3-D Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensors: Review in Different Approaches

With the demand for miniaturized devices, the development of 3-D-printing (3-DP) techniques to create sensors has emerged in the recent decade. 3-DP is not the only technique used to construct 3-D sensors (3-DS) and 3-D structures created from composites but also used for this purpose. This review reveals the most used technologies for the creation of electrochemical sensors, where 3-D electrodes (3-DE) are involved: 3-DP, plating, and composite formation. Fabrication and applications reported in the years 2020 and 2021 are summarized, and clairvoyance for most perspective directions is given.