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Study on the effective integration of Distributed Energy Resources for providing flexibility to the electricity system / SWECO, Ecofys, Tractebel, PWC. Final report to The European Commission, 20 April 2015, 179 p.https://t.co/ikPgiKqmKkThis study focuses on the efficient market integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in order to provide flexibility to the power system. The undergoing changes in the power system with increasing shares of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) will increase demand for flexibility and at the same time decrease supply of flexibility from traditional sources. Because VRES are mainly connected to the distribution grids, their expansion puts a focus on local integration challenges. Flexible DER can provide services to fill flexibility gaps on the local and on the transmission level. The technologies needed are available, the challenge is to adjust to the institutional set-up and the technical environment to make them market ready. During the implementations of these changes it is important to remember that the introduction of DER flexibility provision should always be built around providing economic efficiency, and that DER flexibility provision is not a target by itself. (© European Commission)