Top-down and bottom-up approaches to low-value care

Centre for Implementation Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Division of General Internal Medicine, Sinai Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Center for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada