Reasons for East Siberia Winter Snow Water Equivalent Increase in the Recent Decades

With the rapid warming in the past few decades, the snow water equivalent (SWE) in winter and spring decreased generally over the Northern Hemisphere, but an increasing trend occurred in some areas, especially in east Siberia. In this paper, we analyze the sources and reasons for the SWE increase in east Siberia in winter since 1979 and document projected future SWE changes in this region. The winter SWE changes in east Siberia were not significant over the past four decades until the 2000s, and the SWE increased rapidly thereafter. The SWE increase after the 2000s is mainly contributed by SWE in November, followed by that in winter, and attributed to the increase in snowfall. With the moisture budget diagnosis, we found that the atmospheric dynamic-induced moisture convergence (vertical motion effect and horizontal advection of moisture) are the reasons that contributed to the winter snowfall increase in east Siberia. As east Siberia is cold in winter, even under the high radiative forcing scenario, precipitation in east Siberia will continue to increase and be dominated by snowfall until the 2060s. Thereafter, with the rainfall increase and the accelerated snowmelt due to rising temperature, precipitation will gradually shift to rainfall type and the SWE may turn to decrease.