An Overview of Nano-Catalysts in Biodiesel Production

Energy consumption and dependence on non-renewable resources is increasing over the years. The combustion of fossil fuels resulting in the emission of substantial amounts of CO2, NOX, SOX and some greenhouse gases. Biofuels are evolving as the primary alternatives to fossil fuels since they can be readily synthesised from discarded bioresources and yield lesser emission during the combustion process. However, the extraction of biofuels has thrown up new challenges that have widened the scope of the use of nano-particles in the synthesis of biofuels. From the literature, distinct findings concerning the use of nano-particles as a catalyst and process reactant during biodiesel production have been identified; this is majorly attributed to the fact that nano-catalysts enhance thermophysical properties, reaction speed and mass transport properties. Henceforth, the present paper aims to review, summarise and provide an insight into the research findings of effectively using nanocatalysts in biofuel production and consider the significance and its relevance for further researchers in the domain of biofuels.