Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Review: Decision Making Category in Electrical-Vehicle Type

The use of electric vehicles (EV) has begun to be widely used and is predicted to continue to increase. It has a positive impact on some aspects of the economy and society. Still, it has negative impacts, especially on the environmental aspect, such as hazardous and toxic waste, a huge water footprint, and exploitation of material for the production process, which cause damage to ecosystems. This study aims to figure out the advantages and disadvantages of EV types and provide recommendations on which one is the best EV for use. This study was done by the systematic review method that used the LCSA method, a combination of LCA, LCC, and S-LCA. This study assessed several types of electric vehicles: ICV, HEV, PHEV, and BEV. From an environmental aspect, ICV dominated the worst score than other types. From a social aspect, no specific EV contributed to a higher impact, but HEV had the highest reduction potential on human health. From an economic aspect, HEV were considered less profitable than the others. In the end, PHEV type was more potentially used due to giving a lower impact than the other types. Furthermore, this study could help public society decide the types of EV batteries based on their need.