The expression levels of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in blood serum of Alzheimer’s dementia patients: report from a pilot study in Kazakhstan

Chronic peripheral inflammation is one of the critical factors contributing significantly to the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Human and animal studies strongly suggest that systemic inflammation, marked by changes in the peripheral profile of blood immune cells and blood levels of circulating pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, can promote or even precede pro‐inflammatory conditions in the CNS. It has been reported that the levels of circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines are increased while the levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines are decreased in AD patients. However, despite increasing data supporting the association between abnormal peripheral inflammation and AD, no well‐established inflammatory biomarkers are currently available for AD. In this regards, we have studied an expanded spectrum of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the serum samples of the patients diagnosed with AD and compared them to those without cognitive impairment matched on age and gender.