Integral Thermal Management Studies in Winter Conditions with a Global Model of a Battery-Powered Electric Bus

The potential of e-bus transportation to improve air quality and reduce noise pollution in cities is significant. In order to improve efficiency and extend the useful life of these vehicles, there is a growing need to investigate improvements for the thermal management system of electric city buses. In electric vehicles, there are several systems whose thermal behaviors need to be regulated, such as batteries, electric machines, power electronics, air conditioning, and cabin. In this study, a 0D/1D model of an electric city bus is developed that integrates all sub-models of the powertrain, auxiliaries, and thermal management system. This model is used to evaluate different configurations and thermal management strategies of the electric urban bus by simulating public transport driving cycles in Valencia, Spain, under winter conditions. First, the original thermal–hydraulic circuit of the bus was modified, resulting in an improvement in the battery energy consumption with savings of 11.4% taking advantage of the heat produced in the electric motors to heat the battery. Then, the original PTC heating system of the bus was compared with a proposed heat pump system in terms of battery power consumption. The heat pump system achieved an energy savings of 3.9% compared to the PTC heating system.