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A few days ago, I wrote a blog post - R0 and the exponential growth of a pandemic - where I was trying to generate some visualization of some exponential growth, in the context of a pandemic. After giving some thoughts, the previous graph might not be the best one to see an exponential based contagion.Having graphs evolving, from the left to the right, gives us the (false) idea of some temporal evolution. Which is no necessarily correct. It simply means that contaminated people will contaminate other people, and we look at the number of iterations here. So maybe some concentric dots would look better.And from a technical perspective, what I did was fun, but probably too complicated. In my previous post, I wanted to pack optimally [latex]k[/latex] identical disks intro a unit circle. On http://hydra.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/packing, it was possible to get the “best known packings of equal circles in a circle”, with the coordinates. But as we will see, we can use something much more simple here.My idea is now to create some picture like one below, with concentric colored dot. In the center, we have the first people that were contaminated, and then, we can see the transmission, somehowFrom a technical perspective, here, I use a different strategy. I decided to draw random points, uniformly. The problem with randomness is the natural high discrepancy, with monte carlo methods: it is very likely that some disks will overlap. It is not a major issue, but it might distort the message. So I decided to use some low-discrepancy sequences, such as Halton's sequence.library(randtoolbox)S = halton(n=5000, dim = 2)*2-1Here, I have disk coordinates in [latex][-1,+1]^2[/latex]. Then, to get disks in a circle, I simply compute the distance to the origin [latex](0,0)[/latex],D0 = S[,1]^2+S[,2]^2and take the ranks. If I want to visualize [latex]k=200[/latex] people, I consider the 200 smaller ranks. To get concentric circles, each part having [latex]k_i[/latex] individuals, I use as thresholds [latex]R_0^{\bar k_{i-1}},R_0^{\bar k_{i}},R_0^{\bar k_{i+1}}[/latex], etc, where [latex]\bar k_i=\bar k_{i-1}+k_i[/latex],R0 = rank(D0,ties.method = "random")C0 = as.numeric(cut(R0,c(0,cumsum(k)+.5)),100000)whereR0=1.8k=round(R0^(seq(1,9,by=2)))Then we can plot the dots, with appropriate colors,points(S,pch=19,col=colrpal[C0],cex=.75)And of course, we can try that with different values, for [latex]R_0[/latex]R0=2.2k=round(R0^(seq(1,9,by=2)))kmax=max(k)  S = halton(n=5000, dim = 2)*2-1plot(S,col="light yellow",axes=FALSE,xlab="",ylab="",xlim=c(-1.3,1),ylim=c(-1,1),cex=.75,pch=19)D0 = S[,1]^2+S[,2]^2R0 = rank(D0,ties.method = "random")C0 = as.numeric(cut(R0,c(0,cumsum(k)+.5)),100000)points(S,pch=19,col=colrpal[C0],cex=.75)