Pedestrian mobility management for heterogeneous networks

Pending the arrival of the next generation of 5G which is not yet deployed insome countries like Algeria, 4G LTE remains one of the main mobile networks to ensure adequate quality services. Mostly, the deployment of femtocells to support the macrocell structure is crucial in the handover decision process. This paper presents a new approach called the epsilon Kalman Filter with normalized least-mean-square (ϵKFNLMS) to realize the handoff triggering in two-tier long-term evolution networks to ensure communication continuity to the pedestrian UE and improve mobility management. ϵKFNLMS uses a two-step process: a tracking process and a prediction process, to produce an optimal future state estimate at ”t+p”, where ”p” is the prediction footstep. The tracking process is performed by the Kalman filter, known for its precision in the state of the signal at time ”t”. It perfectly reduces the estimation error, injected afterward in the variable step-size NLMS algorithm (VSS-NLMS). While the predictionprocess is performed by the VSS-NLMS algorithm, an adaptive filterknown for its prediction of the future state at ”t+p”. Thus, the goal is to achieve a faster convergence with a steady-state. ϵ value provides a precise setting of the handover trigger. Through different numerical simulations in several indoor environments, the results show that the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach (ϵKFNLMS) provide lower mean square error (MSE), stable physical appearance in the prediction process (convergence with a steady-state), and excellent speed of convergence compared to the classical Normalized LMS (NLMS) and Li-NLMS adaptive filters.