Functional Limitations and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Adults in China: The Critical Role of Hukou as a Stratifying Factor

Based on a stress process perspective, this study examines how the hukou system and gender intersect to shape the relationship between functional limitations and psychological well-being in older adults. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study ( N = 17,708 at baseline), analyses are carried out with random- and fixed-effects models. Analyses show that an urban hukou benefits the psychological well-being of Chinese older adults by weakening the relationship between functional limitations and depression, and these differences do not vary significantly between men and women. The relationship between functional limitations and life satisfaction does not differ by hukou region. This study shows that China's household registration system provides an important context for the associations between functional limitations and psychological well-being in later life. The hukou system is an important stratifying agent and should be taken into account in the study of stress and aging in a Chinese context.