RDE cycle simulation by 0D/1D models to investigate IC engine performance and cylinder-out emissions

In this work, the development and application of advanced predictive 0D/1D methodologies to simulate Real Driving Emission (RDE) cycles are described. Firstly, the 1D simulation model is validated on a map of steady state operating points, which allows to use successively the very same model, with its calibration, during an RDE cycle simulation, considering the sequence of varying loads, and rotational speeds. In particular, the validated 1D model is used to simulate a typical RDE transient cycle of approximately 1 h and 45 min. The test case investigated is a modern plug-in hybrid passenger car engine, in which the thermal power unit consists of a 1 L three-cylinder, turbocharged gasoline engine. The experimental and simulated RDE cycle is characterized by a sensibly varying Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) operation, allowing to evaluate engine performance and cylinder out emissions. To speed up the calculation and significantly lower the Central Processing Unit (CPU)/real time ratio a dedicated numerical solver for fast simulation has been implemented and tested, while keeping the fidelity of the results. A predictive 0D, multi-zone model for Spark Ignition (SI) combustion has been applied, together with emission sub-models for the calculation of the main pollutants. Both instantaneous and cumulative emissions have been evaluated. The results of the simulations have been compared to the experimental data of RDE cycles, showing a good predictiveness of the models and the high potential of 0D/1D simulation codes as design tools, in the new scenario of demanding testing procedures. This approach can be applied for any engine configuration operating under any transient condition.