High-speed X-ray phase-contrast imaging of single cavitation bubbles near a solid boundary

Laser-induced cavitation bubble dynamics at different distances from a rigid boundary is investigated using high-speed synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast imaging. This is achieved through the design of a tailored experimental chamber specifically designed to reduce the X-ray absorption along the path length in water while mitigating boundary effects. The highly resolved undistorted radiographs are able to visualize a sharp bubble interface even upon complex shapes, which can serve as high-quality benchmarks for numerical simulations. Here, the measured bubble shapes are compared to simulations using the incompressible boundary integral method. The direct optical access to the high-speed liquid jet provides accurate measurements of the evolution of the jet speed which is contrasted to the simulated results. After the jet has impacted the opposite side of the cavitation bubble, the cavity assumes a toroidal shape, the volume of which can be accurately measured from the radiographs and its temporal evolution compared to the bubble ring model. Thanks to the clear optical access to the cavity lobes throughout the collapse, non-axisymmetric splashing within the bubble resulting from the jet impact, also known as Blake's splashing, is observed and characterized for stand- off parameters of γ < 1. Measurements extracted from the highly resolved visualizations provided herein have been validated against scaling laws for droplet impact on a thin liquid film, which contribute to confirm and elucidate the splashing phenomenon.