Kawaiisu language
# Kawaiisu language

The Kawaiisu language is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Kawaiisu people of California.

## Classification

Kawaiisu is a member of the Southern Numic division of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

## Linguistic environment

The Kawaiisu homeland was bordered by speakers of non-Numic Uto-Aztecan languages: the Kitanemuk to the south spoke Takic, the Tubatulabal to the north spoke Tubatulabal, the Yokuts to the west were non-Uto-Aztecan. Because they shared the Southern Numic language, the Chemehuevi to the east are considered the closest relatives to Kawaiisu.

## Geographic distribution

The remaining Kawaiisu speakers live in the Tehachapi area of California.

## Revitalization

In 1994, the language was severely endangered, with perhaps fewer than 20 remaining speakers.

In 2011, The Kawaiisu Project received the Governor’s Historic Preservation Award for its efforts to document the Kaiwaiisu language and culture, including "the Handbook of the Kawaiisu, language teaching and the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center [and] the Kawaiisu exhibit at the Tehachapi Museum." As of 2012, the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center offers language classes and DVDs for home learning, as well as training for other groups seeking to create language learning programs and materials.

## Morphology

Kawaiisu is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

## Phonology

### Vowels

Kawaiisu has a typical Numic vowel inventory of six vowels.

| | front | back | back |
| - | - | - | - |
| | front | unrounded | rounded |
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Non-High | e | a | o |

### Consonants

Kawaiisu has an atypical Numic consonant inventory in that many of the predictable consonant alternations in other Numic languages are no longer predictable in Kawaiisu. The Kawaiisu consonant inventory, therefore is much larger than the typical Numic language.

| | | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | plain | lab. | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | (ŋ)* | | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | | | | |
| Affricate | Affricate | | ts | tʃ | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | | s | ʃ | | | h / hʷ |
| Fricative | voiced | β | z | ʒ | ɣ | ɣʷ | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | (l)* | j | | w | |
| Flap | Flap | | ɾ | | | | |

* /l/ and /ŋ/ are found only in loanwords.
