An enhanced loss function in deep learning model to predict PM2.5 in India

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the major air pollutants and is an important parameter for measuring air quality levels. High concentrations of PM2.5 show its impact on human health, the environment, and climate change. An accurate prediction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is significant to air pollution detection, environmental management, human health, and social development. The primary approach is to boost the forecast performance by reducing the error in the deep learning model. So, there is a need to propose an enhanced loss function (ELF) to decrease the error and improve the accurate prediction of daily PM2.5 concentrations. This paper proposes the ELF in CTLSTM (Chi-Square test Long Short Term Memory) to improve the PM2.5 forecast. The ELF in the CTLSTM model gives more accurate results than the standard forecast models and other state-of-the-art deep learning techniques. The proposed ELFCTLSTM reduces the prediction error of by a maximum of 10 to 25 percent than the state-of-the-art deep learning models.