Therapeutic apheresis in sepsis

Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dysregulated immune response to infection is a hallmark of sepsis, leading to life‐threatening organ dysfunction or even death. Advancing knowledge of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms has been a strong impetus for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at rebalancing the immune response by modulating the excess of both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediators. There is a wealth of preclinical data suggesting clinical benefits of various extracorporeal techniques in an attempt to modulate the exaggerated host inflammatory response. However, the evidence base is often weak. Owing to both an advancing comprehension of the pathophysiology and the increased quality of clinical trials, progress has been made in establishing extracorporeal therapies as part of the general therapeutic canon in sepsis. We aim for a comprehensive overview of the technical aspects and clinical applications in the context of the latest evidence concerning these techniques.