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Founded by Ahmad Dahlan, from Yogyakarta, returned from Haj, global movement of religious reform emerged from Saudi Arabia. Concern over enervated state of Islam in Indonesia, « set all that straight through modern, Western-influenced education ». Schools established in Java.Prompts the other Islamic currents in Java, traditionalist orthodoxy of village seminaries, to found their own group, the Nahdlatul Ulama, as a counterpoint to all this internationalist reform.T Hannigan p. 167.