An Advanced Comparative Study of Routing Protocols in LoRaWAN

In recent years, LPWAN technologies play a major role in the IoT field due to their wide radio range, use of free frequency bands and low power consumption. Among these technologies, Long Range WAN (LoRaWAN) transmits across several kilometers with data rates of up to 5.5 kb/s, making it useful for applications such as smart city monitoring, 1 precision agriculture and environmental monitoring. However, LoRaWAN only supports one-hop communication between endpoints and gateways. On links several kilometers long, LoRaWAN signals may encounter obstacles or interference, affecting the reception of packets. Therefore, several studies have been proposed to create different LORAWAN network architectures depending on the required applications in order to create multi-hop communication and improve LoRaWAN performance. In this article, we are going to study and review the different routing protocol algorithms of LoRaWAN nodes, highlighting their principles in order to compare them according to different metrics and on multiple requirements such as load balancing, energy efficiency, network complexity. algorithm…etc. In addition, we describe different challenges to improve the performance of these algorithms for LoRaWAN.