Review of multivariate statistical methods applied to the results of the Ser Bachiller exam in Ecuador

This research includes reviewing studies on the various exit exams for secondary education in Ecuador, as well as admission to higher education, and identifying students' academic, individual, and socioeconomic factors. In addition, files and academic reports associated with applying multivariate statistical techniques such as linear regression, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis were analyzed. At the same time, studying the academic variables associated with the exam was considered, considering the measurement of general knowledge, sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. The application of statistical techniques showed in most studies that the variables are associated mainly with academic performance. This made it possible to determine in the long term that numbers define positive or negative scales, and the forms of learning constituted daily as a challenge.