The efficacy of three passive ultrasonic irrigation systems on intracanal medicament removal in a novel standardised three‐dimensionally printed model

Calcium hydroxide (CaOH)-based intracanal medicaments have been commonly used for root canal disinfection (1). However, it is generally believed that complete removal of the CaOH-based medicament is not possible using conventional treatment modalities (2). Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) is a technique used to remove more CaOH- based medicament from the root canal system through acoustic streaming (3). Several PUI systems with different materials and designs are available in the endodontic market. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the efficacy of these systems for medicament removal. The purpose of this