{"word_count": 217, "character_count": 1443}
 Mehrdad Vahabi, Philippe Batifoulier &#38; Nicolas Da Silva (2020)Public Choice, Volume 182, pp. 243–271 Abstract. In  this paper, we argue that the welfare state is an outcome of modern  mass (total) warfare. The total war economy requires the participation  of all citizens, erasing the differences between the military and  citizens. Consequently, the war economy benefits from succoring the  civilian population. The total war effect explains why a predatory state  undertakes welfare programs, one of the contributions of the present  paper. While the welfare state is closely related to total warfare,  social welfare is not. Fraternal social welfare organizations in the  United States predate the New Deal and the rise of welfare state.  Similarly, the French welfare system was born as citizen welfare and not as state welfare. In fact, welfare programs were initiated in 1871 during the Paris Commune by workers under the name of la sociale  and were recreated as self-managed citizen groups in 1945 before being  displaced by government welfare programs. A second contribution of this  paper is to explore the re-appropriation effect, or the way self-managed  citizen welfare was transformed into a welfare state through a  three-stage reform process manifesting itself in 1946, 1967 and 1996.Keywords. Citizen welfare La Sociale Predatory state State re-appropriation effect Total war effect Welfare state&#160; Link to the review