HGF Spatial–Spectral Fusion Method for Hyperspectral Images

Quantitative studies on surface elements require satellite hyperspectral images with high spatial resolution. The identification of different surface elements requires different characteristic bands and their corresponding optimal spatial–spectral fusion methods. To address these problems, the harmonic analysis (HA), guided filtering, and Gram–Schmidt (GS) algorithms were integrated to propose a spatial–spectral fusion method called HGF. The fusion experiment and validation of the hyperspectral images of GaoFen-5 (GF-5) and ZY1-02D were conducted separately using the HGF method, and the fusion effect was evaluated in three band intervals according to the spectral response of the ground class. First, HGF was used to fuse the GF-5 and GaoFen-1 (GF-1) images, and the fusion effect was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Second, the optimal fusion method was selected for the corresponding characteristic bands of the different surface elements. Finally, the hyperspectral image obtained by ZY1-02D and multispectral image of Sentinel-2B were used for validation to improve the accuracy and efficiency of satellite hyperspectral images in quantitative studies. The results show that for further studies on soil, vegetation, and water bodies, the best fusion methods in the 390–730, 730–1400, and 1400–2260 nm intervals are the GS, HGF, and HGF algorithms, respectively. Further analysis showed that the HGF or GS methods can be selected for quantitative studies on vegetation and water bodies and that the HGF method exhibits outstanding advantages for quantitative analysis of each soil element.