Antibiotic Prescribing Practices and Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Patients with Campylobacter Enterocolitis

Antibiotics are not routinely recommended for patients with Campylobacter enterocolitis. We conducted a retrospective review of hospitalized patients younger than 18 years diagnosed with Campylobacter enterocolitis from July 2015 to December 2019. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic prescribing practices and the clinical outcomes and to evaluate the factors associated with antibiotic use. A total of 157 patients (median age, 10.7 years) were included in this study. Most patients (93.0%) had a fever, and a quarter of the patients complained of bloody diarrhea. The overall antibiotic prescribing rate was 36.7% (57/157), 91.2% of the patients received antibiotics within hospital day 2. The semi-annual antibiotic prescribing rate ranged from 16.7 to 50.0%. There were no increasing or decreasing trends in antibiotic prescribing rates. Cephalosporins were the most prescribed antibiotics for initial antibiotic therapy. Azithromycin use increased significantly during the study period. The independent factors associated with early antibiotic therapy were leukocytosis (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 3.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.76–9.27), C-reactive protein ≥50 mg/L (aOR, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.84–10.21), and performing abdominal imaging studies (aOR, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.55–7.99). There was no significance in defervescence between the early and no-antibiotic therapy groups (p = 0.232). A careful assessment of the need for antibiotic therapy in patients with acute diarrhea should be conducted to avoid unnecessary use. After identifying the causative pathogens, the appropriateness of antibiotic prescription should be evaluated.