Revisiting effective language learning environments for learners in the digital era: A literature review

The purpose of this article is to offer a narrative review of research on effective language learning environments for learners in the digital era. To do this, a search strategy was employed to retrieve both conceptual analyses and empirical studies, initially including whether published as journal articles or book chapters. The collected data were compared conceptually, analyzed, synthesized, paraphrased, and eventually coded into related sub-headings or themes. Subsequently, the researcher reconceptualizes contributing factors to an effective language learning environment for the digital generation. Interrelationship between the language learning environment and learners’ performances is also reviewed. Theoretically, this comprehensive revision will help language teachers and stakeholders have a clear insight into the language learning environment and assist them in taking appropriate actions to create more effective learning conditions for their learners.