Functional Diversity of Soil Microorganisms and Influencing Factors in Three Typical Water−Conservation Forests in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area

As a key part of the forest ecosystem, soil microorganisms play extremely important roles in maintaining the ecological environment and the security of water quality in reservoir areas. However, it is not clear whether there are differences in the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in different types of water−conservation forests in reservoir areas, and which factors affect the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. In our study, the Biolog−Eco microplate technique was used to analyze the carbon source metabolic characteristics of soil microbial communities in three typical water−conservation forests and a non−forest land: Pinus massoniana−Quercus variabilis mixed forest (MF), Pinus massoniana forest (PF), Quercus variabilis forest (QF) and non−forest land (CK). The results showed that the average well color development (AWCD), the Shannon diversity index (SDI) and the richness index (S) of the three forest lands was significantly greater than that of the non−forest land (p < 0.05). The mean values of AWCD, SDI and S of the three forests had the same order (QF > PF > MF), but there was no significant difference among different types of forests. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) of QF and PF were higher than those of MF and CK, but the microbial biomass C/N ratio (MBC/MBN) was lower. The variance partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that 86.4% of the variation was explained by plant (community) diversity, soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial biomass, which independently explained 10.0%, 28.9%, and 14.9% of the variation, respectively. The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that total phosphorus (TP), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), number of plant species (Num) and alkali-hydro nitrogen (Wn) were the key factors affecting the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. This study confirmed that forest ecosystem is better than non−forest land in maintaining soil microbial function diversity. Moreover, Quercus variabilis forest may be a better stand type in maintaining the diversity of soil microbial functions in the study area.