Anaerobic Digestion as a Component of Circular Bioeconomy—Case Study Approach

Current and future trends in the world population lead to the continuous growth of municipal waste volumes. Only in the EU-28 approx. 86 million tons of biowaste is produced yearly. On the other hand, the recent energy crisis calls for a fast transition towards more local and renewable energy sources. Most of this stream could be recycled through anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce energy and high-quality fertilizers. This paper presents a balance of dry anaerobic digestion of municipal biowaste based on three years of system monitoring in an industrial-scale AD plant. The results indicate that the average biogas production rate of 120 Nm3/ton of fresh waste can be achieved. Biogas utilization in combined heat and power (CHP) units leads to an overall positive energy balance at significantly reduced CO2 emissions. The overall CO2 emission reduction of 25.3–26.6% was achieved, considering that biogas utilization is environmentally neutral. Moreover, biowaste conversion allows digestate production to substitute mineral fertilizers in agriculture and other applications. It is beneficial for soil protection and a broader environmental perspective.