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DASTON Lorraine, GALISON PeterObjectivityNew York : Zone books, 2010, 1 vol. (501 p.-[46] p. de pl.).ISBN 978-1-890951-79-5MOND 497Résumé :Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences - and show how the concept differs from alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday pratices in the making of scientific images.From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences - from anatomy to crystallography - are those featured in scientif atlases : the compendia that teach practitioners of a discipline what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Atlas images define the working objects of the sciences of the eye : snowflakes, galaxies, skeletons, elementary particles. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology.As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity - or truth-to-nature or trained judgment - is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. The point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing - not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to any one interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity - and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.Table des matières :Prologue : Objectivity shockI. Epistemologies of the eyeBlind sightCollective empiricismObjectivity is newHistories of the scientific selfEpistemic virtuesThe argumentObjectivity in shirtsleevesII. Truth-to-natureBefore objectivityTaming nature's variabilityThe idea in the observationFour-eyed sightDrawing from natureTruth-to-Nature after objetivityIII. Mechanical objectivitySeeing clearPhotography as science and artAutomatic images and blind sightDrawing against photographySelf-surveillanceEthics of objectivityIV. The scientific selfWhy objectivity ?The scientific subjectKant among the scientistsScientific personasObservation and attentionKnower and knowledgeV. Structural objectivityObjectivity without imagesThe objective science of mindThe real, the objective, and the communicableThe color of subjectivityWhat even a god could not sayDreams of a neutral languageThe cosmic communityVI. Trained judgmentThe uneasiness of mechanical reproductionAccuracy should not be sacrificed to objectivityThe art of judgmentPractives and the scientific selfVII. Representation to presentationSeeing is being : truth, objectivity, and judgmentSeeing is making : nanofactureRight depictionAxe de recherches : Axe transversal : Cultures visuelles