On the Tradeoff Between Network Lifetime and k-Connectivity-Based Reliability in UWSNs

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are utilized for a wide range of monitoring and surveillance applications. Lifetime maximization and maintenance of network reliability are among the most important considerations in the deployment of UWSNs. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-connectivity is a robust approach for reinforcing reliability. However, maintaining <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> disjoint paths from each sensor node to the BS, inevitably, results in extra energy dissipation, which reduces the network lifetime (NLT). Yet, there is no systematic exploration to determine the extent of lifetime reduction due to the increase in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> value, in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we create an optimization framework to be able to explore the tradeoff between NLT and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-connectivity-based reliability in UWSNs. Through the optimal solutions of the proposed optimization model for a large set of salient parameters, we characterize the interplay between lifetime and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-connectivity. Our analysis reveals that the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> value to be maintained in a UWSN can affect the NLT significantly.