Generating tsunami hazard map with various relief (Land) in Indonesian coastal cities by remote sensing perspective: A preliminary study

Tsunami-prone areas on the western and southern coasts of Sumatra, Java, and Bali are home to more than a hundred million Indonesians. As preliminary research, the main goals of this paper are to present a hazard assessment methodology that identifies areas of high tsunami hazard and the spatial distribution pattern of inundated areas and its energy transfer to the inland with various relief (land) in coastal cities. The methods established here are based on a geographic information system (GIS) approach by combining the numerical modelling, wave height, and remote sensing data. We also examined the variations of spatial hazard distribution with a medium spatial resolution (30 m) among the pilot sites studies. The result stated that medium spatial resolution has limitations to model the inland tsunami inundation and its energy in the plain area. Still, it can model in the dynamic elevation variation. Under the 10 m wave height scenario, the highest mean of inundation depth among four pilot sites is in Kuta (5.9 m with an energy wave (Ewave) of 38.34 MJ), followed by Banyuwangi (5.5 m with Ewave of 33.32 MJ), Pacitan (5m with the Ewave of 27.53 MJ) and Sibolga (3.9 m with the Ewave of 16.75 MJ), respectively.