Humanitarianism and its Alternative Models in Migration Crises: the Case of Poland

The research objective of this paper is to verify the hypothesis that migration and asylum policies of the EU Member States have led to the formation of alternative humanitarian models. The examples used for the purposes of this study were the aid practices used during the migration crises in Poland in 2021–2022. As part of this verification, the literature on humanitarianism was reviewed, including its various forms in the context of contemporary migration crises. Then, using the categories of experimental, subversive, everyday, and selective humanitarianism, the relief activities of civil society were analyzed.