9936 \\   2.5 &#38; 0.9938 &#38; 0.9940 &#38; 0.9941 &#38; 0.9943 &#38; 0.9945 &#38; 0.9946 &#38; 0.9948 &#38; 0.9949 &#38; 0.9951 &#38; 0.9952 \\   2.6 &#38; 0.9953 &#38; 0.9955 &#38; 0.9956 &#38; 0.9957 &#38; 0.9959 &#38; 0.9960 &#38; 0.9961 &#38; 0.9962 &#38; 0.9963 &#38; 0.9964 \\   2.7 &#38; 0.9965 &#38; 0.9966 &#38; 0.9967 &#38; 0.9968 &#38; 0.9969 &#38; 0.9970 &#38; 0.9971 &#38; 0.9972 &#38; 0.9973 &#38; 0.9974 \\   2.8 &#38; 0.9974 &#38; 0.9975 &#38; 0.9976 &#38; 0.9977 &#38; 0.9977 &#38; 0.9978 &#38; 0.9979 &#38; 0.9979 &#38; 0.9980 &#38; 0.9981 \\   2.9 &#38; 0.9981 &#38; 0.9982 &#38; 0.9982 &#38; 0.9983 &#38; 0.9984 &#38; 0.9984 &#38; 0.9985 &#38; 0.9985 &#38; 0.9986 &#38; 0.9986 \\   3 &#38; 0.9987 &#38; 0.9987 &#38; 0.9987 &#38; 0.9988 &#38; 0.9988 &#38; 0.9989 &#38; 0.9989 &#38; 0.9989 &#38; 0.9990 &#38; 0.9990 \\    \hline\end{tabular}\end{table}and the following code to get a graph, illustrating was was actually computed, in the table (see a previous post for more details)&#62; library("tikzDevice")&#62; options(tikzMetricPackages = c("\\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}",+ "\\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}", "\\usetikzlibrary{calc}", "\\usepackage{amssymb}"))+ tikz("normal-dist.tex", width = 8, height = 4, + standAlone = TRUE,+ packages = c("\\usepackage{tikz}",+ "\\usepackage[active,tightpage,psfixbb]{preview}",+ "\\PreviewEnvironment{pgfpicture}",+ "\\setlength\\PreviewBorder{0pt}",+ "\\usepackage{amssymb}"))&#62; u=seq(-3,3,by=.01)&#62; plot(u,dnorm(u),type="l",axes=FALSE,xlab="",ylab="",col="white")&#62; axis(1)&#62; I=which((u&#60;=1))&#62; polygon(c(u[I],rev(u[I])),c(dnorm(u)[I],rep(0,length(I))),col="red",border=NA)&#62; lines(u,dnorm(u),lwd=2,col="blue")&#62; text(-1.5, dnorm(-1.5)+.17, "$\\textcolor{blue}{X\\sim\\mathcal{N}(0,1)}$", cex = 1.5)&#62; text(1.75, dnorm(1.75)+.25, + "$\\textcolor{red}{\\mathbb{P}(X\\leq x)=\\displaystyle{+ \\int_{-\\infty}^x \\varphi(t)dt}}$", cex = 1.5)&#62; dev.off()Now we have the graph in another tex file. It is possible to embed the code in a tex file, or to compile the tex file to get a pdf file. I did generate the pdf file. Here is the tex file I finally get. It is now extremely simple to get your own normal distribution table. Now, I guess it could be possible to use sweave, or knitr. Once I'll get a copy of Yihui's book, I'll try to use it to generate distribution table for my courses !