Management systems impact on soil spatial variability under semi-arid climates conditions

. Cropping systems are one of the most important living components affecting the surface soil spatial variability. Composite disturbed and undisturbed soils were collected (inter-sections of the grid system, 50 x 50 m) at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths under maize ( Zea mays ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) cropping systems from the farmer’s field, in the Igdir Plain, eastern Turkey. Soil spatial variability was based on clay, silt, and sand, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and organic matter, the pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, aggregate stability and penetration resistance of the soil were determined. The data was analysed using both statistical and geostatistical approaches and suggested that the spatial distribution model and spatial dependence level varied significantly within the farm soils. Exponential, Gaussian, and spherical semivariogram models were found to be the best models to explain the spatial structure of the soil properties. Clay and sand, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter, bulk density, aggregate stability, and penetration resistance were found to be significantly different between the soil depths. The soil property ranges of the variogram were between 58.5 and 305.9 m and showed a moderate to strong spatial dependence. The development of spatial distribution maps for the soil variables analysed provided for a comparison to be made between the various soil properties and raises the possibility of understanding heterogeneity within the farm in the form of a regional representation. It may be concluded that these maps will assist in determining site-specific soil use and identifying the impact of soil management.