Modeling and Experimental Validation of 18650 Battery for an Electric Bus

The paper presents the mathematical model of 18650 batteries used in a hybrid electric bus with a fuel cell, with the goal of calculating the loss, the change of capacity with the number of cycles and the effects of temperature. The model is developed on the basis of pulse measurement on a single 18650 cell. The model parameters are identified with the experimental data. The developed battery model is used in a larger mathematical model of the whole bus, with the goal of calculating losses in individual components such as motor, control system, gearbox etc. and optimizing the design, for example, to facilitate fuel cell and battery sizing.