Archidendron jiringa seed peel extract in the removal of lead from synthetic residual water using coagulation-flocculation process

: Archidendron jiringa seed peel extract was used to aid the coagulation-ﬂocculation process to ultimately remove lead from synthetic residual water. The effectiveness of this method was studied to obtain an alternative approach that is easy to be handled with low cost and energy in removing the lead from residual water. Optimum parameters were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of lead removal, including pH, alum dose, and A. jiringa seed peel extract dose. A study on the coagulation-ﬂocculation process with and without the aid of A. jiringa was also conducted. The optimum pH, the alum dose, and the A. jiringa seed peel extract dose were 9.0, 2.44 g / l, and 60.2 mg / l, respectively. The percentage of lead removal with the aid of A. jiringa seed peel extract was 79%, and the percentage was dropped to only 47% without the extract. A signiﬁcantly higher rate in the coagulation-ﬂocculation process due to the presence of A. jiringa seed peel extract proved its effectiveness in removing lead from wastewater.