The Importance of Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer: Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Background: Although not having a high incidence, ovarian cancer still leads to the most common cancer-related death among women diagnosed with gynecologic malignancies. The present study aims to highlight this disease’s epidemiology, risk factors, and the significance of developing improved early detection strategies. 
Methods: Articles were accessed from PubMed and Google Scholar without a time limit. Full-text English studies that mentioned epidemiology and risk factors of ovarian cancer were included in this review. 
Results: The highest incidence and mortality rates are observed in Central and Eastern Europe, while rates are relatively low in some parts of Asia and Africa. The risk factors for this disease include family history, hormonal factors, nutrition, diet, and physical activity. We also discussed some protective factors. There are no reliable screening methods for ovarian cancers. The most common diagnostic methods include a pelvic exam, a transvaginal ultrasound, and several imaging tests. 
Conclusions: The mortality rate of ovarian cancer is gradually increasing; thus, preventative measures are required to reduce the lifetime risk of ovarian cancers and improve the mortality rate.