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Arabic and its Alternatives discusses the complicated relationships between language, religion and communal identities in the Middle East in the period following the First World War. This volume takes its starting point in the non-Arabic and non-Muslim communities, tracing their linguistic and literary practices as part of a number of interlinked processes, including that of religious modernization, of new types of communal identity politics and of socio-political engagement with the emerging nation states and their accompanying nationalisms. These twentieth-century developments are firmly rooted in literary and linguistic practices of the Ottoman period, but take new turns under influence of colonization and decolonization, showing the versatility and resilience as much as the vulnerability of these linguistic and religious minorities in the region. Contributors are Tijmen C. Baarda, Leyla Dakhli, Sasha R. Goldstein-Sabbah, Liora R. Halperin, Robert Isaf, Michiel Leezenberg, Merav Mack, Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Konstantinos Papastathis, Franck Salameh, Cyrus Schayegh, Emmanuel Szurek, Peter Wien.Site de l'éditeurTable of Contents Front Matter Copyright page   Preface By: Heleen Murre-van den Berg  Note on Transcription   Notes on Contributors   Arabic and its Alternatives: Language and Religion in the Ottoman Empire and its Successor States By: Heleen Murre-van den BergPages: 1–49  Vernacularization as Governmentalization: the Development of Kurdish in Mandate Iraq By: Michiel LeezenbergPages: 50–76  “Yan, Of, Ef, Viç, İç, İs, Dis, Pulos …”: the Surname Reform, the “Non-Muslims,” and the Politics of Uncertainty in Post-genocidal Turkey By: Emmanuel SzurekPages: 77–110  “Young Phoenicians” and the Quest for a Lebanese Language: between Lebanonism, Phoenicianism, and Arabism By: Franck SalamehPages: 111–129  “Those Who Pronounce the Ḍād”: Language and Ethnicity in the Nationalist Poetry of Fuʾad al-Khatib (1880–1957) By: Peter WienPages: 130–142  Arabic and the Syriac Christians in Iraq: Three Levels of Loyalty to the Arabist Project (1920–1950) By: Tijmen C. BaardaPages: 143–170  Awakening, or Watchfulness: Naum Faiq and Syriac Language Poetry at the Fall of the Ottoman Empire By: Robert IsafPages: 171–200  Global Jewish Philanthropy and Linguistic Pragmatism in Baghdad By: Sasha R. Goldstein-SabbahPages: 201–227  Past Perfect: Jewish Memories of Language and the Politics of Arabic in Mandate Palestine By: Liora R. HalperinPages: 228–246  United by Faith, Divided by Language: the Orthodox in Jerusalem By: Merav MackPages: 247–260  Arabic vs. Greek: the Linguistic Aspect of the Jerusalem Orthodox Church Controversy in Late Ottoman Times and the British Mandate By: Konstantinos PapastathisPages: 261–286  Between Local Power and Global Politics: Playing with Languages in the Franciscan Printing Press of Jerusalem By: Leyla DakhliPages: 287–302  Epilogue By: Cyrus SchayeghPages: 303–310Back Matter Index  