Ikun-Shamash
# Ikun-Shamash

Ikun-Shamash or Iku-Shamash (𒄿𒆪𒀭𒌓) was a King of the second Mariote kingdom who reigned c. 2500 BC. According to François Thureau-Dangin, the king reigned at a time earlier than Ur-Nanshe's of Lagash. He is one of three Mari kings known from archaeology, and probably the oldest one. Another king was Iku-Shamagan, also known from a statue with inscription, in the National Museum of Damascus. The third king is Lamgi-Mari, also read Išgi-Mari, also known from an inscribed statue now in the National Museum of Aleppo.

In his inscriptions, Ikun-Shamash used the Akkadian language, whereas his contemporaries to the south used the Sumerian language. His official title in the inscriptions was "King of Mari" and "ensi-gal", or "supreme Prince" of the deity Enlil.

He is known from a statue with inscription, which he dedicated to god Shamash.

Ikun-Shamash's territory seems to have included southern Babylonia.

## Statue

Ikun-Shamash's votive statue, set by one of his officials, was discovered in the city of Sippar; the inscription reads:

   𒄿𒆪𒀭𒌓 / 𒈗𒈠𒌷𒆠 / 𒑐𒋼𒋛𒃲 / 𒀭𒂗𒆤 /𒅈𒊏𒀭 /𒆪𒅆𒈨𒋤 / 𒊨𒋤 / 𒀭𒌓 / 𒊕𒄸𒁺
   i-ku-utu / lugal $ma-ri2^{ki}$ / ensi2gal / en-lil2 / ar-ra / tush igi{me}-su3 / dul3-su3 / utu / sa12-rig9
   "For Iku(n)shamash, king of Mari, chief executive for Enlil, Arra'il his courtier, dedicated his statue to Shamash"

The statue is located in the British Museum.

* Statue of Iku-Shamash, King of Mari circa 2400 BCE (in the rear)
* The inscription on the statue.
* Inscription on the statue: "Ikun-Shamash, King of Mari" (𒄿𒆪𒀭𒌓 𒈗 𒈠𒌷𒆠, Ikun-shamash, lugal Mari-ki)
* Statue of Ikun-shamash, British Museum, BM 60828

King Ikun-Shamash of Mari :

| Regnal titles |||
| - | - | - |
| Preceded byFirst Kingdom of Mari | King of Mari 2500 BC | Succeeded byIku-Shamagan |

## Citations

* ↑ Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. p. 87. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. p. 86. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
* 1 2 Alfred Haldar (1971). Who Were the Amorites. p. 16.
* ↑ Photograph in: "Mission Archéologique de Mari 4 vols. in 6. Volume I: Le Temple D'Ishtar. Volume II : Le Palais. Part 1: Architecture. Part 2: Peintures Murales. Part 3: Documents et monuments. Volume III: Les Temples D'Ishtarat et de". Meretseger Books. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
* ↑ Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. p. 88. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
* ↑ Robert Boulanger (1966). The Middle East: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. p. 497.
* ↑ Jerrold S. Cooper (1986). Presargonic Inscriptions. p. 87. ISBN 9780940490826.
* 1 2 "Inscription of the statue of Ikun-Shamash". cdli.ucla.edu.

vteRulers of the Ancient Near East :

Territories/ datesEgyptCanaanEblaMariKish/ AssurAkshak/ AkkadUrukAdabUmma LagashUrElam

4000–3200 BCE

Naqada I Naqada II

Egypt-Mesopotamia relations

Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)

Susa I

Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")

Susa II (Uruk influence or control)

3200–3100 BCE

Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III) Early or legendary kings:

Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes

Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash

3100–2900 BCE

Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of EgyptNarmer Palette Narmer Menes $Neithhotep^♀$ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet $Merneith^♀$ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird

Canaanites

Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)

Proto-Elamite period (Susa III) (3100–2700 BCE)

2900 BCE

Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)

First Eblaite Kingdom

First kingdom of Mari

Kish I dynasty Jushur, Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma, En-tarah-ana Babum, Puannum, Kalibum

2800 BCE

Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna

Uruk I dynasty Mesh-ki-ang-gasher

Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")

2700 BCE

Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)

Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku Iltasadum

Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman

Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")

Aga of Kish

Gilgamesh

Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE) Indus-Mesopotamia relations

2600 BCE

Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (First Egyptian pyramids) Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni

Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)

Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu

Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim

Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum

Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur

Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi) Akalamdug

Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun

Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu

2575 BCE

Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis

Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk

2500 BCE

Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)

Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi

Kish III dynasty $Ku-Baba^♀$

Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu

Uruk II dynasty Ensha- kushanna

Mug-si

Umma I dynasty Pabilgagaltuku

Lagash I dynasty Ur-Nanshe Akurgal

A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu

Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur

2450 BCE

Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas

Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik

Ush Enakalle

Elamite invasions (3 kings)

Shushun- tarana Napilhush

2425 BCE

Kun-Damu

Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)

2400 BCE

Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu

Kish IV dynasty Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa

Urur

Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi

E-iginimpa'e Meskigal

Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun)

Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi

Ur II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II

Kiku-siwe-tempti

2380 BCE

Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah

Adab dynasty Lugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"

2370 BCE

Isar-Damu

Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari

Invasion by Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

Ukush

Lugalanda Urukagina

Luh-ishan

2350 BCE

Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin

Uruk III dynasty Lugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)

2340 BCE

Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)

Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu

Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani

2250 BCE

Naram-Sin

Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)

2200 BCE

First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare

Second Eblaite Kingdom

Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty) Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)

Shar-Kali-Sharri

Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years) Dudu Shu-turul

Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir

Lagash II dynasty Puzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku

Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak

2150 BCE

Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut

Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)

Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin

Gutian dynasty (21 kings) La-erabum Si'um

Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu

Umma II dynasty Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)

Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani

Tirigan

2125 BCE

Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Uruk V dynasty Utu-hengal

2100 BCE

(Vassals of UR III)

Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)

Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin

2025-1763 BCE

Amorite invasions

Ibbi-Sin

Elamite invasions Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)

Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV

Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites) Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma

(Amorite Shakkanakkus) Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...) Lim Dynasty of Mari (Amorites) Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)

Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II

Isin-Larsa period (Amorites) Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak

Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV $Sobekneferu^♀$

1800–1595 BCE

Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

Abraham (Biblical) Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon

Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty) (Amorites)

Old Assyria

(Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)

Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II

First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites) Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers

Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar $^mDIŠ+U-EN$ Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty

Abydos Dynasty

Seventeenth Dynasty

Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos") Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi

Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar

1531–1155 BCE

TutankhamunNew Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I

Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi

Middle Elamite period

(1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose I Thutmose II $Hatshepsut^♀$ Thutmose III

Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare $Neferneferuaten^♀$ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb

Hittite Empire Ugarit

Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah $Twosret^♀$

Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte

1155–1025 BCE

Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon

Syro-Hittite states

Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II

Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur

Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)

1025–934 BCE

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli

911–745 BCE

Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef

Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah

Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V $Shammuramat^♀$ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V

Ninth Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri

Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III

745–609 BCE

Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa("Black Pharaohs") Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty) $Tiglath-Pileser^†$ $Shalmaneser^†$ Marduk-apla-iddina II $Sargon^†$ $Sennacherib^†$ Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni $Ashur-nadin-shumi^†$ Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk $Esarhaddon^†$ Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of Egypt

Assyrian conquest of Elam

626–539 BCE

Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III

Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus

Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages

539–331 BCE

Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)

Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon

Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III

Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt

Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt

331–141 BCE

Thirty-second Dynasty of Egypt and Thirty-third Dynasty of Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe $II^♀$ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II $Euergetis^♀$ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III $Philopator^♀$ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I $Syra^♀$ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor $Soter^♀$ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra $III^♀$ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra $IV^♀$ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice $III^♀$ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra $V^♀$ Cleopatra VI $Tryphaena^♀$ Berenice IV $Epiphanea^♀$ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII $Philopator^♀$ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe $IV^♀$

Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus

Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes

141–30 BCE

Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome $Alexandra^♀$ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias

Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus

Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I

30 BCE–116 CE

Roman Empire

(Roman conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt

Judea

Syria

116–117 CE

Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan

Parthamaspates of Parthia

117–224 CE

Syria Palaestina

Province of Mesopotamia

Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV

224–270 CE

Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm

270–273 CE

Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus $Zenobia^♀$ Antiochus

273–395 CE

Roman Empire

Province of Egypt

Syria Palaestina

Syria

Province of Mesopotamia

395–618 CE

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Egypt

Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda

Byzantine Syria

Byzantine Mesopotamia

618–628 CE

(Sasanian conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz

Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II

628–641 CE

Byzantine Empire

Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III $Boran^♀$ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz $Azarmidokht^♀$ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh

Byzantine Egypt

Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda

Byzantine Syria

Byzantine Mesopotamia

639–651 CE

Muslim conquest of Egypt

Muslim conquest of the Levant

Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia

Chronology of the Neolithic period

Rulers of Ancient Central Asia

↑ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.↑ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.↑ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.↑ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.↑ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.1 2 3 Per Sumerian King List↑ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4. :

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