Risk factors for cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease

Risk factors are constitutional peculiarity and human behavior that infl uence the disease development and / or pathological condition in the future. With regard to certain nosological units, including cardiovascular diseases, modifi able and nonmodifi able risk factors are distinguished. Non-modifi able risk factors for the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases include age, gender, and genetic predisposition, which are used to develop risk stratifi cation systems. These risk factors cannot be adjusted, ie. modifi ed, and can only be taken into account when determining the level of risk of diseases development. On the contrary, modifi able risk factors can undergo changes and be subdivided into behavioral and biological ones. Behavioral risk factors include: smoking, unhealthy diet, low physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, chronic psycho-emotional stress. These behavioral risk factors in the lifestyle of a modern person are becoming more common in the conditions of urbanization, and contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. It should be noted that with longterm exposure to behavioral risk factors on the human body, biological risk factors are also formed: arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease.This review discusses the contribution of chronic kidney disease as a risk factor, as well as the mechanisms of formation and progression of cardiovascular diseases in kidney dysfunction.