Histopathological spectrum of testicular lesions in a tertiary care hospital

Testicular tumors are relatively rare and comprise 1% of all male cancers worldwide with peak prevalence in the age group 15-35 years. Testicular lesions have a varied histomorphological spectrum and are largely categorized as non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions.To study the incidence of testicular lesions, to study the histomorphological spectrum of testicular lesions including non-neoplastic as well as neoplastic lesions and to determine age-wise distribution, laterality and clinical presentation in testicular lesions.The present study is an observational study, carried out in the Pathology Department of Indira Gandhi Medical college, a tertiary care hospital in the northern India, over a duration of two years i.e from June 2020 to May 2022. A total of 52 radical orchidectomy and testicular biopsies were studied for gross and microscopic findings. 45 orchidectomy specimens and 7 testicular biopsies were studied. Out of these, 42 cases were non neoplastic and 10 were neoplastic. Maximum number of patients presented in the 2 & 4 decade of life. Undescended testis was the most common non-neoplastic lesion (17/42;40.47%), followed by testicular torsion (12/42;28.57%). Seminoma was the most common neoplastic lesions (50%), followed by Mixed Germ Cell Tumors (20%) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (20%) and a single case of yolk sac tumor (10%). Clinically, most of the patients presented with scrotal swelling (58.53%). Right testis was involved more commonly (32/52;61.53%). Testicular cancers represent 10.5% of all male reproductive cancers in India. Germ cell tumors accounted for highest percentage of cases with a commonest subtype of seminoma followed by mixed germ cell tumors. Histopathologic examination can help in accurately diagnosing and determining the prognosis of these rare tumor and tumor like lesions of testis.