Unified Modeling of Pseudo-Slug and Churn Flows for Liquid Holdup and Pressure Gradient Predictions in Pipelines and Wellbores


 Pseudo-slug flow is a coherent flow pattern that occurs in horizontal or inclined pipes surrounded by segregated and conventional slug flows. Recent studies have demonstrated that this flow pattern can occupy a large area in the flow pattern map and cannot be simply ignored. Churn flow commonly occurs in upward vertical or slightly deviated wellbores characterized by a chaotic intermittent flow behavior. Pseudo-slug and churn flows are generally considered as two different flow patterns mainly because of their visual differences. However, some recent studies have shown that they share many similarities. There are several hydraulic models for churn flow, and the models for pseudo-slug flow have also emerged in recent years. However, these models only work for a certain inclination angle range, and none work for both flow patterns. This paper proposes a new unified hydraulic model that is applicable for both flow patterns. The liquid holdup prediction is based on the drift-flux model, while the pressure gradient is predicted using a two-fluid model that considers wall frictions from both gas and liquid phases. The new model better captures the effects of gas and liquid flow rates, gas density, liquid viscosity, inclination angle, and pipe diameter on the liquid holdup and pressure gradient compared with other models. Model evaluations show that the new model gives the best predictions compared with other available pseudo-slug or churn models. The new model reduces the total average absolute relative error to 14.0% for the liquid holdup prediction and 19.1% for the pressure gradient prediction.