A Mathematical Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Self-Protection, Vaccination, and Disinfectant Spraying for COVID-19 Control

The world is on its path from the post-COVID period, but a fresh wave of the coronavirus infection engulfing most European countries makes the pandemic catastrophic. Mathematical models are of significant importance in unveiling strategies that could stem the spread of the disease. In this paper, a deterministic mathematical model of COVID-19 is studied to characterize a range of feasible control strategies to mitigate the disease. We carried out an analytical investigation of the model’s dynamic behaviour at its equilibria and observed that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number, 
 
 
 
 R
 
 
 0
 
 
 
 is less than unity. The endemic equilibrium is also shown to be globally asymptotically stable when 
 
 
 
 R
 
 
 0
 
 
 >
 1
 
 . Further, we showed that the model exhibits forward bifurcation around 
 
 
 
 R
 
 
 0
 
 
 =
 1
 
 . Sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the impact of various factors on the basic reproduction number 
 
 
 
 R
 
 
 0
 
 
 
 and consequently, the spread of the disease. An optimal control problem was formulated from the sensitivity analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis is conducted to determine the most cost-effective strategy that can be adopted to control the spread of COVID-19. The investigation revealed that combining self-protection and environmental control is the most cost-effective control strategy among the enlisted strategies.