Implementing the new NICE guidelines for type 2 diabetes (NG28): Focusing beyond HbA1c targets and clinically phenotyping patients to the appropriate second-line agent

A signiﬁcant number of cardiovascular outcome trials have been published to support decision-making regarding treatment options after or alongside metformin in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), speciﬁcally targeting prevention of adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes. The latest NICE guidelines recommend the use of sodium-glucose transport inhibitors (SGLT2i) in patients with cardiovascular diseases, heart failure and chronic kidney disease with diabetes and recommends the use of glucagon-like polypeptide receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) only in a selected group of patients. A comprehensive summary of the various trials, structured around patient characteristics and clinical outcomes, can help to compare the various classes of drugs and drugs within the class. Since the drug acquisition cost within a class is generally the same in the UK, the drug with the best available evidence in the class should be chosen to maximise clinical beneﬁt for the patient. Clinical phenotyping, a process of aligning a patient to the inclusion criteria and the desired clinical outcomes of a trial, can guide the choice of the best drug within a class.