Modified Frequency Regulator Based on TIλ-TDμFF Controller for Interconnected Microgrids with Incorporating Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources

Reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases has directed energy sectors toward using renewable energy sources (RESs) and decreasing the dependency on conventional energy sources. Recently, developing efficient load frequency control (LFC) schemes has become essential to face the reduced inertia due to RESs installations. This paper presents a modified tilt fractional order (FO) integral–tilt FO derivative with a fractional filter (TFOI-TFODFF or namely TIλ-TDμFF) LFC method. Although the proposed controller uses the same elements of standard controllers, it adopts FO control capabilities and flexibilities, including the tilt, FO integral, FO derivative, and FO filter. Thence, a new control structure is obtained, merging the advantages of both controllers. Moreover, the proposed TFOI-TFODFF controller employs two control loops to be able to mitigate low-frequency as well as high-frequency disturbances in power grids. Additionally, a new modified marine predator algorithm (MMPA) is proposed for optimally tuning the parameters of the proposed TFOI-TFODFF LFC method. The performance of the MMPA is enhanced in terms of initialization and exploitation phases using the chaotic maps and weighting factor. A two-area interconnected power system case study is implemented with wind and photovoltaic RESs and electric vehicles (EVs) contribution. The proposed TFOI-TFODFF LFC is compared with the FOPID, TID, TI-DF, and FOTPID controllers, wherein the proposed TFOI-TFODFF has offered superior performance of the proposed controller. Moreover, the proposed modified MPA is compared with the original MPA and other competitive optimization algorithms, and statistical analyses are carried out through parametric and nonparametric tests.