A REVIEW ON NANO/MICROPARTICLES FORMULATION OF VACCINE DELIVERY FOR UNIVERSAL INFLUENZA

Worldwide, influenza affects millions of individuals and has the potential to cause serious illness or even death. The most effective approach of prophylaxis is vaccination, but due to strain and viral mutation changes, the seasonal influenza vaccine frequently has limited efficiency and needs to be administered annually. Although they have been employed clinically, more conserved universal influenza antigens like the M2 ectodomain (M2e) and the hemagglutinin stalk region (HA stalk) frequently have poor antigenicity. Universal antigens have been created employing nano/microparticles as influenza vaccine carriers to boost their antigenicity. Indicators of immunity and protection against influenza have been demonstrated in mouse, pig, ferret, and chicken models using polymers, liposomes, metal, and protein-based particles. This review focuses on the physiochemical characteristics, production, characterization, and biologic responses in vivo of the formulations of the seasonal and universal influenza vaccines made from these materials. The assessment concludes with future perspectives for nano/microparticles as carrier systems and other factors to take into account within the perspective of the landscape for the administration of the universal influenza vaccine.
KEYWORDS: Influenza; Polymeric Nanoparticles; Liposomes; Gold Nanoparticles; Protein Nanoparticles