Toward a statistical foundation for brain signatures of behavioral outcome

The “brain signature of cognition” concept has garnered interest as a data‐driven, exploratory approach to better understand key brain regions involved in specific cognitive functions, with the potential to maximally characterize brain substrates of clinical outcomes. However, to be a robust brain phenotype, the signature approach requires a statistical foundation showing that model performance replicates across a variety of cohorts. Here, we outline a procedure that provides this foundation for a signature models of episodic memory and extend this to a measure of functional everyday memory.