Pharmacologic treatment of tinnitus

Background: Tinnitus is one of the most frequent symptoms seen in otology practice. The pathogenesis of tinnitus has not yet been clearly explained, and no single hypothesis or theory is sufficient to explain the mechanisms involved in the development of this condition. Tinnitus is most commonly treated using pharmacologic methods. The aim of this study is to summarize the drugs used for the treatment of tinnitus based on previous research.Current Concepts: Pharmacologic treatment of tinnitus depends on various mechanisms. Hyperactivity of the central auditory system, neurotransmitter imbalances in auditory pathways, and blood circulation may be involved. Symptoms such as anxiety, stress, sleep disturbance, and depression are also associated with tinnitus. Various medications have been used, including anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, local anesthetics, ginkgo biloba extract, other pharmacologic agents, and nutritional supplements.Discussion and Conclusion: Although pharmacologic treatments are frequently used in primary care, no medication is specifically indicated for tinnitus. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of tinnitus to ensure treatment safety. Appropriate medication may improve tinnitus, but efficacy is dependent upon patient comorbidities. To increase the success rate of pharmacologic treatment for tinnitus, both detailed history taking and physical examination are essential.