Find of a Bronze Macehead from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in Poland

The Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom houses an interesting find of a macehead discovered in the Michałowiec nature reserve (commonly known as the Michałowiec/Michałówka Forest). The reserve is located on the northern slope of a large rise of terrain of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Polish: Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska) that shelves toward the River Biała Przemsza valley. Regrettably, the exact coordinates of the find location are not known, and only very imprecisely defined forest limits where the discovery was made were indicated. The artefact in question is a reasonably well-preserved macehead of the so-called star-shaped type. The macehead was cast in a pre-prepared mould using a non-ferrous metal alloy with a dominant share of Cu, Pb, and Sb. A comparative analysis of maceheads with finds from the territory of Hungary and south-eastern Europe, as well as a concentration of such finds along the southern and the eastern borders of Poland allow for a supposition that such artefacts could also come from this direction. On the other hand, it cannot be excluded that the find is of local manufacture. Concerning its chronology, on the basis of analogies a wide time frame between the 12th and the first half of the 14th century can be proposed. The territory of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland is a landscape that since the early 14th century has been marked by numerous works of military architecture. These were the background of the defensive system of the border of the Kingdom of Poland. Therefore, a high number of warriors could be at least temporarily stationed in this area. This can perhaps offer grounds to rather accept a later (that is, the 14th century) chronology of the artefact. Such a date can also be implied by its chemical composition.