XAI-3DP: Diagnosis and Understanding Faults of 3-D Printer With Explainable Ensemble AI

Additive manufacturing is one of the most widely used techniques in the domain of manufacturing. Three-dimensional (3-D) printers are one of those systems that made additive manufacturing easier. Fused-deposition-modeling-based 3-D printers provide cost-effective 3-D models. Like other mechanical systems, 3-D printers also face faults that damage the printing of the system. Hence, proper maintenance is required. The data-driven-based approach of the diagnosis of the fault in 3-D printers is proposed in this letter. Data are collected for three scenarios—1) healthy condition, 2) bed failure, and 3) arm failure. The ensemble learning model of Random Forest and XGBoost has been implemented with a ratio of 0.54 and 0.46, and a result of 99.75% accuracy is achieved, compared to 96% and 98% alone, respectively. The black box machine learning model is then further explained using the Shapley additive explanations library for the interpretation of the prediction, such that the trustworthiness of the artificial intelligence model gets improved.