Dynamics of Mixing Layer Height and Homogeneity from Ceilometer-Measured Aerosol Profiles and Correlation to Ground Level PM2.5 in New York City

Observations of mixing layer height (MLH), its dynamics and the extent of homogeneity of the mixing layer are important in the study of air pollution as well as meteorological and air quality model validation. They can contribute to improvements in the application of satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) products to ground fine particulate matter (PM2.5) estimation that can potentially provide synoptic-scale monitoring of fine particulate matter. Ceilometers have shown great potential for continuous monitoring of MLH and aerosol profiles within the boundary layer. In this study, we report an automated quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) method that improves the consistency of MLH retrievals from ceilometer measurements and present measurements of MLH variation in New York City (NYC) as observed by ceilometers in summer and winter seasons. Distinct issues due to SNR and quality of overlap correction are addressed within the QC/QA method. We also analyze the diurnal and seasonal correlations between ceilometer-attenuated backscatter and ground-level PM2.5 as a function of height, time of day, and season, to shed light on the homogeneity of aerosol vertical mixing within the MLH, as well as the correlation between aerosol optical properties and PM2.5. The results show that the overall correlation in summer is better than in winter. This correlation decreases with increasing height but the degradation is less severe in summer than in winter, which is qualitatively consistent with urban heating models of convective mixing. However, no significant diurnal variation of the correlation coefficient was observed for both seasons. We also found that the linear regression slope between ceilometer-attenuated backscatter coefficients and ground PM2.5 shows seasonal variation, which can be partially explained by the difference in aerosol size distribution and aerosol species between summer and winter. Finally, we investigated the homogeneity of aerosol vertical distribution within the mixing layer (ML) during the daytime. The results indicate that the aerosols are well-mixed within the lower part of ML up to 500 m.