Design of Cost-Efficient Graphene Metasurface-Based Pregnancy Test With NOR Gate Realization and Parametric Optimization

In the presented study, a graphene metasurface-based refractive index sensor (RIS) has been developed and built, which is highly beneficial in urine observation. Pregnant and nonpregnant urine samples were simulated and analyzed using effective refractive indices (RIs) of 1.335, 1.34, 1.342, and 1.343. Analysis of the sensor’s sensitivity, resonance frequency, resolution, detection limit (DL), quality factor (QF), figure of merit (FOM), and other parameters has been done. In addition, the numerical investigations employ the finite-element method (FEM). In addition to this, a geometrical variation to attain a highly performing sensor performance is also carried out to demonstrate the effect of various structural parameters on sensitivity, and in a process, optimal parameters are also identified. With this investigation, we were able to obtain the greatest possible sensitivity response value of 200 GHz/RIU, as well as the highest QF and an FOM, and the highest resolution and DL of 11.97, 5.12 RIU $^{-{1}}$ , 0.15 THz, and 0.88 RIU, respectively. Along with that, an innovative realization of the NOR gate has been demonstrated by employing graphene with various graphene chemical potential (GCP) values.