Advanced z-transform
# Advanced z-transform

In mathematics and signal processing, the advanced z-transform is an extension of the z-transform, to incorporate ideal delays that are not multiples of the sampling time. It takes the form

    $F(z,m)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }f(kT+m)z^{-k}$

where

* T is the sampling period
* m (the "delay parameter") is a fraction of the sampling period $[0,T].$

It is also known as the modified z-transform.

The advanced z-transform is widely applied, for example to accurately model processing delays in digital control.

## Properties

If the delay parameter, m, is considered fixed then all the properties of the z-transform hold for the advanced z-transform.

### Linearity

    ${\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\sum _{k=1}^{n}c_{k}f_{k}(t)\right\}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}c_{k}F_{k}(z,m).$

### Time shift

    ${\mathcal {Z}}\left\{u(t-nT)f(t-nT)\right\}=z^{-n}F(z,m).$

### Damping

    ${\mathcal {Z}}\left\{f(t)e^{-a\,t}\right\}=e^{-a\,m}F(e^{a\,T}z,m).$

### Time multiplication

    ${\mathcal {Z}}\left\{t^{y}f(t)\right\}=\left(-Tz{\frac {d}{dz}}+m\right)^{y}F(z,m).$

### Final value theorem

    $\lim _{k\to \infty }f(kT+m)=\lim _{z\to 1}(1-z^{-1})F(z,m).$

## Example

Consider the following example where $f(t)=\cos(\omega t)$:

    ${\begin{aligned}F(z,m)&={\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos \left(\omega \left(kT+m\right)\right)\right\}\\&={\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos(\omega kT)\cos(\omega m)-\sin(\omega kT)\sin(\omega m)\right\}\\&=\cos(\omega m){\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos(\omega kT)\right\}-\sin(\omega m){\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\sin(\omega kT)\right\}\\&=\cos(\omega m){\frac {z\left(z-\cos(\omega T)\right)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}-\sin(\omega m){\frac {z\sin(\omega T)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}\\&={\frac {z^{2}\cos(\omega m)-z\cos(\omega (T-m))}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}.\end{aligned}}$

If $m=0$ then $F(z,m)$ reduces to the transform

    $F(z,0)={\frac {z^{2}-z\cos(\omega T)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}},$

which is clearly just the z-transform of $f(t)$.

