Development of A Framework for Urban Heat Adaptation in 15-Minute City

Urban heat has challenged many cities with serious environmental, economic, social and health consequences. Urban heat also deteriorates the achievement of 15-Minute City (FMC) which is a basic community unit to apply planning and design practices to achieve safety, sustainability, resilience and inclusion required by the goal of Sustainable Cities and Communities (Goal 11) by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Heat adaptation strategies are of importance to secure people from heat-induced immediate impacts. However, there are limited studies on how to integrate heat adaptation strategies into FMC for avoiding heat-induced impacts. Therefore, this paper aims to construct a framework that can support the integration of urban heat adaptation (UHA) into FMC planning and design. The framework is expected to combine FMC and UHA goals, identify urban heat impacts, recognise heat-induced impact influential factors, suggest heat adaptation strategies and optimise adaptation performance. Following this conception, an analysis of FMC and UHA goals, heat-induced impact and assessment indicators, regulatory factors, heat adaptation strategies, and sensitivity assessment models has been conducted. Finally, a comprehensive FMC-UHA framework for addressing urban heat challenges is generated. Overall, this framework provides a reference for creating cool 15-minute cities, as well as guidance on how to avoid heat impacts, health and safety inclusion, low-carbon travel, and outdoor productivity.