Hierarchical Game for Low-Carbon Energy and Transportation Systems Under Dynamic Hydrogen Pricing

Confronted with the increasing penetration of renewable energy and hydrogen-powered vehicles (HVs), energy and transportation systems need to be optimized coordinately to improve the economy and reduce carbon emissions. However, the effect of dynamic hydrogen pricing on the optimization performance of energy and transportation systems is scarcely investigated. To realize the low-carbon and economic operation of energy and transportation systems, a hierarchical game between the distributed energy station (DES) and HVs under dynamic hydrogen pricing is put forward. First, a novel dynamic hydrogen pricing mechanism related to the proportion of renewable energy in the energy supply is presented and incorporated into the game optimization, which will promote hydrogen production using renewable energy and minimize the DES operation cost. At the game equilibrium, the HVs completing equivalent aggregation realize balanced hydrogen refueling at the guidance of dynamic hydrogen pricing. Meanwhile, the raised routing optimization method can select a minimum cost route for HVs to refuel based on traffic information. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical game optimization strategy and model is verified by simulations.