{"word_count": 193, "character_count": 1160}
Kirpa Ram (1832-1877), son of Jawala Sahai, was appointed as Diwan by Ranbir Singh in 1856 at the age of 24 and governor of Kashmir in 1865. He authored several works in Persian such as Golābnāma, a biography of Ranbir Singh's father, Gulab Singh which was printed in 1876 at the Tuḥfa-ye Kashmir Press, Srinagar. The Golabnāma war translated into English by Sukhdev Singh Charak and Anita Charak Billawaria as "Gulabnama. A History of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir" (Gulshan Books, Srinagar 2005). Another work by Kirpa Ram is a history of Kashmir entitled Golzār-e Kašmīr printed in Lahore in 1870 at the Maṭbaʿ-e Kūh-e Nūr press.He also wrote a work on ethics entitled "A handful of roses of ethical principles" (Goldaste-ye aḫlāq). Furthermore, he authored two short treatises, the “Refutation of Islam” (radd-e eslām) and "Site of verifying" (Madīna al-taḥqīq). The latter was printed in Sialkot in 1877 and is described in the catalogue of the printed books in the Library of the British Museum by Edward Edwards as “a short polemic in defence of certain Hindu rites impugned by Moslems, with some criticisms of the practices of the latter”.