Melatonin promotes the restoration of bone defects via enhancement of miR‐335‐5p combined with inhibition of TNFα/NF‐κB signaling

Accelerating the repair of a bone defect is crucial clinically due to the increased prevalence of trauma, tumor, and infections in bone. Studies have found that excess acute and chronic inflammation attenuate osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells). Moreover, TNF‐α and NF‐κB could inhibit osteoblasts differentiation of BMSCs and promote osteoclastogenesis via multiple mechanisms, such as increasing osteoclast precursor cells and acting synergistically with cell cytokines. However, melatonin could inhibit the expression of TNFα/NF‐κB and promote bone formation by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. However, there has been no evidence regarding the effect of melatonin on TNFα/NF‐κB‐inhibited osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. This study aimed to investigate the role of melatonin on TNFα/NF‐κB‐inhibited osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. Micro‐CT, high‐throughput screening, overexpression, and other methods were used, and we found that the number of osteoblasts was elevated with melatonin treatment. Additionally, TNFα/NF‐κB signaling was inhibited, while miR‐335‐5p expression increased markedly following treatment with melatonin. Furthermore, miR‐335‐5p negatively regulated TNFα/NF‐κB signaling, while miR‐335‐5p inhibitor ameliorated the effects of melatonin on TNFα/NF‐κB. In conclusion, melatonin facilitates osteogenesis in bone defect healing by enhancing miR‐335‐5p expression and inhibiting the TNFα/NF‐κB pathway.