Interpretation of Archaeogeological and Lithological Characters for Stones Used in Korean Ancient Tombs around the Songpa of Seoul

This study concerns the lithologic characteristics of the stone used as the main construction materials of ancient Korean tombs, and aims to understand how they were supplied. Specifically, we investigated the main ancient tombs in the Songpa district, south of the Hangang River in Seoul, composing the connected stone-mound tombs in the Seokchon-dong tomb complex, Bangi-dong tomb No. 3, and 13 horizontal stone-chamber tombs in the Gamil-dong tomb complex. There are major differences among the tombs reflected in the types of rock used as construction materials in these sites. Tombs at Seokchon-dong and Bangi-dong were built mainly using biotite gneiss, whereas those at Gamil-dong are composed of amphibole schist. By comparing the characteristics of the rocks collected from the provenance sites, we concluded that the quartzite used at the Gamil-dong tombs was from Cheonma Mountain, the gneiss at the Bangi-dong sites was from Daemo Mountain, and the amphibole schist and diabase at the Gamil-dong sites were from Cheonma Mountain. On the other hand, gravel-shaped stone materials are found in the tombs of Seokchon-dong and Bangi-dong, but not in Gamil-dong tombs. Therefore, it can be seen that between Seokchon-dong, Bangi-dong, and Gamil-dong tombs, there is a difference not only in the main constituent rock types, but also in the shape of the stone materials. These gravel-shaped stones are assumed to have been transported via the Hangang River drainage system and supplied to Seokchon-dong and Bangi-dong tombs. Therefore, we consider that the constructors of the tombs in the ancient Songpa district locally sourced materials of different rock types.