Large-Scale Modeling and Analysis of Uplink and Downlink Channels for LoRa Technology in Suburban Environments

LoRaWAN is an Internet of Things (IoT) technology with super usability due to its ability to support low-power and long-range communications. However, implementation and optimization require path-loss (PL) modeling to estimate network coverage and performance. In this context, the LoRaWAN radio channel is investigated for uplink and downlink in the 915-MHz band. Extensive measurement campaigns were conducted outdoors in suburban locations of Belém, specifically in the neighborhoods of Pedreira and Marco. Based on empirical results, PL models are developed for LoRaWAN communications in uplink and downlink are compared to widely used empirical models. In addition, coverage, shading regions, SNR analysis, and percentage received packets are based on real measurements. The results show that the proposed PL models are accurate, easy to implement, and applied in similar regions for LoRa network planning in suburban smart cities.