Financial market participants
# Financial market participants

Part of a series on financial services :

Banking :

Types of banks

Advising

Banq

Bulge bracket

Central

Commercial

Community development

Cooperative

Credit union

Custodian

Depository

Development

Direct

Export credit agency

Investment

Industrial

Merchant

Middle market

Mutual savings

National

Neobank

Offshore

Participation

Payments

Postal savings

Private

Public

Retail

Savings

Savings and loan

Universal

Wholesale

Bank holding company

Lists of banks :

Accounts · Cards

Accounts

Christmas club

Deposit

Money-market

Savings

Time deposit (Bond)

Transaction (checking / current)

Cards

ATM

Credit

Debit :

Funds transfer

Electronic

Bill payment

Mobile

Automated clearing house

Cheque

CIPS

Giro

SPFS

SWIFT

Wire :

Terms

Automated teller machine

Bank regulation

Loan

Mobile banking

Money creation

Bank secrecy

Ethical banking

Fractional-reserve banking

Full-reserve banking

Islamic banking

Private banking :

Related topicsFinancial market (participants)

Corporate finance

Personal finance

Public finance

Financial law

Financial regulation

List of banks :

Category

Commons

Portal :

vte :

There are two basic financial market participant distinctions, investors versus speculators and institutional versus retail. Action in financial markets by central banks is usually regarded as intervention rather than participation.

## Supply side versus demand side

A market participant may either be coming from the supply side, hence supplying excess money (in the form of investments) in favor of the demand side; or coming from the demand side, hence demanding excess money (in the form of borrowed equity) in favor of the supply side. This equation originated from Keynesian advocates. The theory explains that a given market may have excess cash; hence the supplier of funds may lend it; and those in need of cash may borrow the funds supplied. Hence, the equation: aggregate savings equals aggregate investments.

The demand side consists of: those in need of cash flows (daily operational needs); those in need of interim financing (bridge financing); those in need of long-term funds for special projects (capital funds for venture financing).

The supply side consists of: those who have aggregate savings (retirement funds, pension funds, insurance funds) that can be used in favor of demand side. The origin of the savings (funds) can be local savings or foreign savings. So much pensions or savings can be invested for school buildings; orphanages; (but not earning) or for road network (toll ways) or port development (capable of earnings). The earnings go to owner (Savers or Lenders) and the margin goes to the banks. When the principal and interest are added up, it will reflect the amount paid for the user (borrower) of the funds. Thus, an interest percentage for the cost of using the funds.

## Investor versus speculator

### Investor

An investor is any party that makes an investment. However, the term has taken on a specific meaning in finance to describe the particular types of people and companies that regularly purchase equity or debt securities for financial gain in exchange for funding an expanding company. Less frequently the term is applied to parties who purchase real estate, currency, commodity derivatives, personal property, or other assets.

### Speculation

Speculation, in the narrow sense of financial speculation, involves the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest. Speculation represents one of three market roles in western financial markets, distinct from hedging, long term investing and arbitrage. Speculators in an asset may have no intention to have long term exposure to that asset.

## Institutional versus retail

### Institutional investor

An institutional investor is an investor, such as a bank, insurance company, retirement fund, hedge fund, or mutual fund, that is financially sophisticated and makes large investments, often held in very large portfolios of investments. Because of their sophistication, institutional investors may often participate in private placements of securities, in which certain aspects of the securities laws may be inapplicable.

### Retail investor

A retail investor is an individual investor possessing shares of a given security. Retail investors can be further divided into two categories of share ownership:

* A Beneficial Shareholder is a retail investor who holds shares of their securities in the account of a bank or broker, also known as "in street name". The broker is in possession of the securities on behalf of the underlying shareholder.
* A Registered Shareholder is a retail investor who holds shares of their securities directly through the issuer or its transfer agent. Many registered shareholders have physical copies of their stock certificates.

In the United States, as of 2005 about 57 million households owned stocks, and in total, individual investors owned 26% of equities.

