Which four medication classes have important pharmacogenetic considerations?

ABSTRACT Medications often are prescribed without knowledge of a patient's pharmacogenetic profile. Initial therapy may require subsequent modification due to adverse reactions or lack of efficacy. Although many variables, including changes in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, or patient nonadherence, may account for these outcomes, information about a patient's ability to metabolize or transport drugs across membranes may be used to optimize therapy, resulting in improved medication outcomes.