Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Based on Frequency Difference–Wavenumber Analysis for Sparse Vertical Array Configuration

Frequency–wavenumber (f–k) analysis can estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of broadband signals received on a vertical array. When the vertical array configuration is sparse, it results in an aliasing error due to spatial sampling; thus, several striation patterns can emerge in the f–k domain. This paper extends the f–k analysis to a sparse receiver-array, wherein a multitude of sidelobes prevent resolving the DOA estimates due to spatial aliasing. The frequency difference-wavenumber (Δf–k) analysis is developed by adopting the concept of frequency difference, and demonstrated its performance of DOA estimation to a sparse receiver array. Experimental results verify the robustness of the proposed Δf–k analysis in the estimation of the DOA of cracking sounds generated by the snapping shrimps, which were recorded by a sparse vertical array configuration during the shallow water experiment.