Continuous Hahn polynomials
# Continuous Hahn polynomials

In mathematics, the continuous Hahn polynomials are a family of orthogonal polynomials in the Askey scheme of hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials. They are defined in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions by

    $p_{n}(x;a,b,c,d)=i^{n}{\frac {(a+c)_{n}(a+d)_{n}}{n!}}_{3}F_{2}\left({\begin{array}{c}-n,n+a+b+c+d-1,a+ix\\a+c,a+d\end{array}};1\right)$

Roelof Koekoek, Peter A. Lesky, and René F. Swarttouw (2010, 14) give a detailed list of their properties.

Closely related polynomials include the dual Hahn polynomials $R_n(x;γ,δ,N),$ the Hahn polynomials $Q_n(x;a,b,c),$ and the continuous dual Hahn polynomials $S_n(x;a,b,c).$ These polynomials all have q-analogs with an extra parameter q, such as the q-Hahn polynomials $Q_n(x;α,β,$ N;q), and so on.

## Orthogonality

The continuous Hahn polynomials $p_n(x;a,b,c,d)$ are orthogonal with respect to the weight function

    $w(x)=\Gamma (a+ix)\,\Gamma (b+ix)\,\Gamma (c-ix)\,\Gamma (d-ix).$

In particular, they satisfy the orthogonality relation

    ${\begin{aligned}&{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\Gamma (a+ix)\,\Gamma (b+ix)\,\Gamma (c-ix)\,\Gamma (d-ix)\,p_{m}(x;a,b,c,d)\,p_{n}(x;a,b,c,d)\,dx\\&\qquad \qquad ={\frac {\Gamma (n+a+c)\,\Gamma (n+a+d)\,\Gamma (n+b+c)\,\Gamma (n+b+d)}{n!(2n+a+b+c+d-1)\,\Gamma (n+a+b+c+d-1)}}\,\delta _{nm}\end{aligned}}$

for $\Re (a)>0$, $\Re (b)>0$, $\Re (c)>0$, $\Re (d)>0$, $c={\overline {a}}$, $d={\overline {b}}$.

## Recurrence and difference relations

The sequence of continuous Hahn polynomials satisfies the recurrence relation

    $xp_{n}(x)=p_{n+1}(x)+i(A_{n}+C_{n})p_{n}(x)-A_{n-1}C_{n}p_{n-1}(x),$
    ${\begin{aligned}{\text{where}}\quad &p_{n}(x)={\frac {n!(n+a+b+c+d-1)!}{(2n+a+b+c+d-1)!}}p_{n}(x;a,b,c,d),\\&A_{n}=-{\frac {(n+a+b+c+d-1)(n+a+c)(n+a+d)}{(2n+a+b+c+d-1)(2n+a+b+c+d)}},\\{\text{and}}\quad &C_{n}={\frac {n(n+b+c-1)(n+b+d-1)}{(2n+a+b+c+d-2)(2n+a+b+c+d-1)}}.\end{aligned}}$

## Rodrigues formula

The continuous Hahn polynomials are given by the Rodrigues-like formula

    ${\begin{aligned}&\Gamma (a+ix)\,\Gamma (b+ix)\,\Gamma (c-ix)\,\Gamma (d-ix)\,p_{n}(x;a,b,c,d)\\&\qquad ={\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n!}}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}\left(\Gamma \left(a+{\frac {n}{2}}+ix\right)\,\Gamma \left(b+{\frac {n}{2}}+ix\right)\,\Gamma \left(c+{\frac {n}{2}}-ix\right)\,\Gamma \left(d+{\frac {n}{2}}-ix\right)\right).\end{aligned}}$

## Generating functions

The continuous Hahn polynomials have the following generating function:

    ${\begin{aligned}&\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\Gamma (n+a+b+c+d)\,\Gamma (a+c+1)\,\Gamma (a+d+1)}{\Gamma (a+b+c+d)\,\Gamma (n+a+c+1)\,\Gamma (n+a+d+1)}}(-it)^{n}p_{n}(x;a,b,c,d)\\&\qquad =(1-t)^{1-a-b-c-d}_{3}F_{2}\left({\begin{array}{c}{\frac {1}{2}}(a+b+c+d-1),{\frac {1}{2}}(a+b+c+d),a+ix\\a+c,a+d\end{array}};-{\frac {4t}{(1-t)^{2}}}\right).\end{aligned}}$

A second, distinct generating function is given by

    $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\Gamma (a+c+1)\,\Gamma (b+d+1)}{\Gamma (n+a+c+1)\,\Gamma (n+b+d+1)}}t^{n}p_{n}(x;a,b,c,d)=\,_{1}F_{1}\left({\begin{array}{c}a+ix\\a+c\end{array}};-it\right)\,_{1}F_{1}\left({\begin{array}{c}d-ix\\b+d\end{array}};it\right).$

## Relation to other polynomials

* The Wilson polynomials are a generalization of the continuous Hahn polynomials.
* The Bateman polynomials $F_n(x)$ are related to the special case a=b=c=d=1/2 of the continuous Hahn polynomials by

    $p_{n}\left(x;{\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)=i^{n}n!F_{n}\left(2ix\right).$
* The Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(α,β)}(x)$ can be obtained as a limiting case of the continuous Hahn polynomials:

    $P_{n}^{(\alpha ,\beta )}=\lim _{t\to \infty }t^{-n}p_{n}\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}xt;{\tfrac {1}{2}}(\alpha +1-it),{\tfrac {1}{2}}(\beta +1+it),{\tfrac {1}{2}}(\alpha +1+it),{\tfrac {1}{2}}(\beta +1-it)\right).$
