Gelatin Meshes Enriched with Graphene Oxide and Magnetic Nanoparticles Support and Enhance the Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

The field of tissue engineering is constantly evolving due to the fabrication of novel platforms that promise to stimulate tissue regeneration in the scenario of accidents. Here, we describe the fabrication of fibrous nanostructured substrates based on fish gelatin (FG) and enriched with graphene oxide (GO) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and demonstrate its biological properties in terms of cell viability and proliferation, cell adhesion, and differentiation. For this purpose, electrospun fibers were fabricated using aqueous precursors containing either only GO and only MNP nanospecies, or both of them within a fish gelatin solution. The obtained materials were investigated in terms of morphology, aqueous media affinity, tensile elasticity, and structural characteristics. The biological evaluation was assessed against adipose-derived stem cells by MTT, LDH, Live/Dead assay, cytoskeleton investigation, and neuronal trans-differentiation. The results indicate an overall good interaction and show that these materials offer a biofriendly environment. A higher concentration of both nanospecies types induced some toxic effects, thus 0.5% GO, MNPs, and GO/MNPs turned out to be the most suitable option for biological testing. Moreover, a successful neuronal differentiation has been shown on these materials, where cells presented a typical neuronal phenotype. This study demonstrates the potential of this scaffold to be further used in tissue engineering applications.