Explainable AI to Predict Male Fertility Using Extreme Gradient Boosting Algorithm with SMOTE

Infertility is a common problem across the world. Infertility distribution due to male factors ranges from 40% to 50%. Existing artificial intelligence (AI) systems are not often human interpretable. Further, clinicians are unaware of how data analytical tools make decisions, and as a result, they have limited exposure to healthcare. Using explainable AI tools makes AI systems transparent and traceable, enhancing users’ trust and confidence in decision-making. The main contribution of this study is to introduce an explainable model for investigating male fertility prediction. Nine features related to lifestyle and environmental factors are utilized to develop a male fertility prediction model. Five AI tools, namely support vector machine, adaptive boosting, conventional extreme gradient boost (XGB), random forest, and extra tree algorithms are deployed with a balanced and imbalanced dataset. To produce our model in a trustworthy way, an explainable AI is applied. The techniques are (1) local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) and (2) Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). Additionally, ELI5 is utilized to inspect the feature’s importance. Finally, XGB outperformed and obtained an AUC of 0.98, which is optimal compared to existing AI systems.