Studying Plant–Insect Interactions through the Analyses of the Diversity, Composition, and Functional Inference of Their Bacteriomes

As with many other trophic interactions, the interchange of microorganisms between plants and their herbivorous insects is unavoidable. To test the hypothesis that the composition and diversity of the insect bacteriome are driven by the bacteriome of the plant, the bacteriomes of both the plant Datura inoxia and its specialist insect Lema daturaphila were characterised using 16S sRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Specifically, the bacteriomes associated with seeds, leaves, eggs, guts, and frass were described and compared. Then, the functions of the most abundant bacterial lineages found in the samples were inferred. Finally, the patterns of co-abundance among both bacteriomes were determined following a multilayer network approach. In accordance with our hypothesis, most genera were shared between plants and insects, but their abundances differed significantly within the samples collected. In the insect tissues, the most abundant genera were Pseudomonas (24.64%) in the eggs, Serratia (88.46%) in the gut, and Pseudomonas (36.27%) in the frass. In contrast, the most abundant ones in the plant were Serratia (40%) in seeds, Serratia (67%) in foliar endophytes, and Hymenobacter (12.85%) in foliar epiphytes. Indeed, PERMANOVA analysis showed that the composition of the bacteriomes was clustered by sample type (F = 9.36, p < 0.001). Functional inferences relevant to the interaction showed that in the plant samples, the category of Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites was significantly abundant (1.4%). In turn, the category of Xenobiotics degradation and metabolism was significantly present (2.5%) in the insect samples. Finally, the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota showed a pattern of co-abundance in the insect but not in the plant, suggesting that the co-abundance and not the presence–absence patterns might be more important when studying ecological interactions.