Abstraction of reward context facilitates relative reward coding in dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to be involved in many cognitive processes, including linking goals to actions and tracking decision-relevant contextual information. ACC neurons robustly encode expected outcomes, but how this relates to putative functions of ACC remains unknown. Here, we approach this question from the perspective of population codes by analyzing neural spiking data in the ventral and dorsal banks of the ACC in monkeys trained to perform a stimulus-motor mapping task. We found that neural populations favor a representational geometry that emphasizes contextual information, while facilitating the independent, abstract representation of multiple task-relevant variables. In addition, trial outcomes were primarily encoded relative to task context, suggesting that the population structures we observe could be a mechanism allowing feedback to be interpreted in a context-dependent manner. Together, our results point to a prominent role for ACC in context-setting and relative interpretation of outcomes, facilitated by abstract, or “untangled,” representations of task variables.