Nanotherapy: New Approach for Impeding Hepatic Cancer Microenvironment via Targeting Multiple Molecular Pathways

Tumors are not only formed by the cancer cells themselves; they are rather complex and plastic malignant organs composed of various cell populations. These include tumor vasculature (Farnsworth et al., 2014) and the infiltrating immune cells, such as T lymphocytes (Speiser et al., 2016), B lymphocytes (Tsou et al., 2016), natural killer (NK) cells (Morvan and Lanier, 2016), and tumorassociated macrophages (TAMs) (Baghban et al., 2020). In the past 15 years, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) role in the tumor microenvironment has evolved as VEGF is produced from tumor cells and the surrounding stroma (Apte et al., 2019). VEGF not only plays a major role in controlling blood vessel formation, but also modulates tumor-induced immunosuppression (Garcia et al., 2020) via VEGFR signaling in hematopoietic Abstract