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[caption id="attachment_119" align="aligncenter" width="1000"] Case studies[/caption]Case studies have been chosen to reflect a set of diverse geographical (urban) and technological situations and to analyse their evolution with regard to the social, political, economic and urban environment. The choice also follows a principle of efficiency: by choosing places and cases that they are already accustomed to, researchers will minimize the entry cost (knowledge of geographical, historical, political and legal environment). In several cases, the proposed research will built on previous work (South Africa, Lebanon, India, Pakistan). The fieldwork undertaken by the students (master and doctoral students) or postdoc will be tightly supervised by experienced researchers and they will last longer to compensate for the “learning costs”. Several of these countries are almost totally out of map of energy studies (Nigeria, Pakistan, Benin, Chad…).