Isotopic labeling of metabolic water with 18 O2 .

RATIONALE
Water is the medium of life, is involved in biochemical reactions, and is exchanged among internal pools and with the water in the external environment of organisms. Understanding these processes can be improved by isotopically labeling the metabolic water that is produced inside the cells of organisms during aerobic respiration.


METHODS
Here we describe a new method for isotopically labeling cellular water by incubating microbes and plant tissues in air enriched in 18 O2 . As oxygen gas is reduced during respiration, H2 18 O is produced. The rate of H2 18 O production and synthesis of biomolecules that incorporate 18 O from H2 18 O can be quantified using cavity ringdown spectrometry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry.


RESULTS
For E. coli in solution culture, soil microbial communities, and respiring tissues of plants, the amount of H2 18 O produced was strongly correlated with the amount of 18 O2 consumed during incubations. Measurements of 18 O in DNA, microbial biomass, and CO2 show that metabolic water was an important substrate in biosynthesis reactions.


CONCLUSIONS
Any organism with aerobic respiration is amenable to labeling with 18 O2 , and the method described here enables a new approach to investigate questions in plant and microbial physiology. In plants, 18 O introduced as metabolic water could be tracked as it moves between living cells and exchanges with external water. For probing soil microbial physiology, the method described here has the advantage over application of exogenous H2 18 O of not increasing soil moisture, a disturbance that can affect microbial metabolism.