Jarosite-Rich Mineral Crust on Coastal Cliffs in Central Norway: Microstructural and Geochemical Investigations

The study of jarosite produced under diverse conditions is essential to gain insight into its diverse formation mechanisms on earth. Such investigations can even pave ways to better understanding of the genesis of jarosite discovered in extra-terrestrial bodies such as Mars. Jarosite samples from two costal locations in central Norway are investigated through the application of multiple analytical techniques. The jarosite-rich encrustations on seaward cliff walls were studied with a focus on the characterization of their micromorphology and geochemistry. Light and electron microscopic analyses revealed distinct laminations and microlaminations in the samples. These layered laminations likely imply the existence of favorable periods in a cyclic manner for mineralization/biomineralization of jarosite in tandem with gypsum formation and dissolution. The pH level measured is not low similar to that usually described as conducive for jarosite formations. Different viable jarosite formation mechanisms are explored. Though some indicators are implied from microstructural and compositional analyses, further investigations are required for establishing the biogenic nature of the mechanism involved. Signs of the possible formation of jarosite in the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, 1.1–1.3 million years B.P., are acquired from Ar39/Ar40 geochronological determinations. Useful paleoenvironmental and paleobiological information could be found preserved in the microstructures of such jarosite formations.