Implementation Research in Nepal – A Scoping Review, 2015-2022

Background Implementation research (IR) is increasingly undertaken in the health field globally. This paper presents a scoping review of IR undertaken in Nepal. 
Methods We conducted a scoping review of literature on IR in Nepal according to the PRISMA- ScR checklist. The eligibility criteria were defined as papers conducted in Nepal that focused on studies of programs or policies that emphasize targeting health interventions, and addressed at least some aspects of IR. We searched Embase, PubMed, and the Global Health: Science and Practice database for papers from January 1, 2015 through November 30, 2022 using Medical Subject Headings terms based on our eligibility criteria. We reviewed the full text of the final set of articles and extracted relevant information for inclusion in this review. 
Results Twenty-three articles were included in the final stages for data extraction. The numbers of IR have increased over the years; the largest numbers were published in 2021. About 52% had a first author from Nepal, and 39% had a senior author from Nepal. About 52% were focused on non-communicable diseases. The objectives of the studies were diverse; most were conducted in understanding the factors that influenced implementation. Most of the studies were guided by IR theories or frameworks; and were done in collaboration with international partners. Only a few studied implementation strategies and implementation outcomes. 
Conclusion The vast majority of the IR conducted in Nepal has focused on understanding the contextual facilitators and barriers to implementation; only a few studies have examined implementation strategies and implementation outcomes.