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 Sophie Devineau : Early Childhood Care in France:  Impediments to the  Professionalization  of a Little-Institutionalized Feminine Occupation. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 343-357. doi: 10.4236/jss.2019.710029. In the early-childhood care sector, the occupation  of home-based childcare providers is especially subject to the  familialist paradigm that assigns women from modest backgrounds with  little formal education to this almost exclusively feminine line of  work. This study focuses more specifically on home-based childcare  providers working in rural and suburban areas, spaces that are marked by  isolation and a lack of interlocutors. There are many limitations to  the occupation’s professionalization model (Aballéa, 2005; Alberola,  2009). After providing an overview of the institutional norm of nursery  school as it contrasts with the informal situation of home-based  childcare, analysis shifts to three obstacles to expressing demand for  training that are indices of low professionalization: the place and  space of work, little social and familial arrangements, and work skills.  Finally, in counterpoint, the article explores the role of the  employment contract with parents in formalizing a feminine occupation  that is still seen as a customary familial service (Dupraz, 2008). 